Outer Space Activities Research Articles

Revisiting U.S – China Aggressive Use of Outer Space: A Comprehensive International Law Outlook Towards Military Activities in Outer Space

Outer Space, as the area on which freedom of use is guaranteed by the Treaty, creates a condition in which nations conduct their military activities. These activities however, were only limited to those conducted using nuclear weapons and/or containing nuclear materials. The principle of Peaceful Uses of Outer Space has been proven inadequate to regulate these activities. This has resulted to launches of weapons to Outer Space to destroy satellites, as conducted by the United States and China. These launches, whatever the purposes are, may cause hazardous repercussion to other State’s activity in Outer Space. This article will comprehensively elaborate on related International Law and other measures which regulate military activities in Outer Space, especially on the launch of non-nuclear weaponry under any purposes. From these analyses, we can conclude that however inadequate the Outer Space Treaty article’s stipulation in the matter, there are other stipulations of international law that we can gather that regulates military activity in Outer Space.

IFDMR Establishment – A Solution for Space Debris Mitigation and Removal

Space debris is a global mounting ultimatum to the enduring maintainability of outer space activities and ought to be managed from the very beginning; otherwise, it will be too late. Based on the last couple of years, collisions are incidents that have enhanced space debris accumulation, and the rate at which space activities have resulted in the production of debris is at a threshold position in a linear fashion. Ultimately, space has become the rendezvous of space debris. Based on the growing accumulation of debris and the emerging apprehension regarding a horrible strike and collapse of whole space programs, to remove debris is very expensive process so this paper focuses on the financial challenges and solution as well. Developing and developed countries realize the value of a competent establishment of an International Fund for Debris Mitigation and Removal (IFDMR) that could address the financial issues. Thus, this paper suggests to create incentive opportunities for remediation of space debris and penalties for its production. it would be very strong and effective mechanism to halt this mounting issue by utilizing international fund. The revenue for fund would be collected mainly from contributing member states space agencies, the proportionate contributors of debris producer like (US, RUSSIA, CHINA), and other relevant stack holders, insurance of missions, levying fee from every launching, donations from various international organizations and private entities and UN Aid etc. The fund would be operated by the Director of fund having board of directors as management team under the umbrella of UNOOSA.

A path forward to better space security: Finding new solutions to space debris, space situational awareness and space traffic management

This article addresses the growing problems of space debris elevating the increased risk of orbital collisions as well as the difficulty of accurate space situational awareness, especially with regard to smaller space debris. These problems of space situational awareness (SSA) and space traffic management (STM) will become more acute as perhaps as many as twenty thousand new satellites are deployed in low Earth orbit (LEO) as part of new large scale constellations. This problem will grow as these LEO satellites need to be replaced within a cycle of perhaps every five to seven years . Many believe that there is now a need for space traffic management (STM) capabilities to cope with all these issues. There are no specific agreements, however, on how space traffic management might be systematically accomplished at the international level. The good news is that the Working Group on the Long Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities (LTSOSA) and COPUOS agreed to 21 new guidelines relating to the longer term sustainability of space and which help to establish a foundation for future efforts to create a process that could aid future space traffic control processes. Several key guidelines which were discussed extensively within the Working Group which could have aided the future prospects for traffic management, however, were not agreed before the Working Group adjourned in June 2018.This article also highlights the problem of space traffic management in near-space or ‘protospace’. These concerns grow as there is more activity in the stratosphere due to deployment of high altitude platform systems, more launches through the stratospher to deploy satellite constellation, more de-orbit operations, and perhaps increased operation of spaceplanes and hypersonic transportation in these upper altitude areas not covered by current commercial air traffic management and control. This article not only addresses these types of issues in terms of safety concerns and increased risks, but also suggests new and innovative ways that these concerns might be addressed through regulatory reforms and codification of best practices. These proposals thus outline new ways forward and suggest reforms that could supplement the efforts of the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) in its efforts to address these safety and security concerns.

