Active Power Loss Reduction Research Articles

Probabilistic locational marginal price computation in radial distribution system based on active power loss reduction

This study presents a probabilistic approach to calculate locational marginal price (LMP) at distributed generation (DG) buses in an electric power distribution system to ensure that the network operates at reduced active power losses (APLs). The proportional nucleolus theory-based iterative method is proposed as a deterministic approach to compute LMP based on APLs. Uncertainties in load and market price were captured by using a 2 m + 1 scheme of the point estimation method. To compute the contribution of the reactive and active power of the DG on the APL of the network, loss sensitivity factors have been developed. The proposed method provides an active power price in terms of LMP and reactive power price to each DG as per its contribution to loss reduction. To verify the performance of the proposed method, it was implemented on the Taiwan Power Company distribution system. The proposed method can be utilised by a distribution company to operate the network at reduced APL and improve the benefit of DG owners.

Enhancement of Power Quality in an Actual Hot Rolling Mill Plant Through a STATCOM

A strategic use of a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) for providing dynamic reactive power management of a hot rolling mill plant along with active mitigation of harmonics is considered in this article. More specifically, the behavior of a cascaded H-bridge (CHB) converter-based STATCOM is assessed. The impact of the steel to be milled and the specific features of the plant on the design of the STATCOM is discussed. The proposed strategy is analyzed from the point of view of reactive power flow management, active power loss reduction, and voltage control at the coupling point, as well as harmonics reduction and decrease of unscheduled shutdowns in the event of a trip in the passive filtering system. The article is based on real plant measurements, simulation tests, and results from an experimental platform built at scale, and represents the first stage of an ambitious plan to renew this type of plants aimed at transforming them into active elements for electrical energy management.

Active Power Loss Reduction by Improved Gravitational Search Algorithm

Active Power Loss Reduction by Improved Gravitational Search Algorithm

Power Loss Minimisation on 11kV Distribution Network using Feeder Reconfiguration

The Distribution System can be seen as the networking line that interfaces between the large power generators and transmission lines on one hand and the electricity consumers on the other. The system can exist in different topologies among which, the radial form is popular because of its simplicity and comparative low cost of design. The problem of poor power quality and instability has been a major power systems challenge especially in Nigeria. More reliable and stable power systems among other benefits can be enjoyed when system are optimized. Hence, this paper implements the feeder reconfiguration technique as an optimization procedure to minimize the technical losses on the Ondo Road 11kV Feeder Segment. MATLAB is employed to simulate the optimization process and the results showed that an average of 85.47% active power loss reduction on all phases is obtainable with the proposed technique leading to an estimated financial saving of ?639,999.75 per hour.

Power Loss Minimisation on 11kV Distribution Network using Feeder Reconfiguration

The Distribution System can be seen as the networking line that interfaces between the large power generators and transmission lines on one hand and the electricity consumers on the other. The system can exist in different topologies among which, the radial form is popular because of its simplicity and comparative low cost of design. The problem of poor power quality and instability has been a major power systems challenge especially in Nigeria. More reliable and stable power systems among other benefits can be enjoyed when system are optimized. Hence, this paper implements the feeder reconfiguration technique as an optimization procedure to minimize the technical losses on the Ondo Road 11kV Feeder Segment. MATLAB is employed to simulate the optimization process and the results showed that an average of 85.47% active power loss reduction on all phases is obtainable with the proposed technique leading to an estimated financial saving of ₦639,999.75 per hour.

Optimal planning of RDS considering PV uncertainty with different load models using artificial intelligence techniques

This article presents the optimised planning of RDS and proposes the artificial intelligence technique using hybrid optimisation combined with phasor particle swarm optimisation and a gravitational algorithm, called PPSO/GSA for optimal planning of RDS considering photovoltaic distributed generators in RDSs. The main objective is to maximise the RDS performance by optimally allocating the PV generators. The proposed PPSO/GSA is implemented and validated on 94-bus practical RDS located in Portuguese considering single and multiple scenarios of PV generators installation along with various loading conditions. The results reveal that the optimised planning of RDS enhance the system reliability in term of a substantial reduction in active power loss and yearly economic loss as well as improving system voltage profile. Moreover, the convergence characteristics, computational efficiency, and applicability of the proposed artificial intelligence technique are evaluated by comparative analysis and comparison with other optimisation techniques.

