Participation In Sports Activities Research Articles

A Qualitative Study on the Body-Esteem and Appearance Management Behavior of Generation MZ Female Consumers of Body-Exposing Sportswear

This study explored the relationship between Generation MZ female consumers’ participation in sports activity, consumption of body-exposing sportswear, body-esteem, and appearance management behavior. In-depth interviews were conducted with twenty Generation MZ female consumers who regularly participate in sports activity and consume body-exposing sportswear. Based on transcriptions of in-depth interviews conducted with research subjects, the researcher and two assistant researchers collectively categorized and compared common characteristics found in their responses, categorized according to themes using units of words/terms and paragraphs. The main finding were as follows. Firstly, Generation MZ female consumers participated in various sports activities for an average of approximately one hour, three times per week. The effects of such participation were improvements in physical and psychological health. Secondly, Generation MZ female consumers considered aesthetical, functional, and economical factors when they consumed body-exposing sportswear, regardless of the activity in which they participated. This sportswear served to increase the efficiency of exercise and also played a motivational role. Thirdly, the overall body-esteem of Generation MZ female consumers who participated in sports activity regularly and consumed body-exposing sportswear was high. Fourthly, Generation MZ female consumers who regularly participated in sports activity and consumed body-exposing sportswear were practicing active appearance management behavior in order to show how their body had been shaped by sports activity. In addition, they were pursuing four self-images: “polished image pursue”, “self-care image pursue”, “natural image pursue”, and “trustworthy image pursue”.

Conceptualisation and Measurement of Social Cohesion within the Sport and Physical Activity Context: A Scoping Review.

Sport, physical activity and social cohesion are increasingly linked within the academic literature. Indeed, studies recognise both the importance of social cohesion for promoting physical activity and the potential of sport to support social cohesion. Up until now, however, the ways in which social cohesion has been defined and measured in the context of sport and physical activity have not been the subject of much academic attention. Through a scoping review of studies measuring social cohesion in the sport and physical activity context, we aim to uncover how social cohesion is defined and measured, thus allowing us to better grasp how the concept is understood and operationalised in this field. As such, full-text inclusion occurred when studies quantitatively measured social cohesion through a questionnaire/survey instrument in connection with sport or physical activity participation or within programmes using sport to foster social cohesion. A total of 40 papers were included in the review, showing broad support for the argument that social cohesion is positively related to sport or physical activity participation. However, the retained texts engage on only a surface level with the concept of social cohesion, with around half not defining the term and the associated measurement tools using only a fraction of the dimensions typically associated with social cohesion. To conclude, we propose future directions to enhance conceptual engagement with and measurement of social cohesion.

The discovery of a data-driven causal diagram of sport participation in children and adolescents with heart disease: a pilot study

The interventions aimed at improving the levels of physical activity (PA) in children and adolescents diagnosed with heart disease did not produce the expected outcomes. Safe participation in sport activities proposed based on actual recommendations could be a solution to promote PA in this population. The aims of this study were to discover a causal diagram of sport participation in children and youth with heart disease and establish the factors that affect and are affected thereof through the use of questionnaires. Furthermore, the study aims to qualitatively assess the reliability of the constructed diagram in comparison with existing medical knowledge. The Greedy Fast Causal Inference method was employed to conduct a data-driven search of the directed acyclic graph that represents the causal relationships within the provided observational data. This causal discovery was performed using the Tetrad software. The analysis involved a cohort of 121 Caucasian patients (50 females) diagnosed with heart disease. The age range of the patients included in the study was 8–17 years. The study findings indicate that the participants engaged in sports presented significantly higher values of health-related quality of life (QoL) and motives for participating in physical and leisure activities. Age appears to be a cause of sport participation. Sport participation appears to be a cause of participation in physical education classes, which in turn appears to be a cause of higher enjoyment. Higher enjoyment appears to be a cause of other motives for participating in physical and leisure activities, as well as a higher score in terms of physical health. The causal diagram provided a graphical representation of the causal relationship between sport participation and better QoL with potential confounders for children and adolescents with heart disease that nearly coincided with the existing literature. Clinical trials should be designed to validate clinical utility of the presented causal diagram.

