Diplomatic Activity Research Articles

Digital Media Trends in Public Diplomacy: the Case of Taiwan’s Youth Ambassadors

Summary Digital media facilitate global reach and empower individuals as cultural influencers. Taiwanese youth ambassadors (YA s) can tell Taiwan’s story online to boost its credibility and attract attention. This article explores the role of these non-state actors as potential social media influencers in cultural diplomacy. Findings from a survey and focus group in the International Youth Ambassador Exchange Programme indicate that YA s reject the role of social media influencers. YA s view social media as inadequate for trust building and credibility compared with interpersonal interactions. While some YA s see social media as a cross-cultural bridge, others view it as contentious, particularly around Taiwan’s political status. To avoid controversy, YA s focus on positive image building and cultural promotion. Ultimately, some of their efforts aim to enhance Taiwan’s global awareness and cultivate collective pride among Taiwanese youth. This case contributes to understanding the digital role and experience of non-state diplomatic actors from state-affiliated cultural diplomacy programmes.

The Diplomatic Activity of the Plenipotentiary Representative of the Republic of Armenia G. Pasdermadjian (Armen Garo) in the USA at the End of 1919

The Diplomatic Activity of the Plenipotentiary Representative of the Republic of Armenia G. Pasdermadjian (Armen Garo) in the USA at the End of 1919

Determination of Vertical Boundaries of National Airspace in the Context of Airspace Security Operations

The establishment of the vertical boundary of national airspace is crucial in maintaining Indonesia's air sovereignty. The state has full sovereignty over the airspace above its land and waters; however, to date, there are no clear national or international regulations that define this vertical boundary. This uncertainty creates issues in law enforcement operations and airspace security, especially due to the rapid advancement of aviation and space technologies. This study analyzes the importance of establishing the vertical boundary of airspace to support air security operations by the Indonesian Air Force (TNI AU). The research employs a qualitative approach through literature reviews and interviews with relevant experts. The findings indicate that setting the vertical boundary is urgent in ensuring air security and sovereignty, as well as in preventing future legal conflicts. Active diplomacy in international forums is necessary to foster global agreements on the vertical boundary of airspace.

PROBLEMS OF CYBERNETIC SECURITY OF SPACE ACTIVITIES: POLITICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS

The article raises the problem of protecting spacecraft and space infrastructure objects from threats of cybernetic influence. The analysis of the sources of cybernetic threats to space activities, their impact on the critical infrastructure and military security of states is carried out, international legal aspects of the protection of space information systems from cybernetic influence are considered. It is concluded that the cyber impact on space objects can seriously undermine the economic and military security of States, violate their sovereignty, and lead to military conflicts. To counter the growing cyber threat of space activities, joint efforts of States around the world and the adoption of an international convention on cybercrime and cybersecurity are necessary. This requires the intensification of Russia’s diplomatic activities to ensure the security of its space infrastructure and information sovereignty.

ON THE ROLE OF V.A. ANTONOV-OVSEENKO IN THE PREPARATION OF THE FIRST VOLUME OF THE «HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR IN THE USSR»: HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE PROBLEM

The purpose of the research - to analyze the historiography of the role of V.A. Antonov-Ovseenko in the preparation of Volume I of the History of the Civil War in the USSR. The article considers one of the urgent problems of the historiography of the Civil War in Russia, including the analysis of the role of V.A. Antonov-Ovseenko in the preparation of the publication of the «History of the Civil War in the USSR» in 1928-1936. The author identifies and compares the existing concepts regarding the military, political and diplomatic activities of V.A. Antonov-Ovseenko. Special attention is paid to the study of time and the reasons for V.A.'s criticism. Antonov-Ovseenko projects the publication of two volumes of the «History of the Civil War in the USSR», as well as his analysis of the events of the beginning of the active phase of hostilities in Ukraine. Results. The author concludes that scientific works devoted to the biography of V.A. Antonov-Ovseenko do not fully and comprehensively reveal all aspects of his participation in the preparation of volume I of the History of the Civil War in the USSR. Therefore, the study of this stage of his political activity needs further comprehensive development.