Solution of the problem of optimum power distribution of individual compensating devices for a group of asynchronous motors for a stable operating mode and for a smoothly changing load

Residential and industrial buildings with large territorial dimensions, have mainly radial power supply schemes, which feed a large number of small and medium capacity 0.4 kV induction motors. For their power supply copper or aluminum cables of small cross-section (with high active resistance) are used. Calculations of electricity losses in such lines show significant values. In order to reduce active power losses in 0.4 kV cable lines, the optimization problem of minimizing active power losses in the radial power supply circuit is solved by optimal distribution of reactive power of a given value between compensating devices. The single-line scheme of power supply of a group of pumps of technological installation of petrochemical production is considered, the mathematical model of the optimization problem on criterion of minimum of active losses in power lines from reactive power flow is made, which limitations are presented as a system of linear algebraic equations. Results of distribution of optimum values of reactive power between compensating devices of asynchronous motors at maintenance of the set tg φ are received. The quantitative estimation of active power loss reduction in power lines at use of capacitor units, which reactive power is optimally distributed, is given.

Analysis of Optimal Deployment of Several DGs in Distribution Networks Using Plant Propagation Algorithm

In recent years, the substantial upsurge of electricity demand has directly impacted the performance of the distribution networks concerning the active power losses and voltage drops. In such circumstances, the distributed generators (DGs) could uphold these concerns if they are optimally deployed in terms of sizing and placement. For this reason, in current research, the optimal deployment of DGs has been proposed with the plant propagation algorithm (PPA) to simultaneously maximize the total active power loss reduction and to upgrade the magnitude of the minimum bus voltage. Alongside, the authors have examined four rounds of DGs. In that context, the optimal deployment of one DG is investigated in the first round. In each succeeding round, the number of DGs is increased: in the second round, this investigation is carried out for two DGs, for three DGs in the third round, and finally, for four DGs in the fourth round of the investigation. The effectiveness of the proposed PPA has been tested on IEEE 33 and 69-bus test networks in the load flow analysis, and results are compared with the standard optimization algorithms. Thereafter, a post deployment economic assessment based on loss calculation has been undertaken out as well. The ANOVA test has also been performed for statistical evaluation of standard algorithms. The simulation results exhibit that the proposed algorithm outdo other algorithms both technically and economically. It has been seen that as the deployment of DGs is increased, the total active power losses and voltage drops are also reduced. In terms of economic assessments, the total cost decreases with the increased deployment of DGs in IEEE 33-bus test network, whereas, the total cost increases with the increased deployment of DGs in IEEE 69-bus test network.

Determining the Hosting Capacity of Solar Photovoltaic in a Radial Distribution Network Using an Analytical Approach

Integrating high photovoltaic (PV) on distribution grid system has a positive impact by significantly reducing the losses and improving the voltage profile at the same time reducing the pollution of the environment However, integrating high proportions of PV in the distribution grid can bring the grid to its operational limits and result in power quality issues. The maximum PV capacity that can be integrated without incurring any grid impacts is referred to as the PV hosting capacity of the grid. This paper intends to evaluate the hosting capacity of solar PV in Dodhara-Chandani (DoC) distribution feeder as one of the feeder of Integrated Nepal Power System (INPS), considering grid parameters and operating condition in Nepal. Three main criteria were investigated for determining the hosting capacity of PV; reverse power flow, maximum voltage deviation of feeder and current carrying limit of conductor. The analysis has been performed by means of static load-flow simulation in Electrical Transient & Analysis Program (ETAP) and coding in MATLAB R2017a. The study shows that PV of rated capacity 687kWp can be installed at a point of interconnection (POI) whereas an optimal placement of solar PV is found to be at 18th node (in between starting and end of the feeder) considering minimum system losses. The minimum voltage profile at end of the feeder has improved by 8 % while the active power loss reduction of network has reduced by 83.6 % after the integration of solar PV. The results indicate voltage at different buses and the ampacity of most of the conductors have been improved after the integration of PV system into DoC feeder.

Dispatch of reactive power compensators in transmission grids

The phase-out of conventional power plants reduces the reactive power reserve from synchronous generators in transmission grids. Operational concepts need to be adapted to integrate reactive power compensators such as STATCOMs into voltage control schemes. This paper presents a novel two-stage optimization method for determining reactive power schedules, distinguishing manual and automatized control variables. The first stage optimizes the reactive power dispatch iteratively for the considered period using successive linear programming based on continuous variables due to relaxed integrality conditions. Afterwards, an embedded genetic algorithm re-discretizes integer variables. The second stage determines pareto-optimal reactive power schedules based on grid losses and switching frequency. Therefore, points of time are modeled as nodes and loss energies between two time-coupled points of time are modeled as arcs in a directed acyclic graph. The investigated scenario indicates that a high number of switching actions for passive compensators, such as shunt capacitors or reactors, is not necessary. Furthermore, it becomes apparent that the automated control of flexible devices like STATCOMs enables a reduction of active power losses.

