Active Sites Research Articles

N/S‐codoped Nickel oxide supported on activated Montmorillonite clay as an Efficient Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Overall Water Splitting

Developing low‐cost, highly effective, and durable electrocatalysts for complete water splitting (OER/HER) is crucial for future energy provision. Herein, we report N/S‐codoped Nickel oxide supported on activated Montmorillonite clay as an efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for water electrolysis. The different wt% of Ni‐MMT catalysts were synthesized using an effortless one‐step solvothermal method and their phase recognition, morphology, analysis of elements, and electrochemical performance were confirmed by various characterization techniques. The optimal 10 Ni‐MMT catalyst exhibits outstanding efficiency in both HER (170 mV) and OER (365 mV) at a current density of 10 mAcm‐2 in 1M KOH. Furthermore, doping of N/S heteroatoms increases the active sites for HER/OER, facilitates charge transfer and achieves electrochemical stability of 15 h. The Ni‐MMT catalyst achieved an overall water‐splitting performance in 1M KOH, reaching 10 mAcm‐2 at a cell voltage of 1.82 V.

Mirror-Image Random Nonstandard Peptides Integrated Discovery (MI-RaPID) Technology Yields Highly Stable and Selective Macrocyclic Peptide Inhibitors for Matrix Metallopeptidase 7.

Matrix metallopeptidase 7 (MMP7) plays a crucial role in cancer metastasis and progression, making it an attractive target for therapeutic development. However, the development of selective MMP7 inhibitors is challenging due to the conservation of active sites across various matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Here, we have developed mirror-image random nonstandard peptides integrated discovery (MI-RaPID) technology to discover innate protease-resistant macrocyclic peptides that specifically bind to and inhibit human MMP7. One identified macrocyclic peptide against D-MMP7, termed D20, was synthesized in its mirror-image form, D'20, consisting of 12 D-amino acids, one cyclic β-amino acid, and a thioether bond. Notably, it potently inhibited MMP7 with an IC50 value of 90 nM, and showed excellent selectivity over other MMPs with similar substrate specificity. Moreover, D'20 inhibited the migration of pancreatic cell line CFPAC-1, but had no effect on the cell proliferation and viability. D'20 exhibited excellent stability in human serum, as well as in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. This study highlights that MI-RaPID technology can serve as a powerful tool to develop in vivo stable macrocyclic peptides for therapeutic applications.

Near-Unity Photothermal CO2 Hydrogenation to Methanol based on a Molecule/Nanocarbon Hybrid Catalyst.

Solar-driven CO2-to-methanol conversion provides an intriguing route for both solar energy storage and CO2 mitigation. For scalable applications, near-unity methanol selectivity is highly desirable to reduce the energy and cost endowed by low-value byproducts and complex separation processes, but so far has not been achieved. Here we demonstrate a molecule/nanocarbon hybrid catalyst composed of carbon nanotube-supported molecularly dispersed cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc/CNT), which synergistically integrates high photothermal conversion capability for affording an optimal reaction temperature with homogeneous and intrinsically-efficient active sites, to achieve a catalytic activity of 2.4 mmol gcat-1 h-1 and selectivity of ~99% in direct photothermal CO2 hydrogenation to methanol reaction. Both theoretical calculations and operando characterizations consistently confirm that the unique electronic structure of CoPc and appropriate reaction temperature cooperatively enable a thermodynamic favorable reaction pathway for highly selective methanol production. This work represents an important milestone towards the development of advanced photothermal catalysts for scalable and cost-effective CO2 hydrogenation.

Computational Screening of Novel Nitroimidazole Candidates: Targeting Key Enzymes of Oral Anaerobes for Anti-Parasitic Potential.

