Active Ingredient Formulation Research Articles

Reduction of pesticide dosage and off‐target drift with enhanced control efficacy in unmanned aerial vehicle‐based application using lecithin adjuvants

AbstractBACKGROUNDUnmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are increasingly used in precision agriculture, particularly for pesticide application in rice cultivation. One challenge is off‐target pesticide drift, which raises environmental concerns and reduces pesticide efficiency. Lecithin adjuvants have been suggested to enhance droplet stability, reduce drift, and improve control efficacy. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of lecithin adjuvants in reducing pesticide drift and improving deposition during UAV‐based pesticide application under various paddy field conditions.RESULTSThe addition of 1% lecithin adjuvants in 75% dosage of tricyclazole and ferimzone dual active ingredient formulations reduced off‐target drift by 2.62 to 3.16 times compared to the 100% and 75% dosage of standard formulations, with deposition efficiency along the spray path increasing by up to 155%. Wind direction and speed were found to be the primary environmental factor affecting deposition efficiency and drift rate. The control efficacy against leaf blast disease was significantly improved, with a maximum efficacy of 73.7% observed in the adjuvant‐treated group. Initial pesticide residues on rice plants were the highest in treatments with adjuvants, but their harvest products, brown rice and dried straw, were still within safe limits for human consumption.CONCLUSIONLecithin adjuvants significantly reduce off‐target drift and enhance pesticide deposition during UAV‐based application. This method allowed for lower pesticide dosages without compromising control efficacy, contributing to more sustainable agricultural practices. These findings highlight the potential of adjuvants to improve UAV pesticide application and reduce the environmental impact of pesticide use. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Nanostructured lipid carriers: A prospective dermal drug delivery system for natural active ingredients

Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are versatile tools used for several purposes, including drug release modification, adhesion to the skin, film-forming ability followed by hydration of the superficial layers of the skin, as well as high penetration with permeation into and across deeper skin layers. During the formulation of active ingredients sourced from nature into dosage forms, NLCs play a crucial role in overcoming challenges associated with the process. These challenges include poor solubility and skin permeability, sensitivity to light, heat, and oxygen, leading to degraded quality, reduced potency, and probable risks of skin irritation or allergic reactions. Therefore, this review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of NLCs as effective delivery system through the skin for natural active ingredients. The extensive discussion covers the advantages and disadvantages of a dermal delivery system for these ingredients, focusing on various types, lipids, and surfactants used in the formulation, preparation, and characterization process. Additionally, the recent developments in NLCs technology are explored. The result showed that NLCs would advance into a more efficient, precise, and safe system to transport natural active ingredients dermally.

Green, Eco-Friendly, Highly Biocompatible and Bioactive Nanocomposite-Based Biopolymers Loaded with ZnO@Fe3O4 Nanoparticles.

Biocompatibility is a major concern for promising multifunctional bioactive materials. Unfortunately, bioactive materials lack biocompatibility in some respects, so active ingredient formulations are urgently needed. Bimetallic nanoparticles have demonstrated drawbacks in stabilized biocompatible formulations. This study examined the preparation of biomaterial-based multifunctional biopolymers via an eco-friendly formulation method using ultrasound. Bimetallic zinc oxide/iron oxide (magnetic form) nanoparticles (ZnO@Fe3O4NPs) were formulated using casein and starch as capping agents and stabilizers. The formulated nanocomposite was characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). Herein, the formulated nanocomposite was shown to have a thermally stable nanostructure, and the bimetallic ZnO@Fe3O4 NPs were measured as 85 nm length and 13 nm width. Additionally, the biocompatibility test showed its excellent cytocompatibility with Wi 38 and Vero normal cell lines, with IC50 550 and 650 mg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity was noted against six pathogens that are represent to the most common pathogenic microbes, with the time required for killing of bacteria and unicellular fungi being 19 h and 61 h for filamentous fungi with remarket an excellent antioxidant activity.

Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Delivery of Herbal Medicine

New types of plant-based formulations such as polymer nanoparticles, nanocapsules, liposomes, phytosomes, animations, microspheres, transposons and ethosomes have been reported using active and vegetative propagation methods. The new formulations are described as having significant advantages over conventional formulations of active ingredients and plant extracts, including improved solubility, bioavailability and protection. antitoxicity, improved pharmacological potency, improved stability, improved distribution of tissue macrophages, prolonged use and protection against toxicity. physical and chemical degradation. Phytosomes are a proprietary technology developed by a leading pharmaceutical and pharmaceutical manufacturer that combines standard plant extracts or water-soluble plant ingredients into phospholipids to form complexes. lipid-compatible molecules. Herbal medicines can be used in a more straightforward course with increased effectiveness by incorporating them into modern dosage forms. This can be done by designing new drug delivery systems for herbal ingredients. This review highlights the current state of development of new herbal formulations and summarizes the type of active ingredient, bioactivity, and application of the new formulations. New drug delivery systems are new approaches to drug delivery that address the limitations of conventional drug delivery systems. Our country has a vast knowledge base of Ayurveda, the potential of which has only been realized in recent years. outdated and thus reduce the effectiveness of the drug. Applied in herbal medicine, new drug delivery techniques can help improve the efficacy and reduce side effects of various herbal and herbal compounds. This is the basic idea behind integrating new drug delivery methods into herbal medicine. Therefore, it is important to integrate new drug delivery systems with Indian Ayurvedic medicines to combat more serious diseases. Herbal medicines have long been discouraged due to lack of scientific evidence and difficulty in treatment. Standardization, extraction and identification of individual drug components in complex diverse systems are not intended to be developed as new formulations. However, modern plant protection research is limited to determining the scientific requirements (pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action, site of action, exact dosage required, etc.) plants to introduce new drug delivery systems such as nanoparticles, microemulsions. and matrix. . etc) can be resolved. system, solid dispersion, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, etc. This article summarizes the different drug delivery techniques that can be used in plants, along with some examples.

Residual efficacy of selected larvicides against Culex pipiens pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) under laboratory and semi-field conditions

Mosquitoes are a threat worldwide since they are vectors of important pathogens and parasites such as malaria, dengue, yellow fever, and West Nile. The residual toxicity of several commercial mosquito larvicides was evaluated for the control of Culex pipiens pipiens under controlled laboratory and semi-field conditions during late spring and summer of 2013. The evaluation included six different active ingredient formulations, i.e., diflubenzuron Du-Dim), Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) (Vectobac), spinosad (Mozkill), S-methoprene (Biopren), temephos (Abate), and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) (Aquatain), that are currently registered of and had been registered in the past for mosquito control. Under controlled laboratory conditions, the residual activity ranged from 1 week (S-methoprene) up to 2 months (spinosad, PDMS). Exposure of larvicides under semi-field conditions resulted in noticeable differences regarding their efficacy as compared to the laboratory bioassays. Exposure of S-methoprene, Bti, and spinosad, for up to 3 days, resulted in similar adult emergence to the controls. On the other hand, the residual efficacy of diflubenzuron, temephos, and PDMS ranged from 14 to 28 days, depending on the season of exposure. Longevity and fecundity of adults that had emerged from surviving larvae, in most of the cases tested, did not differ significantly from that of the controls. The results of the present study demonstrate the necessity of both field and laboratory studies to draw safe conclusions regarding the efficacy of larvicides against mosquitoes and the selection of the proper formulation for each application scenario. In addition, defining the seasonal variation in the residual toxicity of the tested formulations could be useful for improving mosquitos’ management programs.