Hanseatic City-States as actors of Proto-Paradiplomacy: Cultural Integrators of Economics, Politics and Law

Stemming from the theory of paradiplomacy, the study investigates the topic of external contacts of quasi-states of the Hanseatic League as a special type of cultural and diplomatic activity. The relevance of this study is associated with the need for a more comprehensive description of the behavioral dynamics of such structures both today and in retrospect. The study attempts to identify the roots of the modern cultural phenomenon of paradiplomacy. To reach this goal it was necessary, firstly, to systematize modern theoretical approaches to paradiplomacy; secondly, to apply a theoretical framework to studying paradiplomacy on the example of the Hanseatic League; and thirdly, to find the correspondences and inconsistencies between this framework and the economic, political and legal practices of the Hanseatic League. The research materials are both theoretical works on paradiplomacy and historical documents concerning the activities of the Hanseatic League. It has been revealed that even though paradiplomacy is traditionally dated back to the globalization of the 1970s, some elements of paradiplomacy can be observed as early as in the Middle Ages. As a result of the study, it has been shown that external contacts of quasi-state formations of the Hanseatic League may be considered as prototypical paradiplomacy: the cities of the Hanseatic League were guided by the common Lübeck Law, which regulated, in particular, the external relations of the Hansa members and outlined the framework of proto-diplomatic cooperation; common economic interests pushed the Hanseatic cities to cooperate with the urban entities of Norway, England and Rus'. Based on the theory of the Canadian political scientist A. Lecourt, the authors conclude that all three levels of paradiplomatic activity were present in the Hansa. To substantiate the conclusion, it was proved that the first (economic) level is represented by actual economic interaction that underlay the existence of the Hanseatic League, as shown by the example of the connections between German cities and Novgorod. The second (cultural) level of paradiplomacy with cultural interaction as a strategy to increase the influence of city-states is represented by the so-called Hanseatic fairs. The third (political) level includes the provision by Lübeck of a fleet for the transport of the army of the Teutonic Order, land and sea military campaigns and the conclusion of the Stralsund Peace Treaty. The authors analyze the Hanseatic League office system in the context of the antennas theory of paradiplomatic interaction by J. Ciesielska-Kilkowska and T. Kamiński. At the same time, it demonstrates the limitations of the theoretical approaches used in relation to medieval city-states.

Old sources – new approaches: early modern European diplomacy in the international historiography of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries

Over the past three decades, the field of diplomatic history has witnessed a surge in research interest, largely influenced by the linguistic, cultural, anthropological, and gender turns in the humanities and social sciences that occurred during the twentieth century. Those engaged in what is known as the ‘new diplomatic history’ understand diplomacy to be a communicative act, as well as a means of interacting with another culture and, more broadly, with what is considered to be “otherness”. Consequently, the focus is on actors, namely direct participants in this interaction. These include accredited diplomatic representatives, embassy staff, consuls, missionaries, translators and interpreters, merchants, local agents, and women, whose social and cultural capital also influenced interstate, international, and interpersonal relations. The objective of this article is to present an overview of selected academic literature on the history of early modern European diplomacy, as this period saw the emergence of a multitude of diplomatic roles. Having identified these roles, historians then proceed to the study of diplomacy as a complex of social and cultural practices. These include representation, negotiations, drafting reports, information gathering, the establishment of diplomatic networks, writing and translation, the exchange of gifts, the organisation of receptions and balls, and the collection of data, among other activities. To gain a deeper understanding of the subject, historians draw upon the problems and tools of related disciplines, such as sociology and political science, philology and linguistics, and archeology and art history. The author presents a comprehensive review of a range of research topics, including organisational forms, diplomatic practices and the professionalisation of the diplomatic service; ceremonial and symbolic communication; patron-client relationships; cultural transfer and intercultural communication; languages of diplomacy; the perception of the “other”; material aspects of diplomacy; self-perception of diplomatic actors and problems of identity; and confessional and gender factors in diplomacy.