The study focuses on evaluating the parasitic potential of novel metronidazole analogs using computational methods. Specifically, it aims to target key enzymes of oral anaerobes, including UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase (MurA) of Fusobacterium nucleatum and DNA topoisomerase (Topo) of Prevotella intermedia. The objective is to assess the pharmacokinetic and toxicity properties of 368 novel nitroimidazole candidates through virtual screening. Additionally, the study aims to determine the binding affinity of the most promising candidates with the target proteins through molecular docking analyses. A combinatorial library of nitroimidazole candidates was constructed, and virtual screening was performed. Molecular docking analyses were conducted to evaluate the binding affinity of selected compounds with MurA and Topo. Further investigation involved molecular dynamic simulation to assess the stability of the compounds within the active sites of MurA and Topo. All selected compounds exhibited activity against both MurA and Topo. Among them, Mnz11, Mnz12, and Mnz15 demonstrated the lowest binding free energies and IC50 values. Molecular dynamic simulation indicated that these three compounds remained stable within the active sites of MurA and Topo, with RMSD values consistently below 2Å. Additionally, the antibacterial potential of the most potent compound, Mnz15, was evaluated against a series of oral microbes. The study concludes that the newly identified nitroimidazole candidates show promise as anti-parasitic agents, based on their activity against key enzymes of oral anaerobes and their pharmacokinetic properties evaluated through computational methods.

Urea/Thiourea Imine Linkages Provide Accessible Holes in Flexible Covalent Organic Frameworks and Dominates Self‐Adaptivity and Exciton Dissociation

Unraveling the robust self‐adaptivity and minimal energy‐dissipation of soft reticular materials for environmental catalysis presents a compelling yet unexplored avenue. Herein, a top‐down strategy, tailoring from the unique linkage basis, flexibility degree, skeleton electronics to trace‐guest adaptability, is proposed to fill the understanding gap between micro‐soft covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and photocatalytic performance. The thio(urea)‐basis‐dominated linkage within benzotrithiophene‐based COFs induce the framework contraction/swelling (intralayer micro‐flexibility) in response to tetrahydrofuran or water. Adaptability of micro‐flexible thiourea‐COF with pore hydrophilicity not only contributes to the favorable mass transfer, but also enhances the accessible redox active sites, culminating in nearly 100% removal of micropollutant with low‐energy dissipation in wastewater. The incorporating urea/thiourea into imine linkage facilitates polarization reduction and exciton dissociation within skeleton wall, inducing strong localization for holes. This transformation facilitates interchain charge transport and unbalanced distribution conducive to oxidative holes‐mediated micropollutant decomposition.

Recent Advances in Salt‐Template Assisted Synthesis of 3D Porous Carbon Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage

AbstractThe structure, morphology, and composition of electrode materials play a crucial role in determining the electrochemical performance of energy storage devices. Among various materials, three‐dimensional (3D) porous carbon stands out for its potential to enhance electrochemical energy storage due to its cost‐effectiveness, excellent ion and electron conductivity, abundant active sites, and customizable pore structure. The salt‐template method offers an environmentally friendly, fast, and cost‐efficient approach to synthesizing 3D porous carbon, with the added advantage of adjustable pore architecture and composition. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in preparing 3D porous carbon and its composites using the salt‐template method, emphasizing their applications in batteries and supercapacitors. It also critically examines the existing challenges and explores potential future directions for further development in this field.

Constructing Ru-Co2P Lewis Acid-Base Pairs to Prompt Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Seawater Electrolyte.

Seawater electrolysis is an ideal approach to generating green hydrogen. Nevertheless, the sluggish kinetics of water dissociation and the detrimental chlorine chemistry environment are serious obstructions for industrial applications. Herein, constructing unique (Co) Lewis acid and (Ru-P) base pair sites in Ru-Co2P decorated on nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped carbon (Ru-Co2P/NPC) significantly optimizes the energy barrier of water dissociation and enhances the anti-corrosive ability for alkaline seawater splitting. As expected, the optimal Ru-Co2P/NPC-2 exhibits exceptional hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performances with overpotentials as low as 22.0 and 26.0mV to derive 10 mAcm-2 and operate steadily (@ 50 mAcm-2) over 30 h in alkaline and alkaline seawater electrolytes. The experimental and theoretical results elucidate that Co acting as Lewis acid sites prompts the water adsorption and breakage of the H─O bond, whereas Ru-P as Lewis base sites facilitates the hydrogen desorption in alkaline media. Furthermore, modulated chemical microenvironments can be beneficial to hinder chloride corrosion on the active sites of catalysts. This work sheds light on the rational construction of a highly efficient electrocatalyst for alkaline HER in seawater.