Evaluation of different types of mannitol for dry granulation by roller compaction

Dry granulation by roller compaction (RC) is a continuous manufacturing technology increasingly used in the pharmaceutical industry for improving bulk density and flowability of powder mixtures or for preventing segregation issues of highly potent drugs prior to tableting. Dry granulation is ideally applied to moisture and heat sensitive drugs with added benefits also in terms of costs and lower equipment footprint. Mannitol is a polyol widely used in pharmaceutical formulations: particularly in orally dispersible tablets and powders and chewable tablets, where its high solubility and pleasant organoleptic properties make it an excipient of choice. Mannitol is available in several grades with different technological characteristics for adapting to various applications. In view of the use of mannitol for the formulation of active ingredients with poor flowability and compaction, the present work was aimed at analyzing the properties of the different commercial types of mannitol when used for dry granulation by roller compaction to obtain tablets. Mannitol raw materials and granules prepared by roller compaction at different pressure were characterized for particle size distribution, bulk density, flow properties, specific surface area and ability to tableting. Granules with proper size (500–1500 μm), increased bulk density and adequate flow properties could be obtained. Increased specific surface area of the granules suggested a fragmentation of the particles during roller compaction even at relatively low processing pressure confirming the brittleness of the materials. For all materials tested, satisfactory properties for enabling tableting process were shown.

Residual antimicrobial coating efficacy against SARS-CoV-2.

This study evaluated the residual efficacy of commercially available antimicrobial coatings or films against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on non-porous surfaces. Products were applied to stainless steel or ABS plastic coupons and dried overnight. Coupons were inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 in the presence of 5% soil load. Recovered infectious SARS-CoV-2 was quantified by TCID50 assay. Tested product efficacies ranged from <1.0 to >3.0log10 reduction at a 2-h contact time. The log10 reduction in recovered infectious SARS-CoV-2 ranged from 0.44 to 3log10 reduction on stainless steel and 0.25 to >1.67log10 on ABS plastic. The most effective products tested contained varying concentrations (0.5%-1.3%) of the same active ingredient: 3-(trihydroxysilyl) propyldimethyloctadecyl ammonium chloride. Products formulated with other quaternary ammonium compounds were less effective against SARS-CoV-2 in this test. The residual antimicrobial products tested showed varied effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 as a function of product tested. Several products were identified as efficacious against SARS-CoV-2 on both stainless steel and ABS plastic surfaces under the conditions evaluated. Differences in observed efficacy may be due to variation in active ingredient formulation; efficacy is, therefore, difficult to predict based upon listed active ingredient and its concentration. This study highlights the formulation-specific efficacy of several products against SARS-CoV-2 and may inform future development of residual antiviral products for use on non-porous surfaces. The identification of antimicrobial coatings or films showing promise to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 suggests that these products may be worth future testing and consideration.

Bioconjugation of Active Ingredients to Plant Viral Nanoparticles Is Enhanced by Preincubation with a Pluronic F127 Polymer Scaffold.

Proteinaceous nanoparticles can be used to deliver large payloads of active ingredients, which is advantageous in medicine and agriculture. However, the conjugation of hydrophobic ligands to hydrophilic nanocarriers such as plant viral nanoparticles (plant VNPs) can result in aggregation by reducing overall solubility. Given the benefits of hydrophilic nanocarrier platforms for targeted delivery and multivalent ligand display, coupled with the versatility of hydrophobic drugs, contrast agents, and peptides, this is an issue that must be addressed to realize their full potential. Here, we report two preincubation strategies that use a Pluronic F127 polymer scaffold to prevent the aggregation of conjugated plant VNPs: a plant VNP-polymer precoat (COAT) and an active ingredient formulation combined with a plant VNP-polymer precoat (FORMCOAT). The broad applications of these modified conjugation strategies were highlighted by testing their compatibility with three types of bioconjugation chemistry: N-hydroxysuccinimide ester-amine coupling, maleimide-thiol coupling, and copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (click chemistry). The COAT and FORMCOAT strategies promoted efficient bioconjugation and prevented the aggregation that accompanies conventional bioconjugation methods, thus improving the stability, homogeneity, and translational potential of plant VNP conjugates in medicine and agriculture.