Modern political myth: socio-ontological analyses

Relevance. The appeal to the topic of socio-ontological research of political myth is caused by the fact that in the conditions of rapidly becoming more complicated socio-political reality and the emergence of qualitatively new entities of social and political existence, conceptually holistic approaches to the study of political myth are practically not covered in Russian and world literature against the background of many political science, linguistic and socio-cultural studies.The purpose is to reveal the ontological essence of the political myth within the framework of its theoretical and practical application, taking into account the specifics of the social processes taking place in modern world politics.Оbjectives: to study the history of formation and the main approaches to the definition of the concept of "political myth"; to give a refined definition of the concept of "political myth" within the framework of our research; to conduct a categorical analysis of individual aspects of modern political reality; to formulate recommendations on the socio-ontological interpretation of modern political myth and work with it in world politics, diplomacy and public life.Methodology. Categorical-logical, system-structural, dialectical method, as well as hermeneutical and semantic analysis were used as a methodological basis.Results. The principles, strategies and approaches of social ontology in relation to the modern realities of world politics are analyzed.Conclusions. The results of our analysis have shown that the phenomenon of political myth has its own history of formation and study mainly in its connection with sociological, political science, socio-philosophical, socio-psychological and psycholinguistic studies. In the framework of this study, through the prism of social ontology, we consider both the dynamics and invariants of the processes of mythologization and myth-making, which are in a state of transition from "unipolarity" to "multipolarity". This is how we come to understand the political myth as a system of attributive and modal "coordinates" that define a model of a socio-political phenomenon or process in the context of power relations (co) subordination. The results obtained can be applied in lawmaking, diplomatic activities, "demythologization" and "peremythologization", teaching various courses, for example, on social and political philosophy.

The Shift of Power from The US Decline to China’s Rise in Africa: The Geopolitical Implications of Washington's Strategic Withdrawal from Niger

Africa has emerged as the focal point of the growing international competition between China and the United States in recent years. This study examines how power is changing in Africa, emphasizing China's expanding influence despite the United States' declining influence. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which has altered Africa's infrastructure and economic landscape, is crucial to this change. However, United States' influence on the continent has diminished due to a decline in diplomatic activity, less foreign aid, and reduced economic initiatives. In particular, China and the United States are engaged in a geopolitical struggle to control Africa's markets, political alliances, and natural resource wealth. Due to its wealth of resources and quickly growing economy, which offer tremendous potential for political, military, and economic cooperation, Africa is a prime target in the broader geopolitical struggle between these two giants. Both nations have used various tactics and instruments to protect their interests.

Kebijakan Pemerintah Kota Palembang melalui Sister City : Tantangan dan Hambatan

This journal explores the Sister City cooperation initiated by the Palembang City Government to enhance regional potential across various sectors. It adopts an interdisciplinary approach, combining public administration and international relations studies. Public administration focuses on government policies and their implementation, while international relations examine diplomatic activities in Sister City partnerships involving Palembang with Houston (United States), Yangzhou (China), and Zhuang Zhou (China). The study employs public policy theory and the Sister City concept as analytical frameworks, using indicators from Minister of Home Affairs Regulation No. 25 of 2020 on regional and international cooperation. The research uses a literature review method, relying on secondary data such as articles, documents, regulations, and prior studies. It investigates the stages of policy implementation in Palembang’s diplomacy efforts through three Sister City partnerships. The partnerships with Yangzhou and Zhuang Zhou have reached the stage of signing a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), while the cooperation with Houston remains in the exploratory phase. The findings indicate several challenges hindering the effectiveness of these partnerships, including limited technical expertise among personnel in international cooperation, poor coordination, inadequate human resources such as translators, and leadership transitions that disrupt policy continuity. These issues highlight the need for improved technical capacity and better coordination to optimize the outcomes of international collaborations.