Nitrite-Mediated Pulsed Electrocatalytic Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia over Co@Cu NW with Dual Active Sites

Nitrite-Mediated Pulsed Electrocatalytic Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia over Co@Cu NW with Dual Active Sites

Mirror‐Image Random Nonstandard Peptides Integrated Discovery (MI‐RaPID) Technology Yields Highly Stable and Selective Macrocyclic Peptide Inhibitors for Matrix Metallopeptidase 7

AbstractMatrix metallopeptidase 7 (MMP7) plays a crucial role in cancer metastasis and progression, making it an attractive target for therapeutic development. However, the development of selective MMP7 inhibitors is challenging due to the conservation of active sites across various matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Here, we have developed mirror‐image random nonstandard peptides integrated discovery (MI‐RaPID) technology to discover innate protease‐resistant macrocyclic peptides that specifically bind to and inhibit human MMP7. One identified macrocyclic peptide against D‐MMP7, termed D20, was synthesized in its mirror‐image form, D’20, consisting of 12 D‐amino acids, one cyclic β‐amino acid, and a thioether bond. Notably, it potently inhibited MMP7 with an IC50 value of 90 nM, and showed excellent selectivity over other MMPs with similar substrate specificity. Moreover, D’20 inhibited the migration of pancreatic cell line CFPAC‐1, but had no effect on the cell proliferation and viability. D’20 exhibited excellent stability in human serum, as well as in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. This study highlights that MI‐RaPID technology can serve as a powerful tool to develop in vivo stable macrocyclic peptides for therapeutic applications.

Urea/Thiourea Imine Linkages Provide Accessible Holes in Flexible Covalent Organic Frameworks and Dominates Self-Adaptivity and Exciton Dissociation.

Unraveling the robust self-adaptivity and minimal energy-dissipation of soft reticular materials for environmental catalysis presents a compelling yet unexplored avenue. Herein, a top-down strategy, tailoring from the unique linkage basis, flexibility degree, skeleton electronics to trace-guest adaptability, is proposed to fill the understanding gap between micro-soft covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and photocatalytic performance. The thio(urea)-basis-dominated linkage within benzotrithiophene-based COFs induce the framework contraction/swelling (intralayer micro-flexibility) in response to tetrahydrofuran or water. Adaptability of micro-flexible thiourea-COF with pore hydrophilicity not only contributes to the favorable mass transfer, but also enhances the accessible redox active sites, culminating in nearly 100% removal of micropollutant with low-energy dissipation in wastewater. The incorporating urea/thiourea into imine linkage facilitates polarization reduction and exciton dissociation within skeleton wall, inducing strong localization for holes. This transformation facilitates interchain charge transport and unbalanced distribution conducive to oxidative holes-mediated micropollutant decomposition.

Design, synthesis, and in vitro and in vivo biological evaluation of triazolopyrimidine hybrids as multitarget directed anticancer agents.

In response to the urgent need for new anti-proliferative agents, four novel series of triazolopyrimidine compounds (7a-e, 9a-d, 11a-f, and 13a-e) were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro anticancer efficacy against HCT116, HeLa, and MCF-7 cell lines. Compound 13c emerged as the most potent, with IC50 values of 6.10, 10.33, and 2.42 μM respectively, while 11e and 7c also showed strong activity. In multi-target suppression tests, 13c exhibited the highest inhibition against EGFR, TOP-II, HER-2, and ARO (IC50: 0.087, 31.56, 0.078, and 0.156 μM, respectively). Flow cytometry revealed 13c's ability to suppress the S-phase cell population in MCF-7 cells. In vivo studies of 13c demonstrated significant tumor growth inhibition, comparable to the positive control. Molecular docking studies supported the experimental findings, confirming the binding of the novel motifs to the target enzymes' active sites. This comprehensive evaluation highlights the potential of these triazolopyrimidine compounds, particularly 13c, as promising anticancer agents, warranting further investigation.