KEEFEKTIFAN BEBERAPA HERBISIDA CAMPURAN DALAM MENGENDALIKAN GULMA UMUM PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT

Herbicide mixing technology is an opportunity to improve efficiency and control weeds. This study aimed to develop the effectiveness of a mixed herbicide (tank mix) between the active ingredient formulations of tiafenacil, glyphosate, methyl metsulfuron, and paraquat dichloride in controlling common oil palm weeds. The research was carried out for approximately 3 months, from January to March 2021, in oil palm plantations. The research used was a randomized block design with 9 treatments and 4 replications. Herbicide application using a knapsack sprayer and a red nozzle. Spraying is carried out on weeds in the oil palm weed circle. Vegetation analysis was carried out before the application of herbicides, the percentage of mortality was observed 3,7, 14, 21, and 30 days after spraying and weed regrowth was carried out 30, 45, and 60 days after spraying. The results showed that the paraquat mixture of tiafenacil was able to increase the effectiveness of the herbicide against common weeds compared to the single herbicide tiafenacil at doses of 2 l/ha and 4 l/ha based on mortality. The paraquat mixture in methyl metsulfuron was able to increase the effectiveness of the herbicide against common weeds compared to the single herbicide methyl metsulfuron based on its mortality. The single herbicide tiafenacil dose of 2 l/ha was able to suppress the dry weight of Ottochloa sp better than the single herbicide tiafenacil dose of 4 l/ha. The mixture of methyl metsulfuron in tiafenacil was able to suppress the dry weight of Asystasia sp better than the single herbicide tiafenacil at a dose of 2 l/ha.

Queen Egg Laying and Egg Hatching Abilities are Hindered in Subterranean Termite Colonies When Exposed to a Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor Bait Formulation.

Subterranean termite control methods using chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSIs) aim at eliminating colonies that feed upon a bait formulation. Several benzoylurea active ingredient formulations are currently commercially available as alternative termite management strategies to liquid termiticides. Individual workers need to molt on a regular basis and CSIs interfere with such molting process, allowing sufficient time for the acquisition of a colony-wide lethal dose prior to widespread mortality. As workers progressively die, the colony eventually collapses, leaving only soldiers and primary reproductives that starve to death. One common observation is that young workers often die early owing to their relatively short molting cycle. However, the absence of brood in dying colonies raises questions about the potential fate of eggs laid by the queen. This study aims to determine if CSI baits also terminate the ability of a colony to produce a new cohort of workers by disabling the ongoing brood development. Incipient termite colonies were used to test the impact of noviflumuron on the queen's ability to lay eggs and on the eggs' ability to hatch. Our results showed that queens in colonies exposed to CSI not only initially laid less eggs than the control queens, but eggs also did not develop and were progressively cannibalized, eventually leading to colony establishment failure. This result implies that queens of mature colonies exposed to CSI would lose the ability to lay viable eggs as the colony collapses, leading to an absence of worker replacement, aiding in colony elimination.

From Sugar to Nutritional Products - Product Form Development.

The formulation of active ingredients into emulsion- and suspension-based delivery systems offers a wide range of opportunities to produce stable and highly bioavailable product forms for their later application in human and animal nutrition. Recent trends in product form development have focused on using renewable and naturally-derived raw materials to meet the increasing consumer demand on sustainable value chains and nutritional products with 'clean labelling'. Therefore, we reviewed chemical fundamentals and application examples of plant-derived protective hydrocolloids with highly potent emulsifying capacity, in particular, modified starches, pectin, and lignosulfonates, for the formulation of vitamins, carotenoids, and other active ingredients.

