Active Tuned Mass Damper Research Articles

A hybrid metaheuristic method for optimization of active tuned mass dampers

AbstractA metaheuristic‐based tuning methodology for the optimization of active tuned mass dampers (ATMDs) is presented. The methodology considers both physical parameters of ATMDs and controller parameters of the control algorithm. The employed control algorithm is a proportional–integral–derivative type controller. ATMDs are used in structures in the reduction of structural responses resulted from earthquakes. The proposed methodologies must be feasible for real practices in construction, so consider all physical factors such as stroke capacity, limitation of the active control force, the time delay of the generated control signal, and a time‐saving one. A novel hybrid metaheuristic algorithm that combines the specific advantages of four metaheuristics (harmony search, flower pollination algorithm, teaching‐learning‐based optimization and Jaya algorithm) is proposed for the optimization process. The results of the process showed that ATMDs are more effective for high values strike limitations, compared to TMDs. The feasibility and effectiveness of the optimum control method are also demonstrated on a full‐size 76‐story structure.

Control performance of active tuned mass damper for mitigating wind-induced vibrations of a 600-m-tall skyscraper

Based on the field measurements on a 600-m-tall skyscraper equiped with an active tuned mass damper (ATMD) system, this paper investigates the control performance of the world's largest ATMD system to suppress the building vibrations. On-site forced vibration tests on the skyscraper were first conducted and the results showed that the ATMD system can increase the damping ratios of the fundamental sway modes up to about 11 times. Accordingly, ambient vibration tests on the building during Super Typhoon Hato were carried out, and the measured building acceleration responses showed that the ATMD system can effectively suppress the wind-induced vibrations of the skyscraper. Moreover, the structural damping ratios of the building with and without the operation of the ATMD system were identified, which showed that the ATMD system can significantly boost the damping ratios of the fundamental sway modes of the building for suppressing wind-induced vibrations, while it had limited effects on higher modal responses. The paper aims to provide useful information for the design of active vibration control systems and the wind-resistant design of high-rise buildings.

Load Reduction of Floating Wind Turbines Using Tuned Mass Dampers

Abstract: Offshore wind turbines have the potential to be an important part of the United States’ energy production profile in the coming years. In order to accomplish this wind integration, offshore wind turbines need to be made more reliable and cost efficient to be competitive with other sources of energy. To capitalize on high speed and highquality winds over deep water, floating platforms for offshore wind turbines have been developed, but they suffer from greatly increased loading. One method to reduce loadsin offshore wind turbines is the application of structural control techniques usuallyused in skyscrapers and bridges. Tuned mass dampers are one structural control system that have been used to reduce loads in simulations of offshore wind turbines. This thesis adds to the state of the art of offshore wind energy by developing a set of optimum passive tuned mass dampers for four offshore wind turbine platforms and byquantifying the effects of actuator dynamics on an active tuned mass damper design. The set of optimum tuned mass dampers are developed by creating a limited degree-of-freedom model for each of the four offshore wind platforms

Nonlinear soil-pile-structure interaction for midrise STMD buildings

One of the effective vibration control systems used for structures is the semi active tuned mass damper (STMD), which is popular since it is reliable and simple. STMD characteristics in the design for piled foundations are usually obtained by modelling the foundation raft only to incorporate the soil structure interaction (SSI). However, as it proposed in the recent studies the role of SSI and simulation of piled raft in the analyses proved to be very important in the determination of the STMD parameters. Hence, in this study, efficiency of STMD with respect to the control of seismic response of the structure, is studied by considering the soil-pile-structure interaction (SPSI). Nonlinear time history analysis is applied for a three-layered soil profile including pile foundations by using the well-known substructure (spring) model under two different ground motion records. In order to increase the accuracy of the results, soil profile with piles and building structure with STMD are considered all at once in a single model under the action of seismic loading, named as direct method. P-Y curves which are suggested by American Petroleum Institute (API) are used in the spring method for simulating soil-pile-structure interaction. The results showed that, adjusting the STMD characterizations on piled structures without considering the soil-pile-structure interaction may result to ineffective control of the seismic vibration and in the worst case may lead to amplification of the vibration of buildings.