Lifestyle Sports and Public Education in Japan: New Collectivism, Contest(ed) Benefits, and Community Revitalization in Aoshima’s Surfing Bukatsu

Physical activity levels among youth have declined globally during the twentieth century. In Japan, the context of this study, this trend is evidenced through decreasing participation rates in school sports bukatsu [extracurricular club activities], where youth participation in sport and physical activity have become a growing concern. Research suggests that incorporating lifestyle sports into the public education curriculum may better align with current youth trends, thereby helping to address these challenges, but little empirical research exist, particularly outside Western contexts. The purpose of this study is to address this gap by offering contextual insights into how the lifestyle sport of surfing is being incorporated into the public education system in Japan, and how this transforms the meanings of both surfing and bukatsu in new and interesting ways. Drawing on the case of Aoshima Junior High School’s Surfing Bukatsu, ethnographic fieldwork was conducted over a two-week period in July 2021 and included participant observation, focus groups with students and parents, and 22 in-depth interviews with various stakeholders. Three themes emerged that guide the interpretation and discussion: (1) a “new collectivism” fostered amongst members of the surfing bukatsu, (2) a “contest(ed) surf style” that marked a tension between the competitive and the informal benefits associated with lifestyle sports, and (3) the role of surfing bukatsu in school/community revitalization. The study shows how incorporating lifestyle sports in PE curricula has the potential to encourage a co-constitutive practice of student/school/community development.

Misperceptions, Intergroup Prejudice, and the Varied Encounters Between European Citizens and Non-EU Foreigners

Abstract How does interpersonal exposure to immigrants influence citizens’ opinions about immigrants? The Intergroup Contact Theory (ICT) famously predicts improved attitudes under certain circumstances. However, research on the population innumeracy phenomenon predicts that this same exposure may worsen demographic misperceptions about immigrants. The current study seeks to analyze these contradictory possibilities with data on native-born citizens’ encounters with non-EU immigrants from the 2017 Eurobarometer survey. The analysis considers a wide variety of exposure contexts and generates hypotheses about which will matter most for each outcome based on cognitive availability processes and the optimal conditions outlined in the original ICT. The results indicate that intergroup exposure increases both positive attitudes toward immigrants and incorrect perceptions about immigrants. However, context matters. Those with exposure to immigrants among their primary networks or through their participation in sport, volunteer, and cultural activities exhibit the most pro-immigrant evaluations. Those with exposure through their neighborhoods and workplaces exhibit the most inflated perceptions. The study concludes by considering the implications of these findings for future research.

Arthroscopic Labral Reconstruction With a Modified Inferior Capsular Shift Allows Return to Sport and Excellent Outcomes in Contact and Noncontact Athletes With Anterior Shoulder Instability at Minimum 5-Year Follow-Up

PurposeTo compare return to sport, functional outcomes, recurrence of instability, and osteoarthritis(OA) between collision/contact and limited/non-contact athletes following arthroscopic labral reconstruction with a modified inferior capsular shift for anterior shoulder instability. MethodsAthletes underwent an arthroscopic labral reconstruction with a modified inferior capsular shift, by the senior author between 1999 and 2017. Inclusion criteria were labral stripping from 12(just beyond the biceps anchor) to 6 o’clock, less than 20% glenoid bone loss, active sports participation, and no prior surgery. Athletes were divided into collision/contact and limited/non-contact groups. Outcome measures, physical examination, and radiographic evaluation were collected at a minimum 5-year follow-up. Re-operations or any subjective laxity were considered failures. Radiographs were analyzed for OA utilizing Samilson-Prieto Radiological Classification. ResultsNinety-two patients underwent arthroscopic labral reconstruction with a modified inferior capsular shift. Sixty-four met the inclusion criteria. Thirty-eight(age=26.0±8.0 years) participated in at least one collision/contact sport, and 26(age=38.0±9.0 years) participated in limited/non-contact sports. Two(5%) collision/contact and 3(12%) limited/non-contact athletes had traumatic re-injury requiring revision surgery. Of the remaining athletes (59/64), minimum 5-year follow-up was obtained on 54(92%) with a mean follow-up of 12±4 years(range 5 to 23 years). All athletes returned to their original sport at the same level. There was no significant difference between collision/contact and limited/non-contact athletes in timing of return to sports (5.2±1.9 and 6.0±3.1 months, respectively; p=0.389). There were no significant differences between groups on any outcomes scores. ConclusionArthroscopic labral reconstruction with a modified inferior capsular shift addressed anterior instability with return to sport for both collision/contact and limited/non-contact athletes with excellent functional and clinical outcomes, full shoulder ROM, and a low prevalence of advanced OA at minimum 5-year follow-up. This modified technique resulted in a low failure rate in both limited/non-contact and collision/contact athletes.