Exploring Pt-Cu synergistic effects on porous SiO2 support with different Pt loadings for low-temperature oxidation of CO and C3H6

To address the high cost of noble metals, this study aims to optimize Pt loading and the synergistic effect of Cu on porous SiO2 support for low-temperature oxidation of CO and C3H6. A simulated test bench system was used to evaluate the performance of PtxCu1/SiO2 (where x= 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 1 wt%), Cu1/SiO2 and Ptx/SiO2 (where x= 0.5 and 1 wt%) catalysts with varying Pt loadings. Comprehensive characterization, including BET, XRD, SEM, TEM, and XPS was conducted to assess particle size, structure, and surface morphology. The effects of Pt incorporation on reduction and oxidation properties were further examined using H2-TPR and CO-TPD techniques. Results demonstrated a significant enhancement in catalytic activity with the addition of Cu confirming a synergistic interaction between Pt and Cu. This synergy was particularly pronounced in lower Pt loadings, where PtxCu1/SiO2 composites outperformed Ptx/SiO2 in catalytic activity. Pt addition reduced the particle size, which resulted in the creation of PtCu alloy, with 1 and 0.7 % wt Pt loading exhibiting comparable effects in CO conversion and 0.7 % Pt loading exhibiting better activity at higher temperatures in C3H6 oxidation indicating that catalytic activity was maintained even with a reduced Pt loading. Additionally, minimal difference in activity for C3H6 oxidation was observed among PtxCu1/SiO2 catalysts with 0.7, 0.5, and 0.3 wt% Pt loadings as indicated by T50 and T80 values. Reducing Pt loading from 0.7 wt% had minimal impact on catalytic efficiency for C3H6 oxidation with catalysts maintaining high activity. 0.7 wt% Pt loadings provide sufficient active sites for effective CO and HC oxidation. The enhanced catalytic activity and stability of bimetallic catalysts over monometallic Cu/SiO2 and Pt/SiO2 result from the simultaneous presence of active sites created by the synergetic effect of PtCu alloy formation with optimal ratio and well-optimized surface. These findings demonstrate the potential to optimize Pt usage without compromising catalytic performance, offering a cost-effective approach to catalyst design.

Mn−Ce Symbiosis: Nanozymes with Multiple Active Sites Facilitate Scavenging of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Based on Electron Transfer and Confinement Anchoring

AbstractRegulating appropriate valence states of metal active centers, such as Ce3+/Ce4+ and Mn3+/Mn2+, as well as surface vacancy defects, is crucial for enhancing the catalytic activity of cerium‐based and manganese‐based nanozymes. Drawing inspiration from the efficient substance exchange in rhizobia‐colonized root cells of legumes, we developed a symbiosis nanozyme system with rhizobia‐like CeOx nanoclusters robustly anchored onto root‐like Mn3O4 nanosupports (CeOx/Mn3O4). The process of “substance exchange” between Ce and Mn atoms—reminiscent of electron transfer—not only fine‐tunes the metal active sites to achieve optimal Ce3+/Ce4+ and Mn3+/Mn2+ ratios but also enhances the vacancy ratio through interface defect engineering. Additionally, the confinement anchoring of CeOx on Mn3O4 ensures efficient electron transfer in catalytic reactions. The final CeOx/Mn3O4 nanozyme demonstrates potent catalase‐like (CAT‐like) and superoxide dismutase‐like (SOD‐like) activities, excelling in both chemical settings and cellular environments with high reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. This research not only unveils a novel material adept at effectively eliminating ROS but also presents an innovative approach for amplifying the efficacy of nanozymes.

Allostery in homodimeric SARS-CoV-2 main protease

Many enzymes work as homodimers with two distant catalytic sites, but the reason for this choice is often not clear. For the main protease Mpro of SARS-CoV-2, dimerization is essential for function and plays a regulatory role during the coronaviral replication process. Here, to analyze a possible allosteric mechanism, we use X-ray crystallography, native mass spectrometry, isothermal titration calorimetry, and activity assays to study the interaction of Mpro with three peptide substrates. Crystal structures show how the plasticity of Mpro is exploited to face differences in the sequences of the natural substrates. Importantly, unlike in the free form, the Mpro dimer in complex with these peptides is asymmetric and the structures of the substrates nsp5/6 and nsp14/15 bound to a single subunit show allosteric communications between active sites. We identified arginines 4 and 298 as key elements in the transition from symmetric to asymmetric dimers. Kinetic data allowed the identification of positive cooperativity based on the increase in the processing efficiency (kinetic allostery) and not on the better binding of the substrates (thermodynamic allostery). At the physiological level, this allosteric behavior may be justified by the need to regulate the processing of viral polyproteins in time and space.