Optimal location and parametric settings of FACTS devices based on JAYA blended moth flame optimization for transmission loss minimization in power systems

This paper presents a novel hybrid algorithm that includes the superior properties of strong algorithms which have been developed in recent past. The study involves minimization of transmission loss in IEEE networks through the efficient placement of flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices. In this work two types of devices namely thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) and static VAR compensator (SVC) are used in IEEE 14 bus and IEEE 30 bus systems. The main objective of active power loss reduction is achieved through the minimization of installation cost of these devices which is considered as the fitness function for the optimization algorithms. In this paper Moth flame optimization (MFO) in its natural form as well as in hybrid form called JAYA blended MFO (JMFO) is applied for the study. The results obtained are compared with existing technique like particle swarm optimization (PSO).

Energy efficiency improvement of 0.4 kV power supply systems in the far North districts

The article considers the method of energy efficiency improvement of 0.4 kV power supply systems for the enterprise located in the North of the Krasnoyarsk territory. The theoretical substantiation of the necessity of reactive power compensation is presented. The method for reducing reactive power in power supply networks through the use of devices compensating reactive power is proposed. The use of this method allowed reducing energy costs, as well as decreasing the level of reactive power in the network by 48.5% and 45% for the 1st and the 2nd inputs, respectively. Also, while using reactive power compensation devices for power supply networks, the following indicators can be achieved: the increase in the throughput capacity of electric networks, the reduction in active power losses and the rational electric energy use.

Optimal Sizing and Sitting of Distributed Generation for Power Quality Improvement of Distribution Network

The Point of Common Coupling (PCC) where suppliers’ responsibility and customers demand meet is of great concern due to increase degree of voltage variation assessment; valuable indicator of system conditions (voltage profile). Unstable condition of the power system outside operational or statutory limit, an adverse effect of nonlinear loads usually generate harmonics as well as fundamental frequency voltage variations and increase rate of power losses. These loads need to be compensated for. The major concerns of utility operations is to mitigate adverse effect of this system conditions. This research work focuses on optimal siting and sizing of Distributed Generation (DG) in a 43 bus distribution system. Power losses coupled with voltage deviation, considering objective function that compute present percentage losses in 11kV Dikko feeder, Abuja Electricity Distribution Company (AEDC), Suleja Distribution Network, Nigeria. We identified buses with poor voltage profile without DG installation and determined optimal sizing and siting of DGs where losses can be mitigated and power quality improved. ETAP version 12.6 2014 was used for load flow analysis to establish a decisive based case. The total load of the system considered was (3490 + j2700) kVA. Active and Reactive power losses in the system before DG installation were 246.300 kW and 289.903 kVAR respectively. DGs installation in the case study, has a considerable effects on loss reduction in the network. It is observed that 8.10% and 7.20% active and reactive power loss reduction was achieved while bus voltage improved by 0.4%. Genetic Algorithm Optimization techniques programmed in MATLAB 2015 software was used for optimal placement and sizing of the DG in the system.

Optimal Sizing and Sitting of Distributed Generation for Power Quality Improvement of Distribution Network

The Point of Common Coupling (PCC) where suppliers’ responsibility and customers demand meet is of great concern due to increase degree of voltage variation assessment; valuable indicator of system conditions (voltage profile). Unstable condition of the power system outside operational or statutory limit, an adverse effect of nonlinear loads usually generate harmonics as well as fundamental frequency voltage variations and increase rate of power losses. These loads need to be compensated for. The major concerns of utility operations is to mitigate adverse effect of this system conditions. This research work focuses on optimal siting and sizing of Distributed Generation (DG) in a 43 bus distribution system. Power losses coupled with voltage deviation, considering objective function that compute present percentage losses in 11kV Dikko feeder, Abuja Electricity Distribution Company (AEDC), Suleja Distribution Network, Nigeria. We identified buses with poor voltage profile without DG installation and determined optimal sizing and siting of DGs where losses can be mitigated and power quality improved. ETAP version 12.6 2014 was used for load flow analysis to establish a decisive based case. The total load of the system considered was (3490 + j2700) kVA. Active and Reactive power losses in the system before DG installation were 246.300 kW and 289.903 kVAR respectively. DGs installation in the case study, has a considerable effects on loss reduction in the network. It is observed that 8.10% and 7.20% active and reactive power loss reduction was achieved while bus voltage improved by 0.4%. Genetic Algorithm Optimization techniques programmed in MATLAB 2015 software was used for optimal placement and sizing of the DG in the system.

Cross‐entropy method for distribution power systems reconfiguration

Cross‐entropy (CE) is a powerful simulation method for the solution of continuous and combinatory optimization problems. The work presented here utilizes the CE method for the optimal topology of distribution power systems (DPSs). The optimal network switches are determined for the reduction of active power loss. The adapted CE method is tested on three case studies, namely, the 33‐node, 83‐node, and 880‐node DPSs. The results are compared with other reconfiguration algorithms to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm. The impact of the distributed generation is also investigated. The effective integration of the photovoltaic panels at midday, when their production is highest and meets the peak demand, is showed. Finally, the real‐time reconfiguration strategy based on the switching effort reduction is proposed and enhanced via an adequate selection of the initial switch states.