An Empirical Investigation of Engineering Students' Attitute Towards Sports and Physical Education, Cultural Activities and Stress Management

Abstract: This study gives an empirical perspective regarding engineering students towards sports and physical education, cultural activities and stress management. This research examines various motives for participation and non-participation in various activities. College students involved in lot of stress due to academic work, competition, daily hassles, parental expectations etc. Total sample of 270 respondents who were pursuing Bachelor of Engineering was selected. The students chosen for the study were from departments of Electronics and Telecommunication (E&TC), Computer Science (CSE), Mechanical Engineering (ME), Information Technology (IT) and Electrical Engineering (EE). Chi-square testing was used to taste the stated hypothesis in Research Methodology. This research concludes that students perusing engineering are actively involved in various activities because they are aware of benefit of active participation in sports, physical education and cultural events. At the same time they are also aware about stress management and what are most important causing factors of stress. Result of Hypothesis testing proves that Stress Management is directly proportional to EducationalPerformance & Parental Expectation. Sports activities found significant impact on Physical Fitness whereas participation in cultural events if directly related to Stress Management. Keywords: Stress Management, Physical Education, Cultural Events wellbeing, Sports Events, Mental health.

Research on key factors of event tourism success

Event tourism is rapidly gaining popularity in the modern world, attracting millions of travelers ready to immerse themselves in the atmosphere of unique events and occasions taking place worldwide. This type of tourism offers a unique opportunity to combine relaxation and entertainment with active participation in diverse cultural, sports, musical, and other captivating events. However, the establishment and successful development of event tourism depend on a multitude of factors. In this article, we will explore the key factors influencing the formation and development of event tourism.

A life course perspective on determinants of discontinuance of active participation in sports activities

Physical inactivity remains a global public health challenge today. Determining why people stop regularly participating in sports is significant to develop targeted intervention strategies for sports promotion and healthy living. As sports participation is dynamic throughout life, a life-course perspective is needed to provide a more comprehensive understanding. This study adopts a life-course perspective to explore the determinants of the change from active participation in sports to becoming inactive. Based on online retrospective survey data collected in the Netherlands, a two-level binary logistic regression model is estimated to capture the effects of socio-demographics, sports motivations, life transitions, and neighborhood characteristics on sports dropout over the lifespan. Results show that dropout from sports is age-specific, and that people are less likely to discontinue sports participation when they have health and weight loss goals. Life transitions have different effects. The cessation of living with physically active people appears to be the most important event to make people stop sporting, followed by having a baby, and then owning the first car. Compared with education-related events, work-related events are more likely to cause people to stop sporting. Moreover, the probability of sports discontinuance may increase when residents feel unsafe doing physical activities in their neighborhoods or when the neighborhood has sufficient greenspace for walking. The findings have implications for supporting sports participants to continue exercising by addressing the barriers.

S8-5 INTERACT capacity building framework for sport for all among sports federations

Abstract Purpose International Sports Organisations (ISOs) have increasing interest in investing on sport for all and have been called by policy-makers through different policies (e.g. WHO Global Action Plan for physical activity, UN Sustainable Development Goals) to leverage their health and physical activity potential towards the society. This presentation showcase a training (in-person, informal education workshop) that aims to empower the staff and volunteers of ISOs promote Sport for All and physical activity and act as multipliers to train their national federations and grassroot sport organisations. Project The INTERACT Capacity-Building Framework which was designed by INTERACT Erasmus+ project partners (TAFISA and 8 International Sports Organisation) through different meetings and a co-construction approach, addresses key elements, identified as part of the INTERACT project, to support ISOs and continental/national sport federations in developing their own Sport for All and physical activity initiatives and engage with their members in the field. It provides exchange of knowledge and training to empower ISOs, their staff and volunteers in Sport for All and place physical activity promotion at the core of their activities. This will in turn increase participation in sport and physical activity. By using different sensory channels (e.g. visual, acoustic, tactile), our approach satisfies the participant’s different learning types and primary ways of absorbing and processing information. Composed of three steps (advocacy, diagnostic, training), it alternates theory and practice as well as tension and relaxation, movement and rest. Participant-oriented educational work includes the conscious handling of diversity and diversity of people (e.g. in relation to sex/gender, nationality, ethnicity, religious belief, disability, sexual orientation etc.). A first pilot has been launched among 12 ISOs, and evaluation framework will be created this spring, based on a litterature review. Conclusion The INTERACT Capacity-building programme is developed to become a full-fetched service that is offered in the coming years to any ISO willing to step up its promotion of Sport for All activity.