A new time-domain robust anti-windup PID control scheme for vibration suppression of building structure

Robustness is one of the main issues in the design of closed-loop control systems, and to provide it, considering the differences between the actual and mathematical models, effects of external disturbances and measurement noise is necessary. In this study, a new time-domain robust anti-windup proportional integral derivative (PID) control scheme for vibration suppression of building structure is introduced. Because of computational complexity in determining and tuning gains of the controller for each structural vibration modes in the conventional PID control methods. Such as modal analysis; the dynamic vibration equations of the structure are implemented in the state space form to consider the effects of all vibration modes of the structural system in the controlling gains simultaneously. Uncertainties in the structural stiffness parameter, sensing noise, input time-delay, and saturation windup of the actuator are considered in a new formulation. To ensure robust stability and performance of the proposed controller, the closed-loop transfer function from exogenous inputs to the controlled outputs is defined as in the standard form of the H∞ mixed sensitivity minimization criterion. The PID control gains are obtained by minimizing the infinity norm of the closed-loop transfer function of the control system in standard form. Based on numerical study of an 11-story benchmark structure equipped with an active tuned mass damper, the robustness and stability of the proposed controller are presented. This controller can reduce further the maximum displacement, velocity, and acceleration of the structure subjected to far field earthquakes with considering uncertainties by 16, 10, and 16%, respectively, compared to the conventional PID controller.

Hybrid active control of adjacent buildings interconnected by viscous dampers utilizing type-2 fuzzy controller considering soil-structure interaction

Viscous dampers (VDs) connecting adjacent multi-story buildings are significantly useful not only for preventing severe earthquake-induced pounding, but also for mitigating the response of buildings. In the current study, in addition to utilizing viscous dampers, enhanced hybrid active tuned mass dampers (EHATMDs) are used at the top of asymmetric buildings and active tendons (ATs) are used at the sixth floor of symmetric buildings, while all these buildings are interconnected by VDs. The interval type-2 fuzzy logic controller (IT2FLC) is employed to produce real-time active forces applied to the actuators of EHATMDs and ATs. Moreover, soil-structure interaction (SSI) effects are considered. The aim is to assess the performance of all the mentioned controllers in mitigating both the translational and torsional responses of structures rested on soft soil. To reach these goals, three different layouts of adjacent buildings, including asymmetric and symmetric buildings, are taken into account. The results showed that the layout where asymmetric buildings were controlled by VDs in both main directions had the highest performance.

A developed model predictive control scheme for vibration attenuation of building structures

Model predictive control (MPC) is an optimal control algorithm in which the current control action is obtained by solving an optimization problem in the presence of hard and soft constraints in the finite time horizons sequentially. In most cases, neglecting the effects of the external loads in predicting the future responses of the structures lead to inaccurate control action. Therefore, it could be beneficial to consider the effects of external loads in the future within the MPC to improve its accuracy. In this paper, a developed model predictive control (DMPC) scheme is introduced. For this purpose, a forecasting seismic excitation model is formulated by two sequential autoregressive (AR) models. One of those estimates the future output of the seismic excitation and the second one enhances the estimation accuracy. Then, the efficiency of the presented approach is demonstrated by the numerical study of two benchmark buildings equipped with an active tuned mass damper (ATMD). The performance of the proposed MPC is finally compared with the conventional and ideal MPCs. The numerical outputs prove the competency and higher conformity of the proposed MPC with the ideal one almost in all of the cases. Twelve benchmark performance indices are also utilized for determining the superiority of the method. The average conformity values for all of the performance indices for the proposed method in the three- and nine-story buildings are by up to 17.75% and 9% more than the values in conventional one, respectively.

Event-triggered [formula omitted] control for networked spar-type floating production platforms with active tuned heave plate mechanisms and deception attacks

The service life of floating production platforms can be substantially shortened due to undesirable excessive vibrations caused by dynamic loads. It is thus necessary to develop effective vibration reduction methods for floating production platforms. This article proposes a network-based active control approach for a spar-type floating production platform (SP) against wave exciting loads and deception attacks. First, a novel active tuned heave plate (ATHP) mechanism based on the concept of the active tuned mass damper is developed for the SP. Second, in the context of networked control of the SP-ATHP system, an event-triggering transmission mechanism is introduced to significantly improve communication efficiency. Meanwhile, a Bernoulli distribution and a nonlinear function are employed to character possible deception attacks in shared communication channels. Then, by modelling the network-based closed-loop SP-ATHP system as a time-delay stochastic system, its stability and H∞ performance analysis is derived. Besides, some criteria are obtained to co-design the triggering mechanism and the H∞ controller. Finally, simulation studies demonstrate that compared with some existing heave plate mechanisms, the designed event-triggered H∞ controllers under this ATHP mechanism are more effective to suppress heave motions of the platform and save network resources and control expenditure. Furthermore, even though there are deception attacks, the proposed scheme can still guarantee satisfactory system performance.