Honeycomb-Structured IrOx Foam Platelets as the Building Block of Anode Catalyst Layer in PEM Water Electrolyzer.

Achieving robust long-term durability with high catalytic activity at low iridium loading remains one of great challenges for proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE). Herein, we report the low-temperature synthesis of iridium oxide foam platelets comprising edge-sharing IrO6 octahedral honeycomb framework, and demonstrate the structural advantages of this material for multilevel tuning of anodic catalyst layer across atomic-to-microscopic scales for PEMWE. The integration of IrO6 octahedral honeycomb framework, foam-like texture and platelet morphology into a single material system assures the generation and exposure of highly active and stable iridium catalytic sites for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), while facilitating the reduction of both mass transport loss and electronic resistance of catalyst layer. As a proof of concept, the membrane electrode assembly in single-cell PEMWE based on honeycomb-structured IrOx foam platelets, with a low iridium loading (~0.3 mgIr/cm2), is demonstrated to exhibit high catalytic activity at ampere-level current densities and to remain stable for more than 2000 hours.

Ternary MXene/PANI/ZnO-based composite with a built-in p–n heterojunction for high-performance supercapacitor applications

Abstract Two-dimensional (2D) Ti3C2T x MXene-based materials have attracted widespread attraction in the field of energy storage owing to their high conductivity and accordion-like structure. However, challenges such as restacking and oxidative degradation of the Ti3C2T x MXene structure lead to poor stability, low conductivity, low specific capacitance and, consequently, a low specific energy, hindering their extensive adoption at an industrial scale. In this study, a ternary MXene/polyaniline (PANI)/ZnO (MPZ) composite has been synthesized via surface engineering of two-dimensional (2D) MXene using one-dimensional (1D) PANI nanowires and ZnO nanoparticles to enhance its specific energy and stability while sustaining its specific power. 1D PANI nanowires and ZnO nanoparticles act as spacers to prevent restacking, while also exposing the suppressed redox active sites of 2D MXene and preventing it from being oxidized by forming a porous conductive network all over the surface of the MXene. PANI and ZnO also provide additional electroactive redox sites by forming p–n heterojunctions, thus enhancing faradaic redox reactions and the specific capacitance of the MPZ composite. As a result, the overall electrochemical performance and stability of the ternary MPZ composite are enhanced due to the synergistic interactions among the individual components within the ternary MPZ composite. At a low current density of 0.1 A g−1, the ternary MPZ composite exhibited a maximum specific capacitance of 651.96 F g−1 and a highest specific energy of 32.59 Wh Kg−1 while maintaining a specific power of 60 W Kg−1 as compared to MXene and binary MP composite. Furthermore, it showcased exceptional cyclic stability over 10 000 cycles with 94.75% and 92.95% capacitive retention at 0.6 A g−1 current density and 40 mV s−1 scan rate, respectively. Thus, this current study highlights an effective strategy to enhance the specific energy of MXene-based supercapacitors through surface engineering and the construction of p–n heterojunctions within the composite.

High‐Performance Alkaline Battery‐Supercapacitor Hybrid Based on Bimetallic Phosphide/Phosphate

AbstractTransition metal‐based materials explored for energy storage applications viz. batteries, supercapacitors and more recently battery‐supercapacitor hybrids (BSHs) abundantly involve Co‐based materials. However, the supply chain issues and low electronic conductivity force us to look for alternative options. In this regard, Co‐free binary metal phosphide/phosphate consisting of Ni and V metal (NiVP/Pi) microspheres as the positive electrode of BSH which shows a high specific capacity of 502 C g−1 (1004 F g−1) at 2 mV s−1 while retaining a high specific capacity of 214 C g−1 (428 F g−1) at 12 A g−1 is reported. The high electronic conductivity of binary metal phosphide in NiVP/Pi electrode and the rich electrochemical active sites due to Ni and V metal centres results in exciting performance. More interestingly, the hybrid device is successfully developed by employing NiVP/Pi as the positive electrode and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as the negative electrode. The hybrid device (NiVP/Pi//CNT) is able to achieve a maximum energy density of 22.17 Wh kg−1 and a power density of 5 kW kg−1 with 91.7% capacitance retention after 7500 continuous galvanostatic charge–discharge cycles.