O.4.5-2 Participation in organized and unorganized sports in adolescence: associations with physical activity levels in adulthood

Abstract Purpose Participation in organized youth sports (OYS) has been linked to higher levels of physical activity (PA) in adulthood. However, the longitudinal associations of OYS and PA compared to unorganized sports and non-participation have not been extensively studied. This study aims to explore the associations of both organized and unorganized sports in adolescence with PA levels in midlife. Methods Participants in this study were drawn from the on-going, population-based prospective Young Finns Study. Data from follow-ups conducted in the years 1980, 1983, 1986, and 1989 were utilized to divide the participants into groups of active OYS, active unorganized sports, and non-participants, separately at the ages of 9 (n = 548), 12 (n = 727), 15 (n = 752), and 18 (n = 767). The groups were formed according to self-reported frequency and intensity of leisure time PA and participation in sports club activities in adolescence. Accelerometer-derived PA (mean daily minutes of sedentary time [ST], light-intensity PA [LPA], and moderate-to-vigorous PA [MVPA]) in midlife was assessed in 2018-2020. Differences in adult PA between the youth PA groups were analyzed using analysis of covariance, separately in males and females. Results Compared to non-participants, boys who actively participated in OYS at age 9 had lower ST (mean difference [SE]: -38 [15], p = 0.045) and higher LPA (29 [12], p = 0.050) in midlife. No significant group differences were observed for girls at age 9 or for either sex at age 12 or 15, or for boys at age 18. In girls at age 18, significant group differences were found in MVPA in midlife in favor of both organized and unorganized sports compared to non-participants (15 [3], p < 0.001; 8 [3], p = 0.014, respectively). Conclusions Active participation in organized sports in boys at age 9 and active participation in both organized and unorganized sports in girls at age 18 associated with higher levels of physical activity in midlife. These findings suggest that promoting both types of sports participation in adolescence may contribute to the development of a physically active lifestyle across the life course. Support/Funding Source The work was supported by the Ministry of Education and Culture.

O.6.2-1 Contextual influences on sport promotion policy in The Netherlands: why and how the COVID-19 pandemic led to changes in local sport promotion policies

Abstract Purpose The Dutch government implemented various public health mandates to reduce the spread of the Covid-19 virus, such as self-quarantining, social distancing, closure of schools and sport facilities. This also impacted the sport sector and local sport promotion policies. The aim of the research was to get insight into why and how the Covid-19 pandemic and related restrictions influenced local sport promotion policy. Methods At the end of the Covid-19 pandemic, online questionnaires were sent to local sport managers (LSMs, n = 352, response 26%). These persons are responsible for the development of sport promotion policy within a municipality. In addition, online group interviews (n = 11) were conducted with LSMs and neighborhood sport coaches (NSCs). The latter are important implementers of sport promotion policy activities. A socio-ecological model of local sport promotion in the Netherlands was used as a theoretical framework. Results LSMs and NSCs reported that the Covid-19 pandemic and restrictions led to (some) changes in local sport promotion policy related to the facilities and public space (hardware), activity providers (orgware) and organized activities (software). In most cases, this did not lead to totally new policy, but there was a shift in focus related to the importance or urgency. For example, the growing importance of facilitating sport in public space and using sport as a means to promote health. Moreover, the Covid-19 pandemic and additional financial resources (Covid-19 recovery funds) from the national government enhanced the implementation of sport promotion activities, especially for children, adolescents and older adults. Conclusions The Covid-19 pandemic and restrictions influenced sport promotion policy (activities) in a positive way at the national level, the local level and within the municipal office. The general awareness of the importance of sport for health helped in legitimizing sport promotion policy and activities at all levels. However, it is questionable whether these changes are structural, especially when additional funding options cease. Considering the increased inequalities in sport and physical activity participation, it is important there remains attention for sport promotion of specific inactive target groups. Funding source This study was funded by ZonMw, The Netherlands, grant number [10430032010016].