Vibration suppression of structures using tuned mass damper technology: A state-of-the-art review

To date, considerable attention has been paid to the development of structural vibration suppression techniques. Among all vibration suppression devices and techniques, the tuned mass damper is one of the most promising technologies due to its mechanical simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and reliable operation. In this article, a critical review of the structural vibration suppression using tuned mass damper technology will be presented mainly focused on the following four categories: (1) tuned mass damper technology and its modifications, (2) tuned mass damper technology in discrete and continuous structures (mathematical modeling), (3) optimization procedure to obtain the optimally designed tuned mass damper system, and (4) active tuned mass damper and semi-active tuned mass damper with the practical realization of the tuned mass damper technologies.

A tuning algorithm for a sliding mode controller of buildings with ATMD

This paper proposes an automatic tuning algorithm for a sliding mode controller (SMC) based on the Ackermann’s formula, that attenuates the structural vibrations of a seismically excited building equipped with an Active Tuned Mass Damper (ATMD) mounted on its top floor. The switching gain and sliding surface of the SMC are designed through the proposed tuning algorithm to suppress the structural vibrations by minimizing either the top floor displacement or the control force applied to the ATMD. Moreover, the tuning algorithm selects the SMC parameters to guarantee the following closed-loop characteristics: (1) the transient responses of the structure and the ATMD are sufficiently fast and damped; and (2) the control force, as well as the displacements and velocities of the building and ATMD are within acceptable limits under the frequency band of the earthquake excitation. The proposed SMC shows robustness against the unmodeled dynamics such as the friction of the damper. Experimental results on a reduced scale structure permits demonstrating the efficiency of the tuning algorithm for the SMC, which is compared with the traditional Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) and with the Optimal Sliding Mode Controller (OSMC).

초정밀 장비의 진동 저감을 위한 능동형 동조질량감쇠기

In an environment where ultra-high-precision equipment is used, vibration inevitably occurs due to various factors. These vibrations generate fatal effects, such as defect generation and reduced production yield, on ultra-high-precision production equipment. Among the multiple methods for solving vibration problems, a Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) is a useful technique that reduces vibration without changing the existing structure by attaching a passive dynamic system consisting of additional mass, spring, and damper. However, it is difficult to realize fine-tuning of the system parameters for optimal performance because the passive elements have structural limitations. An active TMD, which has a form wherein sensors, actuators, and a control device are added to the passive TMD structure, was introduced. It has higher performance than passive TMD because dynamic characteristics can be induced to stable and highly damped by a well-designed control algorithm realized by software in the control device. In this study, an active TMD was developed utilizing passive TMD with a voice coil actuator and attached to the center of both end fixed beam that assumed a single-degree-of-freedom structure. A dual-loop control algorithm using a non-minimum phase system was designed for a high-damped response while retaining stability. The modal test was performed for experimental evaluation and excellent performance of active TMD was verified.

Hybrid skyhook mass damper

The objective of this study is to increase the efficiency of an initial passive Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) by adding an active control unit. A critical issue in many engineering domains is the design of fail-safe active systems. The proposed hybrid system aims to address this issue and realizes the said objective. It emulates the behavior of a skyhook damper parallel to a passive TMD. Skyhook dampers acts like viscous dampers connected to the ground, reducing the vibration amplitudes without any overshoot. It can be difficult to design a specific control law to obtain a desired dynamical behavior. The paper presents two ways to understand and design the hyperstable control law for Hybrid Mass Damper (HMD) (also called Active TMD), using the power flow formulation or the mechanical impedance analysis. These approaches are illustrated through the synthesis of this hybrid device and the emulation of the Skyhook damper. It is shown that a well-designed control law for this kind of system may result in high damping performance, ensuring stability and a fail-safe behavior. In addition, the amplitude of the primary system’s response is reduced over the entire frequency range which is not the case for the usual active or hybrid systems. Robustness is analyzed and compared to that of the classical active mass damper, and an experimental set up validates the proposed hybrid system.