ANALISIS INDEKS AKTIVITAS GEOMAGNET PADA SAAT BADAI GEOMAGNET 13 OKTOBER 2016

Badai geomagnet terjadi akibat aktivitas abnormal di matahari yang mempengaruhi intensitas angin matahari. Badai ini ditandai dengan perubahan nilai variasi harian medan magnet bumi yang besar, cepat dan tidak beraturan. Efek badai geomagnet di sekitar bumi dapat berdampak pada aktivitas manusia di luar angkasa dan di permukaan bumi. Salah satu kejadian badai geomagnet yang pernah tercatat adalah pada tanggal 13 Oktober 2016. Dalam penentuan tingkat gangguan geomagnet digunakan indeks geomagnet. Indeks geomagnet merupakan ukuran sederhana yang menggambarkan aktivitas magnetis yang berasal dari ionosfer dan magnetosfer bumi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis indeks geomagnet ketika terjadi badai tanggal 13 Oktober 2016. Indeks geomagnet yang dianalisis antara lain indeks K, indeks A dan indeks Dst khususnya di wilayah Sumatera. Data yang digunakan adalah data variasi harian komponen H medan magnet bumi dari rekaman sensor magnetometer BMKG di Stasiun Gunungsitoli, Tuntungan, Sicincin, Liwa dan Tangerang. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dapat diidentifikasi jika badai geomagnet pada tanggal 13 Oktober 2016 tersebut termasuk kriteria badai geomagnet kuat jika ditinjau dari nilai Dst indeks yang menyentuh angka dibawah -100 nT.

Penyelesaian Sengketa Terhadap Aktivitas di Ruang Angkasa oleh Pihak Non-Negara (Privat)

Nowadays lots of State are interested to have access in to the outer space. Because the outer space is known to have good potensial side and the outer space activities will continues to grow. The commercialism of outer space activity grows in the scale that never happen before. At first, the outer space activity only limited to the exploration such as launch the telecommunication sattelites, however currently it is developed and possible for states to do other activities such as space mining, space flight tourism which is kind of activities that more than exploration, but it is a massive exploitation. Those kinds of activities will increase and develop, until the things that never have imagine by states before. The main point is there are many possibilities of cases that is gonna happen in the future because of the grows with the technology that will affect the outer space making of law process. It is important that the law needs to have good dispute settlement that related with outer space activities.

On the Economic Use of Outer Space: A Clash of Values

As the exploration and use of outer space by private entities adds a commercial dimension to space law, corporate law and theory will act as an extrinsic regulatory force upon outer space activities. Although private actors advance humanity’s aspirations for the exploration and use of outer space, these actors have a different set of duties and obligations that prima facie conflict with the humanist treaty values. This article explores the conflict that arises when domestic laws overlap with larger public interest obligations.

Measurement of Norms of International Outer Space Law in Enforcing Criminal Jurisdiction

Following the beginning of human activities in outer space, such issues as governance, jurisdiction and other legal matters were investigated by jurists. It should be accepted that technological advancement cannot be made possible in the presence of legal gaps, and it should be acknowledged that law is easily changing and developing constantly. With increasing progression law of outer space is essential. humans having access to the outer space, it is extremely essential and important to develop international law governing the outer space and celestial Bodies.As the most resent branch of international law, therefore, International Space law provides new concepts related to criminal jurisdiction for this reason, present paper attempts to explain criminal jurisdiction within international law system while evaluating its position in the framework of international outer space law on interrelated issues such as command authority, authority of commanding the international space stations, and Command of the International Space Station and commanders in light of U.N outer space treaty

Area-oriented coordinated trajectory planning of dual-arm space robot for capturing a tumbling target

The growing amount of space debris poses a threat to operational spacecraft and the long-term sustainability of activities in outer space. According to the orbital mechanics, an uncontrolled space object will be tumbling, bringing great challenge to capture and remove it. In this paper, a dual-arm coordinated “Area-Oriented Capture” (AOC) method is proposed to capture a non-cooperative tumbling target. Firstly, the motion equation of the tumbling target is established, based on which, the dynamic properties are analyzed. Then, the “Area-Oriented Capture” concept is presented to deal with the problem of large pose (position and attitude) deviation and tumbling motion. An area rather than fixed points/devices is taken as the object to be tracked and captured. As long as the manipulators’ end-effectors move to a specified range of the objective areas (not fixed points on the target, but areas), the target satellite will be hugged by the two arms. At last, the proposed method and the traditional method (i.e. fixed-point oriented capture method) are compared and analyzed through simulation. The results show that the proposed method has larger pose tolerance and takes shorter time for capturing a tumbling target.