Improving Healthy Behavior in Preventing Stunting through Digital Media

Stunting is a global health problem that affects children's physical growth and cognitive development. The presence of digital media has become an integral part of everyday life, and its utilization as a tool to promote healthy behaviors in preventing stunting offers significant potential. This dedication aims to explain the role of digital media in improving healthy behavior in preventing stunting. The method used is a comprehensive literature review of recent studies that discuss the use of digital media to influence public behaviour related to stunting. The results showed that digital media can be an effective means to increase knowledge about proper nutrition and a balanced diet, as well as invite active participation in sports activities and health monitoring. It can be concluded that digital media has great potential to improve people's healthy behaviour in preventing stunting. With the right approach and appropriate content development, digital media can be an effective tool in supporting nutrition education, the promotion of balanced diets, and healthy lifestyles broadly. Collaborative efforts between the government, health institutions, education, and the private sector are essential to maximise the positive impact of digital media utilisation in preventing stunting and reaching a healthier future generation

Outdoor Education, Integrated Soccer Activities, and Learning in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Project Aimed at Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda

This research aims to promote motor activity in children with autism spectrum disorder through the development of an adapted integrated soccer project played outdoors. The project is carried out in collaboration with the nonprofit “Smile Association” of the city of Frosinone (Lazio-Italy) and the Pegaso and Parthenope Universities. The main purpose of the Smile Association is to provide an educational and sports service in an area poorly provided with opportunities for children with intellectual disabilities, allowing them to change their predominantly sedentary condition and, through corporeality, to improve cognitive, affective, and relational processes. Participation in sports activities allows for the development of motor skills, social interactions, and cognitive stimulation. There is a need for available resources and programs dedicated exclusively to children with ASD to help them develop social, motor, and cognitive skills. One of the programs that might be helpful is a structured group play program involving physical activity. In addition, through the project, a dense social network has been activated between the third sector, sports companies, and local health authorities. The project aims to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda in Articles 3, 4, and 11. This paper describes the correlation between learning and motor activity. According to the hypotheses of this research, integrated soccer activity implements cognitive skills, particularly those related to memory for visual stimuli and to the theory of mind, as well as sense-motor skills. Work carried out to improve attentional skills can reduce stereotypical behaviours. The results showed that continuous and regular engagement in motor activities has positive health outcomes for children with autism in terms of reduced symptomatology and improved quality of life. A total of 108 statistical units (the control group consisted of 18 statistical units, and the sample comprised 90 participants) aged 8 to 11 years were examined. The project is aimed at girls (in compliance with Art. 5 regarding gender equality); however, the participants identified by the local health authority are predominantly male.

The role of adolescents’ participation in physical education and leisure-time sport activity on their social connectedness, depression, and aggressive behaviour

ABSTRACT The current study investigated the benefits of adolescents’ participation in physical activity (PA), including physical education (PE) and leisure-time sports activity (LTSA), on their subjective wellbeing (SWB), namely social connectedness, depression, and aggression. Specifically, the study explored the mediating role of social connectedness in the relationship between adolescents’ PA and depression/aggression. Data were collected from 358 middle-school students in Korea and analysed using structural equation modelling. Results indicated that adolescents’ participation in PE had a direct positive effect on social connectedness, while LTSA had a direct negative effect on depression. Social connectedness was negatively associated with both depression and aggression, while depression was positively associated with aggression. Consequently, the results indicated a full mediation effect of social connectedness between PE and adolescent SWB. The results also suggested meaningful gender differences. The effect of LTSA on depression was significant only for females, while the relationship between social connectedness and depression was stronger for females. Overall, the study suggests that PE is an effective way to enhance middle schoolers’ social connectedness, which can decrease the level of depression and aggression. Consequently, the health and education agencies should consider PE and LTSA as an effective strategy to promote Korean adolescents’ subjective wellbeing.

Differential Associations of Sports Participation With Self-Rated Health and Depressive Symptoms Among Japanese Adolescents.