Diplomatic Activity of Russian Consuls in the Context of Political Transformations in Mongolia at the Beginning of the 20th Century and During the First World War

Diplomatic Activity of Russian Consuls in the Context of Political Transformations in Mongolia at the Beginning of the 20th Century and During the First World War

Poland’s Cultural Diplomacy in Ukraine

The article examines the peculiarities of the implementation of the Republic of Poland's implementation of cultural diplomacy in Ukraine. Considerable attention is paid to the analysis of the basic foundations and principles of the development of Polish cultural diplomacy in modern modern times, and the activities of governmental and non-governmental institutions working in the field of cultural diplomacy. It is noted that the development of Poland's cultural diplomacy has been positively influenced by its EU membership, the modernization and expansion of cultural infrastructure, the growing number of cultural institutions in Poland, and the intensification of Ukrainian-Polish cultural cooperation The activities of cultural diplomacy actors such as the Polish Institute in Kyiv, the Center for Polish Culture and European Dialogue in Ivano-Frankivsk, the Mickiewicz Institute, the Stefan Batory Foundation, the Other Space Foundation, the Krzysztof Skubiszewski Foundation, and the Lane Kirkland Program, and their roles in developing and strengthening Ukrainian-Polish cultural cooperation are analyzed. Since the onset of Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine, it is noted that the Polish government has continued to advance cultural diplomacy in Ukraine. The Polish Institute, in particular, has been implementing numerous cultural and artistic projects at various levels. Support for the Polish diaspora during the war has intensified, Polish culture is being increasingly promoted, and scientific diplomacy is actively progressing, particularly through joint Ukrainian-Polish research, scientific exchanges, and academic mobility programs for scholars.

The Role of Media Diplomacy in Shaping the State’s International Image

The article attempts to determine the role of media diplomacy in shaping the state's image in the international arena. Media diplomacy under the conditions of globalization transformed geopolitical relations and changed the hierarchical system of foreign policy decision-making, highlighting the competition among states for the opportunity to influence public opinion. The information policy of the state involves not only the dissemination of positive information about it in the international information space, but also the integration of politicians, state government structures, non-state actors, famous personalities, and opinion leaders into the brand management system of the state's national policy. At the same time, the use of social media platforms in the implementation of diplomatic activities has led to the fact that any user of a social network today is not only a consumer of information, but also a direct supplier and distributor of it, meaning they have the opportunity to influence the adoption of certain decisions at the state level and shape in this way the image of the state. The article analyzes the use of media diplomacy mechanisms in the formation of Ukraine's image, identifies positive and negative aspects, and discusses prospects for its development.

Визнання Голодомору геноцидом українського народу країнами Латинської Америки

The issue of recognizing the Holodomor of 1932–1933 as genocide of the Ukrainian people is one of the priority directions in the cultural and humanitarian cooperation of Ukraine with the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. As of November 2023, only 7 out of 33 Latin American countries have recognized the Holodomor as genocide of the Ukrainian people at the parliamentary level. These are Peru, Ecuador, Mexico, Chile (Chamber of Deputies), Colombia (Chamber of Representatives), Paraguay (Senate) and Brazil (Senate). Both chambers of the National Assembly of Argentina adopted only declarations commemorating the victims. In Ukrainian historiography, despite the presence publications dedicated to the study of the problem of recognizing the Holodomor of 1932–1933 as genocide of the Ukrainian nation by the international community, there is still a lack of research that would study this issue precisely at the level of individual countries or regions. One of the most understudied areas is the recognition of the Holodomor as genocide by Latin American countries. In the article, based on a number of Spanish- and Portuguese-language documentary sources, an attempt was made to analyze the peculiarities of recognition of the Holodomor of 1932–1933 as genocide by Latin American countries. The research examines the key factors that influenced the process of Latin American countries recognizing the Holodomor as a genocide of the Ukrainian people. Certain aspects of the procedure for approving relevant documents in different countries of the region are given. The role and contribution of the Ukrainian communities of Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil in the popularization of the Holodomor topic, its comprehensive discussion and political recognition of this crime are shown. The impact of the level of interstate dialogue between Ukraine and the countries of the region, as well as the activities of Ukrainian diplomatic representatives aimed at condemning the crime of genocide, is reflected. In article author analyze the impact of cooperation of the Russian Federation with certain countries of the region on the recognition of the Holodomor as genocide of the Ukrainian people. In the case of Uruguay and Brazil, the activities of Russian diplomats aimed at opposing this achievement were noted. Keywords: Recognition of Holodomor as genocide, Latin America, Ukrainian diaspora, Ukrainian diplomacy.