Lateral soil pile structure interaction assessment for semi active tuned mass damper buildings

Using Lateral load-displacement curves (p-y curves) which is recommended by American Petroleum Institute (API) guideline, is typically used as a design approach for analysis of soil-pile-structure interaction due to its simplicity. The soil-pile structure interface has two separate parts of interaction; kinematic and inertial interaction. Both types of interaction must be measured accurately for the structures with dampers to determine the optimum parameters for design. For structures equipped with semi active tuned mass damper (STMD) on deep foundation, determination of the optimum STMD characterizations are completely related to the dynamic attitude of the structure. Hence, in this study, first the accuracy of general p-y equation for buildings with STMD which have short period on deep foundations are evaluated. Then, three dimensional continuum method (finite element method) is used and the general equation of API are updated to provide compatibility. The results showed that the accuracy of spring method (p-y curves method) is very poor in estimation of dynamic response of the structure. A modified API equation is proposed to improve the accuracy and reduce the degree of error for the data set provided. However, it is concluded that the three dimensional continuum method is still a more trustworthy approach for the type of problem investigated in this paper.

Neural network predictive control of vibrations in tall structure: An experimental controlled vision

This article presents the use of neural network predictive controller as a novel technique for vibration control of tall structures employing single degree of freedom active tuned mass damper (ATMD). Additionally, the proposed technique is compared with two modern control techniques: pole-placement controller and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference controller. A scaled-down laboratory model is used to validate the control techniques. A linear and a nonlinear auto-regressive exogenous (ARX) models are identified for the constructed structure. A neural network predictive controller is designed using the nonlinear ARX model. Polynomial and state-space pole-placement controllers are designed using the linear ARX model. A fuzzy logic controller is designed for the structure and trained using adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). Hardware-in-the-loop implementation of these controllers demonstrates that the neural network predictive controller combines the advantages of both pole-placement and the ANFIS controllers and reduces the settling time of the mass damper six times with same amplitude mitigation.

Optimal structural control of tall buildings using tuned mass dampers via chaotic optimization algorithm

Tuned Mass Dampers (TMDs) are widely used to mitigate undesirable structural vibrations that result from intensive uncertain environmental phenomena. This paper deals with the optimum tuning of the free parameters of passive and active TMDs. Novel Chaotic Optimization Algorithm (COA) is used to determine the optimal parameters for the TMD systems. This algorithm has been tested on a 10‐story shear-type frame under strong seismic motions, as well as response control of wind-excited of a 76-story concrete office tower. The numerical results reveal that the tuned mass dampers with optimum parameters have good capability in attenuating the responses of the structural system under different excitations.

Reinforcement Learning-Based Structural Control of Floating Wind Turbines

The structural control of floating wind turbines using active tuned mass damper is investigated in this article. To our knowledge, this is for the first time that reinforcement learning-based control approach is employed to this type of application. Specifically, an adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) algorithm is used to derive the optimal control law based on the nonlinear structural dynamics, and the large-scale machine learning platform Tensorflow is employed for the design and implementation of the neural network (NN) structure. Three fully connected NNs, i.e., a plant network, a critic network, and an action network, are included in the proposed NN structure. Their training requires the gradient information flowing through the whole network, which is tackled by automatic differentiation, a popular technique for deriving the gradients of complex networks automatically. While to our knowledge, the network structures in the existing literature are rather simple and the training of the hidden layer is usually ignored. This allows their gradients to be derived analytically, which is infeasible with complex network structures. Thus, automatic differentiation greatly improves the employed ADP algorithm’s ability in solving complex problems. The simulation results of structural control of floating wind turbines show that ADP controller performs very well in both normal and extreme conditions, with the standard deviation of the platform pitch displacement being reduced by around 40%. A clear advantage of ADP controllers over the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$H_{\infty }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> controller is observed, especially in extreme conditions. Moreover, our design considers the tradeoff between the control performance and power consumption.