Microenvironment Control over Electrocatalytic Activity of g-C3N4/2H-MoS2 Superlattice-like Heterostructures for Hydrogen Evolution.

Microenvironments in heterogeneous catalysis have been recognized as equally important as the types and amounts of active sites for regulating catalytic activity. Two-dimensional (2D) nanospaces between van der Waals (vdW) gaps of layered materials provide an ideal microenvironment to create novel functionalities. Here, we explore a facile method for fabricating g-C3N4/2H-MoS2 superlattice-like heterostructures based on thermochemical intercalation and polymerization reactions of formamide within enlarged vdW gaps of 2H-MoS2 nanosheets without any transfer process. DFT calculations demonstrate that the interlayer electron-electron correlations due to the intercalation effect of g-C3N4, rather than high-κ dielectric environments, lead to the improvement of intrinsic conductivity of 2H-MoS2 nanosheets. As the proof of concept in applications for the electrocatalysis field, the heterostructure for hydrogen electrochemical reaction (HER) exhibits high stability and catalytic activity in both acid and alkaline media, such as a quite low onset overpotential of 98 mV, a high exchange current density of 77.6 μA cm-2, and a small Tafel slope (52.9 mV dec-1) in an acid medium. The enhanced HER activity is attributed to the improved conductivity and nanoconfinement effect of 2D nanospaces that decrease the reaction activation energy and activate the inert basal planes.

Catalyst Activation of Peroxymonosulfate for Reactive Species Generation and Organic Pollutant Degradation: A Mini Review

This review focuses on the application and mechanisms of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). It clarifies the significance of PMS in degrading organic pollutants, highlighting its high efficiency in treating persistent contaminants, such as antibiotics. The review details the roles and mechanisms of various catalysts, including single-atom catalysts, metal oxides, non-metal oxides and their composites, as well as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), in activating PMS. It emphasizes the influence of catalyst surface active sites on both radical and nonradical activation pathways. Key factors affecting PMS activation efficiency, such as PMS concentration, pH value, coexisting ions, and temperature, are examined to underline the importance of optimizing these parameters for effective reaction conditions. By synthesizing existing research, the review not only illustrates the extensive application potential of PMS in AOPs but also identifies future research challenges and directions. This provides a theoretical foundation and technical support for developing efficient, economical, and sustainable water treatment technologies.

Hexagonal Prism-Shaped AIE-Active MOFs as Coreactant-Free Electrochemiluminescence Luminophores Coupled with Hollow Cu2-xO@Pd Heterostructures as Efficient Quenching Probes for Sensitive Biosensing.

For most self-luminous metal-organic framework (MOF)-involved electrochemiluminescence (ECL) systems, the integration of exogenous coreactants is indispensable to promote ECL efficiency. However, the introduction of a coreactant into an electrolyte would result in poor stability, thereby inevitably affecting analytical accuracy. Herein, by employing aggregation-induced emission luminogens as ligands, we first synthesized one hexagonal prism-shaped MOF that displays robust and steady ECL signal without an exogenous coreactant. Furthermore, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), as the target analyte, can be fixed on the electrode surface directly owing to the strong coordination between Zr4+ and phosphate groups. According to the ECL resonance energy transfer effect, hollow Cu2-xO@Pd heterostructures are conveniently prepared and act as efficient quenching probes. Remarkably, the resultant urchin-like hollow structure could provide more active sites to anchor ATP aptamers, thus enhancing the ECL quenching efficiency. In this manner, an elaborate coreactant-free ECL system was developed to detect ATP, which demonstrates a remarkable detection limit of 0.17 nM, as well as excellent stability and reproducibility. The present work offers significant enlightenment for the further evolution of advanced ECL systems integrated with MOF-based luminophores.