Simultaneous Distribution Network Reconfiguration and Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation

A reliable, eco- and nature-friendly operation has been the major concern of modern power system (PS). To improve the PS reliability and reduce the adverse environmental effect of conventional thermal generation facilities, renewable energy based distributed generation (RDG) are being enormously integrated to low and medium voltage distribution networks (DN). However, if these systems are not properly deployed, the reliability and stability of the PS will be endangered and its quality can be dreadfully jeopardized. Among the measures taken to avoid such is optimizing the location and size of each RDG unit in the DNs. These networks are generally operated in a radial configuration, though they can be reconfigured to other topologies to achieve certain objectives. Both RDG placement/sizing and DN reconfiguration are highly non-linear, multi-objective, constrained and combinatorial optimization problems. In this study, a hybrid of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and real-coded Genetic Algorithm (GA) techniques is employed for DN reconfiguration and optimal allocation (size and location) of multiple RDG units in primary DNs simultaneously. The objectives of the proposed technique are active power loss reduction, voltage profile (VP) and feeder load balancing (LB) improvement. It is carried out subject to some technical constraints, with the search space being the set of DN branches, DG sizes and potential locations. To ascertain the effectiveness of the technique, it is implemented on standard IEEE 16-bus, 33-bus and 69-bus test DNs. The proposed algorithm is implemented in MATLAB and MATPOWER environments. It is observed the power loss, voltage deviation and LB are found to be reduced by 32.84%, 12.33% and 24.03% of their respective inherent values in the biggest system when the system is reconfigured only. With the optimized RDGs placed in the reconfigured systems, a further reductions of 46.27%, 25.92% and 36.65% are observed respectively.

Determining Optimal Size and Placement of Renewable DG Considering Variation of Load

An advance algorithm to decide optimal size and place of renewable DG by applying adaptive particle swarm optimization (A-PSO) technique is reported in this work. A multiobjective function has been proposed to improve voltage profile, maximize economic benefit and reduction in active power losses. This work includes renewable energy sources based distributed generation (DG) technique like solar and biomass DGs. The time variations characteristics for solar DG and load have been considered in the system. Due to the problem of easily get trapped into local optima, particle Swarm optimization (PSO) may not be able to solve complex power system problems. Hence, APSO with variable weight function has been used in this work. The implementation of proposed technique has been presented for practical 94-bus portuguese radial distribution system. Simultaneous placement of both renewable DGs provides maximum benefits. The comparison between proposed and existing techniques have been presented which confirms that the suggested technique gives the superior result

Active power loss reduction by opposition based kidney search algorithm

In this work Opposition based Kidney Search Algorithm (OKS) is used to solve the optimal reactive power problem. Kidney search algorithm imitates the various sequences of functions done by biological kidney. Opposition based learning (OBL) stratagem is engaged to commence the algorithm. This is to make certain high-quality of preliminary population and to expand the exploration steps in case of stagnation of the most excellent solutions. Opposition based learning (OBL) is one of the influential optimization tools to boost the convergence speed of different optimization techniques. The thriving implementation of the OBL engages evaluation of opposite population and existing population in the similar generation to discover the superior candidate solution of a given reactive power problem. Proposed Opposition based Kidney Search Algorithm (OKS) has been tested in standard IEEE 14, 30, 57,118,300 bus test systems and simulation results show that the proposed algorithm reduced the real power loss efficiently.

Active Power Loss Reduction by Novel Feral Cat Swarm Optimization Algorithm

Active Power Loss Reduction by Novel Feral Cat Swarm Optimization Algorithm

An improved Elitist–Jaya algorithm for simultaneous network reconfiguration and DG allocation in power distribution systems

The constant increase in load demand in modern distribution networks leads to its operation on the verge of loadability limit. To enhance the performance of distribution system under such a stressed condition, network reconfiguration in parallel with DG placement and sizing has drawn interests in the present decade. Both JAYA and improved Elitist–Jaya (IEJAYA) algorithms are implemented to solve a complex, combinatorial optimization problem like simultaneous network reconfiguration with DG allocation. It considers both active power loss reduction and loadability enhancement without violating the system constraints. The modifications in the proposed algorithm involve Elitism strategy with a new solution update mechanism based on neighbourhood search and a self adaptive linear decreasing inertia weight to have better balance between local and global search. The proposed approach uses a new forward-backward sweep based load flow solution to evaluate the objective function during different reconfiguration phases. The validation is carried out successfully on 33-bus and 69-bus distribution systems for four different cases considering the effect of four different voltage dependent load models with load growth. The superiority of the proposed algorithm is verified by comparing the simulation results obtained with the existing bit-shift operator based PSO (BSPSO), FWA, HSA and genetic algorithm.