Scoping National Space Law: The True Meaning of ‘National Activities in Outer Space’ of Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty

Proceedings of the International Institute of Space Law is een online tijdschriftenplatform van Boom uitgevers Den Haag (Boom juridisch, Boom criminologie, Boom bestuurskunde en Eleven International publishing)

Settling the Final Frontier: The ORBIS Lease and the Possibilities of Proprietary Communities in Space

The law and economics of space policy has recently become an important research area. In this paper I contribute to the literature on legal frameworks for outer space activities, and specifically space settlement. Article II of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty forbids the extension of state territorial jurisdiction to outer space. Barring revision of this fundamental tenet of international space law, rules for human conduct in space must come from somewhere other than states. I propose privately owned and operated communities (proprietary communities) as a model for space settlement and residence. I survey the mechanisms that make such communities likely to supply good governance. I also explore a model lease for such proprietary communities: the ORBIS lease, drawn up by famed scholar of proprietary communities Spencer MacCallum. I conclude by discussing why the voluntarist model would be expected to outperform other models, as well as implications for state policy.

THE ROLE OF FRONTAGE BUILDING TOWARDS ESTABLISHMENT OF PEDESTRIAN AREA IN JL. JENDERAL SUDIRMAN

Abstract- In the early stage of the scenario realization has been done improvements in the alun-alun area, alsoJl. Jend. Sudirman. In the year 2016 carried out revitalization pedestrian paths on block Jl. Jend. Sudirman.Revitalization of pedestrian paths is preferred because pedestrian paths are the most basic public spaces tofacilitate the movement of pedestrians from one place to another. However, the activity on this relatively newpedestrian path affects other names with existing building frontages.By the qualitative method, this research read the pattern of dissemination of activity and condition ofthe frontage of building on research object. This is done to determine whether the frontage of buildings and activitiesin outer space have a relationship with each other. From this study found that the activity is not only influencedby the nature and material frontage of the building, but there is also a typology of space formed by the frontageof the building. Typology of space is closely related to the activities that occur in outer space.Key Words: Frontage, Active Frontage, City Furniture, Building Functions, Activities, Outer Space.

Small Satellites: A Threat for the Future Sustainability of Outer Space Exploration?

Sustainability is a very well-known issue in international environmental law, especially with regard to outer space activities and the related debris proliferation. Bearing in mind that outer space is a res communis area (i.e. outside the jurisdiction of any State), the present article discusses the need to re-think the concept of ‘exploration and use’ under the guidance of the sustainable development principle. In this context, special attention is given to the well-known threat posed by small satellites to the sustainability of the Low Earth Orbit environment and some proposals are made regarding the way forward.

Investment in Space Resources: Property Rights to Natural Resources Extracted in Space and the Position of Iraqi legal system

In the second half of the last century, the space activities have increased paralleled with the rapid development in space technology. The greed of giant corporations has exceeded the universe and tried to reach resources outside Earth. Exploring other planets is not something new, while racing to reach the resources outside earth by private space exploration companies as human’s off earth destiny is quite recent. Many nations have plan to reach the moon by 2020 including the United States who has plan to establish a permanent base on moon by 2024. The ambition to reach outer space is not just for the scientific purposes, but rather to exploit resources form space. As long as space is a common sphere among all the nations, there are many treaties signed and ratified to lay down broad rules and principle to organize the area. Mining celestial materials is one of the issues that does not have a legal framework as private companies are eagerly trying to mine materials which are not existed on earth such as Helium three or any other bodies that are scarce on earth. Until now, the international community has not been successful in establishing a solid legal system to regulate outer space activities. Besides, there are attempts by some countries to have particular legislation allowing private companies to extract natural resources. However, technological, economic and military powers of countries are the major factors in exercising the activities outside our planet due to the special nature of such activities. This paper argues that despite the difficulties of having a consensus over a legal framework, there are many other issues that need to be taken into consideration. Further, the perspective of the Iraqi legal system is also examined with regard to the possibility of adopting particular law on outer space activities. It also argues that although the lack of advanced technological skills might avoid countries reaching outer space, it will not prevent states from adopting specific legislation to regulate private corporations’ attempt to explore in this field.