We aimed to evaluate the associations of sports participation with self-rated health and depressive symptoms in a nationally representative sample of Japanese adolescents. A questionnaire survey was conducted with 1,658 adolescents aged between 12 and 21 years. Sports participation levels were divided into high-frequency, moderate-frequency, low-frequency, and no-participation groups. Self-rated health was evaluated using a four-grade scale. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Japanese version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-8. Other lifestyle behaviors were also surveyed. The associations of sports participation with self-rated health and depressive symptoms were examined using multiple logistic regression analysis. The participants in the high- (odds ratio (OR), 0.45) and moderate-frequency (OR, 0.46) groups were less likely to self-report poor health than those in the non-participation group. By contrast, a U-shaped association was found between sports participation and depression, in which the participants in the moderate-frequency group (OR, 0.52) were less likely to have depressive symptoms. The OR for the high- (0.89) and low-frequency (0.91) groups were not significant. Furthermore, eating regular breakfasts, six or more days/week, and having shorter screen times of less than two hours/day were negatively associated with poor self-reported health and depressive symptoms. Moderate- to high-frequency sports activities are associated with a reduced risk of poor self-rated health among Japanese adolescents. However, only moderate-frequency activities were associated with a reduced risk of depression. Participation in optimal sports activities may effectively lower the risk of poor health in adolescents.

Why is group physical activity better? Empirical Evidence from Indonesian Islamic Primary Students

This study aims to generate correlational-predictive knowledge for active participation in voluntary sports of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (Islamic Primary School) students in Indonesia. This secondary study utilizes one of the newest collections of big data at the Center for Physical Literacy and Sports Education Studies, Postgraduate School of IKIP Budi Utomo. Of the 6,576 respondents to the sports culture survey for Indonesian students, 335 of them were Madrasah Ibtidaiyah students. From the proposed causal model, personal awareness, group norms, social support, and active participation in voluntary sports were selected for further analysis. The path analysis strategy found that the direct contribution of personal awareness to active sports participation was insignificant (0.020). The contribution of personal awareness indirectly, through social support (0.022), with a significant total effect (0.042). The findings of this study support the proposition about the importance of group norms and social support in improving voluntary sports for madrasah students.

Exploring the Psychological Benefits of Team Sports in Physical Education Programs Eleanore Mitsu S. Delito

This study delves into the substantial psychological advantages that stem from active participation in team sports within physical education programs. Drawing upon data from 80 student participants, our quantitative investigation illuminates the transformative impact of team sports across a spectrum of dimensions. Most notably, involvement in team sports is associated with a noteworthy amplification of self-esteem, underscoring its role in fortifying individual self-assurance and self-value. Furthermore, team sports notably elevate social interaction and cultivate profound relationships, effectively mitigating sentiments of isolation. Impressively, participants report reduced stress levels and a comprehensive enhancement in psychological well-being, highlighting the stress-reduction dividends of team sports. The cultivation of crucial life skills such as leadership and adaptability further accentuates the holistic personal growth nurtured through team sports. In addition, our findings hint at potential academic and cognitive advantages, with participants exhibiting augmented cognitive faculties and heightened concentration. This study underscores the fundamental contribution of team sports in fostering holistic student development within educational settings, delivering invaluable insights for educators, policymakers, and researchers alike

The role of psycho-physiological characteristics in the realization and sports selection of athletes

Our article mentions the problem of selection in sports. The psycho-physiological approach proposed by us is based on the method of assessing the inclination to a particular sports specialization, which takes into account the following algorithm of actions: psycho-social characteristics and genetic and typological characteristics of athletes.: psycho-social characteristics of sportsmen, and genetic and typological characteristics. EP Ilyin’s motor skills technique; Determination of individual neurodynamic characteristics of a subject and their comparison with known, experimentally identified “model” neurodynamic characteristics that dominate, in terms of frequency of occurrence, among representatives of high-level sports. In modern conditions, when digital technologies are developing rapidly, the methods of evaluating and identifying talented athletes, saving health, and improving the quality of sports selection, which ensure a successful career and self-realization of all participants in sports activities, are of particular importance. We offer a psycho-physiological program, the obtained results provide important information in the form of practical recommendations to specialists, and coaches and help to determine the model characteristics, correctly plan the forecast, increase the selection efficiency, and improve the organization process.

Saudi Women Constraints for Participation in Sports and Physical Activities

Saudi Women Constraints for Participation in Sports and Physical Activities