A robust adaptive control design for active tuned mass damper systems of multistory buildings

In this study, a robust adaptive controller is designed to be used in an active tuned mass damper system that can be used to damp undesired vibrations that occurred on the multistory buildings during the earthquake. To realize the controller design, all of the system parameters are assumed to be unknown, and the adaptive structure of the designed controller is obtained by designing adaptive compensation rules for system parameters. A backstepping control design approach is utilized for the control design by considering the appropriateness of the system’s structure of multistory buildings having an active tuned mass damper system at the top of the structure. The proposed control design is supported with a Lyapunov-based stability analysis where it is proven that the designed controller is able to protect the overall system’s stability while reaching the main control purpose. In addition to these, in the simulation studies realized for a nine-story building under the effect of a major earthquake, it is shown that the designed controller can be used to reach the main control purpose efficiently.

Application of Tuned Mass Dampers for Structural Vibration Control: A State-of-the-art Review

Given the burgeoning demand for construction of structures and high-rise buildings, controlling the structural vibrations under earthquake and other external dynamic forces seems more important than ever. Vibration control devices can be classified into passive, active and hybrid control systems. The technologies commonly adopted to control vibration, reduce damage, and generally improve the structural performance, include, but not limited to, damping, vibration isolation, control of excitation forces, vibration absorber. Tuned Mass Dampers (TMDs) have become a popular tool for protecting structures from unpredictable vibrations because of their relatively simple principles, their relatively easy performance optimization as shown in numerous recent successful applications. This paper presents a critical review of active, passive, semi-active and hybrid control systems of TMD used for preserving structures against forces induced by earthquake or wind, and provides a comparison of their efficiency, and comparative advantages and disadvantages. Despite the importance and recent advancement in this field, previous review studies have only focused on either passive or active TMDs. Hence this review covers the theoretical background of all types of TMDs and discusses the structural, analytical, practical differences and the economic aspects of their application in structural control. Moreover, this study identifies and highlights a range of knowledge gaps in the existing studies within this area of research. Among these research gaps, we identified that the current practices in determining the principle natural frequency of TMDs needs improvement. Furthermore, there is an increasing need for more complex methods of analysis for both TMD and structures that consider their nonlinear behavior as this can significantly improve the prediction of structural response and in turn, the optimization of TMDs.

Study on the Stability of Non-Structural Element Using Active Tuned Mass Damper

Currently, the frequency of earthquakes is increasing in Korea, but due to the lack of appropriate seismic equipment, significant damage is expected. In order to solve this problem, active tuned mass damper will be developed to reduce earthquake damage in response to seismic waves, which are combined from low frequency to high frequency. In this paper, various control methods are introduced to reduce the amplitude ratio occurring at the 1st and 2nd natural frequencies for 3 DOF nonstructural elements. Through mathematical modeling, we confirm how each control method is applied and present the problems of the existing passive tuned mass damper and suggest the active tuned mass damper. To induce an active copper reducer, the response according to the control method can be predicted with a focus on the energy change rate. The active controller receives feedback from the relative displacement and relative velocity of the structure and uses it as a variable to set the control method. The passive control method and the active control method are compared through the simulation, and excellent control performance can be confirmed in the high frequency region as well as the second natural frequency. Vibration reduction performance was confirmed by each control method and the most ideal control method was selected. The optimum vibration reduction performance can be confirmed by using the signal function to always generate 180° of phase difference with respect to the speed of the structure. Not only earthquake but also mechanical vibration, wind load, etc., it can be used in all fields where damage is caused by excitation force inherent in various complex frequencies.

Active tuned mass damper based vibration control for seismic excited adjacent buildings under actuator saturation

This paper investigates the active tuned mass damper (ATMD) based active vibration control (AVC) for seismic excited adjacent buildings with actuator saturation. The ATMDs are installed at the top floors and oscillate under the control forces for mitigating the vibration responses. Considering the actuator saturation, an observer-based AVC law is proposed. By the proposed method, the bounded stability of the overall buildings can be achieved, meanwhile, the actuation saturation is guaranteed. The proposed method introduces less off-line computation burden, moreover, it provides a convenient method in regulating the actuator saturations and specifying the sensor locations. For adjacent buildings which are consisted by 10- and 6-storey buildings, the numerical validation reveals that only four sensors are necessary, and by a maximal actuator saturation of 779 kilo-Newton, over 30% vibration response of the taller building can be reduced. When the actuator saturation is amplified to 1000 kilo-Newton, over 50% vibration responses of the two adjacent buildings can be mitigated.