Variable residual activity of K-Othrine\xae PolyZone and Actellic\xae 300 CS in semi-field and natural conditions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

BackgroundIndoor Residual Spray (IRS) against vector mosquitoes is a primary means for combating malaria transmission. To combat increased patterns of resistance to chemicals against mosquito vectors, alternative candidate insecticide formulations should be screened. With mortality as the primary endpoint, the persistence of residual efficacy of a polymer-enhanced pyrethroid suspension concentrate containing deltamethrin (K-Othrine® PolyZone—KOPZ) applied at 25 mg active ingredient (ai)/m2 was compared with a microencapsulated organophosphate suspension formulation of pirimiphos-methyl (Actellic® 300CS—ACS) applied at 1 g ai/m2.MethodsFollowing standard spray application, periodic contact bioassays were conducted for at least 38 weeks on four types of wall surfaces (unbaked clay, baked clay, cement, and painted cement) sprayed with either KOPZ or ACS in simulated semi-field conditions. Similarly, two types of existing walls in occupied houses (painted cement and baked clay) were sprayed and examined. A colonized strain of female Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes were exposed to treated or untreated surfaces (controls) for 30 min. For each wall surface test period, 40 treatment mosquitoes (4 cones × 10) in semi-field and 90 (9 cones × 10) in ‘natural’ house conditions were used per wall. 30 mosquitoes (3 cones × 10) on a matching unsprayed surface served as the control. Insecticide, wall material, and sprayed location on wall (in houses) were compared by final mortality at 24 h.ResultsInsecticide, wall material, and sprayed location on wall surface produced significant difference for mean final mortality over time. In semi-field conditions, KOPZ produced a 72% mean mortality over a 38-week period, while ACS gave 65% (p < 0.001). Painted cement wall performed better than other wall surfaces throughout the study period (73% mean mortality). In the two occupied houses, KOPZ provided a mean mortality of 88%, significantly higher than ACS (p < 0.001). KOPZ provided an effective residual life (≥ 80% mortality) between 7.3 and 14 weeks on experimental walls and between 18.3 and 47.2 weeks in houses, while ACS persisted between 3 and 7.6 weeks under semi-field conditions and between 7.1 and 17.3 weeks in houses. Household painted cement walls provided a longer effective residual activity compared to baked clay for both formulations. Greater mortality was recorded at the top and middle sections of sprayed wall compared to the bottom portion near the floor.ConclusionKOPZ provided longer residual activity on all surfaces compared to ACS. Painted cement walls provided better residual longevity for both insecticides compared to other surfaces. Insecticides also performed better in an occupied house environment compared to semi-field constructed walls. This study illustrates the importance of collecting field-based observations to determine appropriate product active ingredient formulations and timing for recurring IRS cycles.

An Optimal Combination of Chemically Pure Compounds from Salvia miltiorrhiza for Inhibiting Cell Proliferation

Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) is a traditional Chinese medicine used clinically to treat cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. Its therapeutic effect has been confirmed by many clinical and pharmacological studies. However, the optimal formulation of active ingredients in SM for treating cardiovascular diseases remains unclear. In this study, we determined the ratio of the optimal compatibility of SM ingredients DSS, Sal-A, Sal-B, and PAL (SABP)with a uniform and orthogonal optimized experimental design. In addition, we determined the anti-oxidation effect of SABP using Adventitial Fibroblasts (AFs). By using a combination of uniform and orthogonal designs, we determined the optimal formulation of aqueous extract from SM. MTT assay was used to determine the inhibitory effects of these 4 components of SM on the AFs, which were isolated and cultured from the aorta. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in AFs was compared before and after SABP treatment. The optimal formulation of these 4 aqueous extracts from SM were 150 : 7 : 300 : 500, and their concentrations were S(1.5×10-4 mol/L), A(7×10-6 mol/L), B(3×10-4 mol/L), and P(5×10-4 mol/L). There were some synergies between these 4 components. Moreover, SABP decreased ROS production in AFs. These findings suggest that SABP inhibits the proliferation and oxidation stress in AFs. The present study provides new evidence that the efficacy and function generated from the optimal formulation of active ingredients in SM are better than lyophilized powder of SM.