Policing Muslims under the Directory

Abstract In early 1799 French authorities issued orders to identify and register Ottoman Muslims within the territory of the Republic, followed by orders to arrest Algerian subjects and sequester their property. The immediate context of the policing operation was France's unprovoked July 1798 invasion of Egypt, leading to the Ottoman declaration of war in September. But the aims of this botched and almost entirely fruitless operation are harder to discern. Presented as a way of ensuring the safety of French subjects who had been detained in Istanbul and Algiers, it only exacerbated tensions. It was less a proportionate diplomatic action than a Machiavellian tactic by the foreign minister, Talleyrand. In the interests of ending the Revolution in France, Talleyrand sought to aggravate the war and drive the Ottoman Empire into the arms of the anti-French coalition. The new anti-Muslim rhetoric that emerged in this process outlasted Talleyrand's ministry and contributed to the fragmentation of republican universalism in the lead-up to Napoleon Bonaparte's coup d’état at the end of 1799.

The Importance of Gastro Public Relations in Turkey

Food is a means of communication. It is a tool for the transmission of a thought, an emotion and even a culture. While the relationship between human and food from past to present is based on meeting a biological need, the change in the process of providing food over time, the invention of fire, the beginning of cooking food and the need for various tools while cooking, and the change in the way food is consumed and the behavior patterns that emerge accordingly, eating with humans It has taken the relationship between us out of a biological need only and assumed the identity of a cultural interaction. This relationship and cultural accumulation that people establish with food and the table has begun to be examined in fields such as anthropology, communication, literature, sociology and cultural studies. Although the history of food and beverages goes back to ancient times, it is possible to say that the concept of gastronomy is a new and developing concept. From a diplomatic perspective, gastro diplomacy activities are not only carried out by the state; it is seen today that different institutions and organizations operating in this field are also actively involved. The fact that public relations in the field of communication focuses on gastronomy reveals the importance of gastro public relations. Today, it is possible to define the promotional activities of brands, non-governmental organisations and even the relevant departments of universities through food, cuisine, food products and services as gastro public relations. Today, social media has also become an important tool in all areas of promotion and communication. Content and comments that affect individuals' decision-making processes positively or negatively exist on social media platforms. In this context, food festivals and promotional activities organised by companies, institutions, municipalities and universities can be given as examples. This study aims to examine the public relations strategies used in food festivals in Turkey by revealing the activities of public relations in the field of gastronomy.

Bridging the Atlantic: The case of EU–US parliamentary diplomacy

With the rise of non-executive forms of diplomacy, political scientists have increasingly focused on the role of parliaments as diplomatic actors. This article aims to deepen the study of European parliamentary diplomacy through an extensive case study of transatlantic parliamentary diplomacy (TPD) between the European Parliament and the US Congress during the Obama and Trump administrations (2009–21). It is hypothesised that the decrease in EU–US political alignment under the Trump administration resulted in a corresponding decrease in both the salience and positivity of TPD. Counter-intuitively, the data shows that the decrease in political alignment correlated with a higher quantity of TPD. However, a content analysis of the joint reports of the Transatlantic Legislators’ Dialogue indicates that the attitude of this TPD is found to have become increasingly negative.