Space Debris Mounting Global Menace Legal Issues Pertaining to Space Debris Removal: Ought to Revamp Existing Space Law Regime

Space debris is global mounting ultimatum to the enduring maintainability of the Outer Space activities and it ought to be deal in the very beginning. Otherwise, it will be too late. From the last couple of years, the rate at which the space activities have, resulted in the production of debris at very threshold position in a linear fashion. Ultimately, it has become the rendezvous of space debris general place. From couples of years ago, some incidents of collisions have enhanced the space debris accumulation, now crowded the corridor of earth orbit which constitutes the most serious pollutant of the near-earth space environment. Innovations in space applications have enhanced not only our awareness about universe but also daily lives world widely. Actually, the space treaties law neither explicitly forbids the production of space debris nor levies responsibility on the states to remove space debris. Because the absence of definition of space debris reveals the unending ambiguity between space debris and space object. There is no any legal procedure and mechanism available in existing space law regime to remove the space debris. Furthermore, who has the authority to take decision for the removal of space debris from the outer space? International space law does not permit interruption with space objects without the preceding approval from the launching State. This paper focuses on the legal and organizational challenges suggesting to revamp the fuzzy prevailing international space law regime to encounter incoming legal aspects.

International Cooperation Mechanisms in Outer Space Activities for the Next Decade

International Cooperation Mechanisms in Outer Space Activities for the Next Decade

MALAYSIAN OUTER SPACE LAW: THE WASATIYYAH APPROACH

Wasatiyyah is not a mathematical moderation. It is a form of just evaluation that applies the Islamic conception of justice which asserts putting things in its proper places. Therefore, it should be defined and interpreted according to each circumstance surrounding the issues. With regards to the application of wasatiyyah in other field like outer space law, it requires analysis of the legal rules of outer space activities based on relevant elements of maqasid. This article highlights some legal rules proposed for Malaysia. It analyses each circumstances in determining whether the wasatiyyah approach is essential. The article applies the library research method including analysing the works of authoritative writers, as well as the United Nations international conventions on outer space. The findings demonstrate that the wasatiyyah approach is appropriate and proper to be applied in formulating and drafting Malaysian outer space law. It has been proven as well that it is capable of generating an excellent outcome of Malaysian space legislation.

The Urgency of Establishment International Outer Space Authority as Embodiment of Outer Space Environment Protection

The outer space technology nowadays is progressing. In its development, not only the state but also the big companies have interests in outer space and its resources. The fact is followed by the growing number of satellites and other space objects launched into outer space which is will be space debris when it is inactive. International law only requires the launching state to register a space object to be launched. That is, there is no filtering system that controls the number of space objects launched. The aim of this study is to find the legal mechanism which can control the number of space debris and so that the outer space environment can be protected. The research method used is normative research method with statute and conceptual approach. The conceptual approach goes from the views and doctrines that develop in the legal studies. The conclusion is it takes an international authority to organize and control exploration activities in outer space as embodiment of outer space environment protection. Later on, this authority will filter which space object can be launched.

Investment Protection of Commercial Activities in Space: Treaties, Contracts, Licenses, Insurance, Arbitration

Abstract The article focuses on the protection of foreign investment against political risk in the host state regarding commercial activities in outer space, an area not subject to national appropriation and sovereignty. The general space treaty and national legal frameworks for such activities fail to address the needs of private space enterprises. Under international investment law, commercial space activities generally meet common subject matter scope definitions of ‘investment’ and ‘investor’ in investment treaties. But foreign acquisitions in the space industry may affect national security interests of the host state and be limited as a sector for foreign investment. Moreover, as investment treaties generally cover an investment only if it is made in the territory of the host state, uncertainties may arise as to whether activities and assets of space enterprises in outer space are covered.

Cyber Law and Outer Space (Activities): Legal and Regulatory Challenges

Cyber Law and Outer Space (Activities): Legal and Regulatory Challenges

International Legal Aspects on Sustainable Development of Outer Space Activities

International Legal Aspects on Sustainable Development of Outer Space Activities