Nanoemulsions and Their Potential Applications in Food Industry

Nanoemulsions have small droplet size and are kinetically stable colloidal systems. They have enhanced functional properties in comparison to conventional emulsions. The composition and structure of the nanoemulsions can be controlled for the encapsulation and effective delivery of bioactive lipophilic compounds. Nanoemulsions have potential application in the food industry for the delivery of nutraceuticals, coloring and flavoring agents, and antimicrobials. The nanoemulsion formulations of active ingredients can be used for developing biodegradable coating and packaging films to enhance the quality, functional properties, nutritional value and shelf life of foods. This review focuses on preparation of food grade nanoemulsions using high-energy methods and low-energy approaches and their characterization for physical properties, stability and microstructure. The application of nanoemulsion formulations for sustainable food processing and improving the delivery of functional compounds, such as colorants, flavouring agents, nutraceuticals and preservatives or antimicrobial agents in foods has been discussed.

Progress in Active Ingredient Formulations

The formulation and delivery of the biologically active ingredients (AIs) (for example, agrochemicals and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs)) is an inherently interdisciplinary area of research and development. In this short review we discuss the evolution of AI and API delivery systems towards smart stimuli-responsive formulations with precisely controlled delivery for specific applications. We also highlight a few examples of such systems using AIs from Johnson Matthey’s controlled substance and API portfolio.

Synthetic progestin etonogestrel negatively affects mating behavior and reproduction in Endler's guppies (Poecilia wingei)

High rates of progestins consumption in the form of active ingredients in women's oral contraceptives and other hormonal preparations may lead to their increased concentrations in aquatic environments and subsequent harmful effect on fish reproduction. The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of etonogestrel, a third-generation synthetic progestin, on the reproductive behavior, fertility, gonads histology, and secondary sexual characteristics of male and female Endler's guppies (Poecilia wingei). Fish were subjected for 34 days to two concentrations of etonogestrel, including one possibly environmentally relevant (3.2 ng L−1) and one sublethal (320 ng L−1) concentration. A mating behavior study was subsequently conducted and revealed that the treatment with etonogestrel significantly reduced mating frequency in the exposed fish compared to controls. All the exposed females were unable to reproduce. In addition, female fish exposed to the highest level of etonogestrel were masculinized, as their anal fins and body coloration showed patterns similar to those of male fish. Etonogestrel-exposed females also had fewer developed oocytes. In conclusion, the low etonogestrel concentration (3.2 ng L−1) led to a reduction of mating activity in males without effect on their reproductive success, but it completely inhibited reproduction in females. Exposure to etonogestrel clearly has more severe consequences for females than males.

Mutualistic Interaction of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Piriformospora indica&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Serendipita indica&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;) with &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Aloe vera&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;, the Wonder Plant for Modern Living

Aloe vera, a short-stemmed shrub is described as a “wonder plant”, due to its vast uses in various medical products. Since many decades, extensive research has revealed that the pharmacological active ingredients are distributed in both the gel and rind of the Aloe vera leaves. A. vera is very popular in cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries and it is needed in large quantities with higher fractions of important constituents. To satisfy the market demand, intervention of microbial community seems to be a promising approach, which helps to increase the growth and metabolites along with plant fitness. Piriformospora indica is a root colonizing endophytic fungus, having unique plant growth-promoting properties. It helps the plant to acquire more nutrients from soil even under extreme physical and nutrient stress conditions. It interacts with a wide range of hosts. Interaction of P. indica with A. vera resulted in overall increase in plant biomass and greater shoot and root length, as well as number of shoots and roots as compared to control under both in vitro and in vivo environment conditions. Apart from that, the photosynthetic pigments (Chl a, Chl b and total Chl) and aloin content were observed significantly higher in A. vera plantlets colonized with symbiotic endophyte. The antioxidant activities were also tested and found significantly higher as compared to control plants. This imparts the potential of P. indica, to resist the plants against phyto-pathogenic microbes. P. indica has been proved as a potential candidate to enhance the biomass production along with various value additions in the form of active ingredients in A. vera.