Digital Diplomacy and Its Impacts on Uzbekistan’s International Relations

This paper investigates the role of digital technologies in Uzbekistan’s diplomatic activities, emphasizing innovation strategies, project support, personnel training, and the development of digital platforms. It explores the concept of digital diplomacy, focusing on the use of digital media in diplomacy and how countries utilize these media to achieve their foreign policy objectives. The study delves into the opportunities and challenges presented by digital media for diplomatic activities, highlighting the necessity for countries to actively engage in digital diplomacy and keep abreast of emerging trends in this field. The article emphasizes the importance of digital diplomacy not only as a new tool but also as a factor that transforms general diplomatic strategies. By examining Uzbekistan’s efforts in integrating digital technologies into its diplomatic strategies, this research aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of how digitalization is shaping contemporary diplomacy. It underscores the importance of technological advancement and digital literacy for diplomatic personnel to navigate the complex landscape of global information integration. Through a comprehensive analysis, the paper presents evidence supporting the active implementation of digital diplomacy by nations and discusses the implications for future diplomatic practices. The findings reveal that digital diplomacy not only enhances the efficiency and reach of diplomatic efforts but also poses certain challenges that need to be addressed to maximize its potential. Overall, the research provides valuable insights into the dynamic intersection of digital innovation and diplomatic strategy in the context of Uzbekistan’s international relations.

Gastrodiplomasi Korea Selatan di Indonesia melalui Ekspor Produk Makanan Korea Selatan Periode 2020-2022

Gastrodiplomacy is the diplomacy used by South Korea throughout the world, including Indonesia. Diplomatic activities can basically increase the country's export activities. During the Covid-19 pandemic, South Korean export activities in Indonesia experienced a decline. Therefore, this research aims to increase exports of South Korean food products in Indonesia during the Covid-19 pandemic through South Korean Gastrodiplomacy in Indonesia. In answering these problems, the concepts of gastrodiplomacy and new public diplomacy are used. The research method used is qualitative which aims to find out in depth by exploring and understanding the central issues in the research. The aim of this research is to determine the increase in exports of South Korean food products in Indonesia during the Covid-19 pandemic through gastrodiplomacy. The results of this research are an increase in export activities of South Korean food products in Indonesia and also an increase in the number of Indonesian people's interest in Korean food which directly encourages an increase in export activities of South Korean food products to Indonesia which continues to increase every year.

Development of Science Diplomacy in the MENA Region: Priorities and Prospects for Cooperation with Russia on the Example of Saudi Arabia, Egypt and the United Arab Emirates

Introduction. The development of science diplomacy is aimed at promotion of a state’s interests in the international arena. Russia is striving to strengthen cooperation in the field of scientific and technological development, humanitarian exchange with such MENA countries as Saudi Arabia, Egypt and the United Arab Emirates. These countries are of significant interest to Russia due to the long-standing forms of cooperation with them. The main purpose of this study is to identify science diplomacy actors, visually present them taking into consideration the process of science development in these countries and determine prospects of cooperation with Russia. Materials and Methods. In their study, the authors used data from open sources, Russian Federal State Statistics Service reports, UNESCO Science reports, World Bank database. The analysis of development of international science and technology cooperation in the three MENA countries was carried out. The authors used the descriptive method to present the main actors of science diplomacy and visually provide the science diplomacy systems. The developed models of science diplomacy of Saudi Arabia, Egypt and the United Arab Emirates enable Russia to identify the priorities in the field of science diplomacy in the context of geopolitical challenges. Results. The study identified the potential partners of Russia in Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Egypt to strengthen international science and technology cooperation. The prospects for cooperation with these countries are fixed in the mutual agreements with Russia. The authors studied the policy of these countries in the field of international scientific and technical cooperation, considered strategic directions for the development of science diplomacy. The created models of science diplomacy reflect the main actors of science diplomacy, as well as the current interrelationship between the three MENA countries and Russia in the field of science and technology. The value of this research lies in the preparation of an extensive analytical base that helps to identify potential partners for Russia among the MENA countries, as well as identify key strategies and directions to stimulate the growth of cooperation and knowledge exchange. Discussion and Conclusion. The research has shown that in the studied Arab countries, there is an active development of scientific diplomacy. The governments of these countries are increasingly turning to science to solve political problems. The MENA region has extensive resources and scientific potential, which makes it attractive for scientific cooperation. The analysis of cooperation with these countries made it possible to identify key strategies and priorities to stimulate the growth of cooperation and knowledge exchange between the MENA countries and Russia.