Microencapsulation of caffeic acid phenethyl ester and caffeic acid phenethyl amide by inclusion in hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is a bioactive polyphenolic compound obtained from propolis extract. Although it has a broad therapeutic potential, the bioavailability of CAPE is limited, due to reduced solubility and poor plasmatic stability. Efforts to reduce these pharmacokinetic drawbacks resulted in the synthesis of caffeic acid phenethyl amide (CAPA). Cyclodextrins have been proved as promising excipients for the formulation of active ingredients. Herein, we report the inclusion complexation behavior and binding ability of CAPE and CAPA with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD). The supramolecular interactions were examined through UV and FTIR spectroscopy, DSC, 1H NMR and 2D ROESY. The CAPE/HP-β-CD and CAPA/HP-β-CD inclusion complexes stability constants were determined to be, respectively, 2911.6 and 584.6 M−1 in water and 2866.2 and 700.1 M−1 at physiological pH. The aqueous solubility increased notably, proving that HP-β-CD can be potentially useful to improve the biological, chemical and physical properties of CAPE and CAPA.

Potency of Bacillus spp from Potato Rhizosphere as Active Ingredients for Biostimulant Formulation

Bacteria that colonized plant roots can be identify, characterify and tested for their ability to stimulate plant growth. The purpose of this research is to know the ability of Bacillus spp bacteria as active ingredient of biostimulant formulation which aims to stimulate the growth of plants. Bacillus spp bacteria derived from rooting potato plants tested its ability to dissolve phosphate, N fixation, producing IAA, GA, siderophore and HCN. The results showed different abilities in producing growth-promoting compounds from each tested strain. Bacillus niabensis Strain PT-32-1, Bacillus subtilis Strain SWI16b, Bacillus mojavensis Strain JCEN3, Bacillus subtilis Strain HPC21, Bacillus cereus Strain HY, and Bacillus moyavensis UCMB 5075 can be utilized as an active ingredient formulation biostimulantplant growth promoting non pathogenic.

Reformulations of well-known active ingredients in the topical treatment of psoriasis vulgaris can improve clinical outcomes for patients.

Although the majority of patients with psoriasis vulgaris are treated exclusively with topical therapies, research to develop more effective topical therapies that are associated with higher patient satisfaction has lagged behind the development of systemic agents. The aim of this literature review was to determine whether there is documented evidence that applying an innovative approach to improving the formulation of active ingredients commonly used in the topical treatment of psoriasis can have a positive effect on clinical outcomes and patient-reported outcomes (PROs). The Embase and PubMed databases were searched for articles published between 2001 and 2016 that made direct head-to-head comparisons of different formulations of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), focusing on clinical outcomes and PROs. In total, 22 publications on APIs or API combinations met the eligibility criteria (19 head-to-head clinical trials, one pooled analysis, one health-economic modelling study and one systematic review). Significant clinical benefit associated with the use of a reformulated API over an older formulation was reported in three trials of clobetasol propionate, one trial of calcipotriol, three trials of betamethasone and five trials/pooled analyses of calcipotriol/calcipotriene + betamethasone dipropionate (Cal/BD) formulations. Significantly improved PROs associated with the use of a reformulated API over an older formulation were reported in three trials of clobetasol propionate, one trial of betamethasone valerate and two trials of Cal/BD formulations. These results demonstrate that the innovative reformulation of APIs used in the treatment of psoriasis can produce therapies that attain significantly improved clinical outcomes and PROs. This suggests that improvement in topical therapy for psoriasis need not only to be achieved by the identification of new targets and the development of new APIs, but that improvement in the vehicle used to deliver existing APIs has the potential to result in significant clinical and patient benefits.