Antimicrobial Activity Of Compounds Research Articles

Efficacy of Ethanol Extract of Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) Against Pneumonia-Causing Klebsiella pneumoniae

Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the most common pathogens in nosocomial respiratory infections. Antibiotics are often used for the treatment of K. pneumoniae infections. Increased bacterial resistance to antibiotics is closely related to the success rate of infectious disease therapy. The use of plants as phytopharmacology is currently an alternative treatment. Some medicinal plants that have antibacterial and immunomodulatory activity are Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) with an active compound called andrographol. The purpose of this study was to provide a solution to the problem above by developing a phytopharmaceutical using bitter extract to inhibit the growth of K. pneumoniae bacteria. Two sputum samples from the laboratory confirmed Covid-19 patients with pneumonia infection at the Hospital. The sambiloto was extracted by using 96% ethanol. The extract was further analyzed for its antimicrobial activity and phytochemical compounds. There were two K. pneumoniae isolates, namely KpRNG and KpTRI. The active compounds were saponin and steroids. The antimicrobial activity of the ginger extract was measured with different concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Its inhibitory zone against K. pneumoniae was ranging from 5.8 to 7 mm or had a moderate inhibition category.

Antimicrobial Biphasic Polymer Coatings Enabled by Fast Diffusion of Active Compounds.

The recent COVID-19 pandemic and the prospect of future global pandemics highlight the long-standing need to passively eliminate viruses and bacteria on surfaces. Conventional antimicrobial surfaces and coatings are typically constrained by a trade-off between antimicrobial efficacy and physical durability. A biphasic polyurethane coating has been developed that breaks this trade-off by incorporating a durability-imparting polycarbonate (PC) discrete phase with a continuous poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) transport phase that absorbs, stores, and releases antimicrobial active compounds for extended microbial inactivation. The biphasic polymer was shown to absorb carboxylic acid and quaternary ammonium antimicrobial active compounds, maintained their levels after five years of simulated cleaning, and inactivated up to 99.99% of Human Coronavirus 229E and Influenza A H1N1. Furthermore, the levels of antimicrobial active compounds on the biphasic coating could be augmented by cleaning the substrate with a disinfectant. The practicality of biphasic coatings for automotive and commercial aerospace environments was demonstrated by showing control of hardness and stain resistance through biphasic composition, showing environmental durability through heat, humidity, and light exposure, and passing flammability protocols.

Synthesis of Diazacyclic and Triazacyclic Small-Molecule Libraries Using Vicinal Chiral Diamines Generated from Modified Short Peptides and Their Application for Drug Discovery.

Small-molecule probes are powerful tools for studying biological systems and can serve as lead compounds for developing new therapeutics. Especially, nitrogen heterocycles are of considerable importance in the pharmaceutical field. These compounds are found in numerous bioactive structures. Their synthesis often requires several steps or the use of functionalized starting materials. This review describes the use of vicinal diamines generated from modified short peptides to access substituted diaza- and triazacyclic compounds. Small-molecule diaza- and triazacyclic compounds with different substitution patterns and embedded in various molecular frameworks constitute important structure classes in the search for bioactivity. The compounds are designed to follow known drug likeness rules, including "Lipinski's Rule of Five". The screening of diazacyclic and traizacyclic libraries has shown the utility of these classes of compounds for the de novo identification of highly active compounds, including antimalarials, antimicrobial compounds, antifibrotic compounds, potent analgesics, and antitumor agents. Examples of the synthesis of diazacyclic and triazacyclic small-molecule libraries from vicinal chiral polyamines generated from modified short peptides and their application for the identification of highly active compounds are described.

Synthesis, Identification, and Study of the Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Some New 2,5-Disubstituted-1,3,4-Oxadiazole Derivatives

This study includes the synthesis of 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazole 3-12 on creatinine derivatives that have antioxidant and microbial properties. The reaction of creatinine with hydrazine hydrate in absolute ethanol was successfully achieved to afford hydrazide derivatives 1,2. The desired 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoles 3-12 were obtained by the reaction of hydrazide derivatives with different aliphatic and aromatic acid derivatives in the presence of POCl3. FT-IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy were used to determine the structures of some compounds. The antioxidant activity of compounds 8, 9, 11, and 12, and the antimicrobial activity of compounds 1, 5, 11, and 12 were tested in vitro and showed good results.

Bioactivity-Guided Isolation of Secondary Metabolites with Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities from Camellia fascicularis.

Camellia fascicularis has important ornamental, medicinal, and food values, which also have tremendous potential for exploiting bioactivities. We performed the bioactivity-guided (antioxidant and antimicrobial) screening of eight fractions obtained from the ethyl acetate phase of C. fascicularis. The antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP, and the antibacterial activity was measured by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. The results of bioactivity-guided isolation indicated that the major antioxidant compounds in the ethanolic extracts of C. fascicularis may be present in fractions (Fr.) (A-G, obtained after silica gel column chromatography). Fr. (D-I, obtained after silica gel column chromatography) is a fraction of C. fascicularis with antimicrobial activity. The structures of compounds were determined by spectral analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) combined with the available literature on secondary metabolites of C. fascicularis leaves. In this study, 17 compounds were identified, including four phenolics (1, 3-4, and 14), a phenylpropane (2), five terpenoids (5-7, 12, and 15), four flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides (8-10 and 16), and two lignins (13 and 17). Compounds 4-7, 13-15, and 17 were isolated from the genus Camellia for first time. The remaining compounds were also isolated from C. fascicularis for first time. The evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities revealed that compounds 1, 3, 9, 11, and 17 exhibited higher antioxidant activity than the positive control drug (ascorbic acid), and compounds 4, 8, 10, and 13 showed similar activity to ascorbic acid. The other compounds had weaker or no significant antioxidant activities. The MIC of antibacterial activity for compounds 4, 7, and 11-13 against P. aeruginosa was comparable to that of the positive control drug tetracycline at 125 µg/mL, and other secondary metabolites inhibited E. coli and S. aureus at 250-500 µg/mL. This is also the first report of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of compounds 5-7, 13-15, and 17. The results of the study enriched the variety of secondary metabolites of C. fascicularis and laid the foundation for further research on the pharmacological efficacy and biological activity of this plant.

A New Guanidine-Core Small-Molecule Compound as a Potential Antimicrobial Agent against Resistant Bacterial Strains.

The guanidine core has been one of the most studied functional groups in medicinal chemistry, and guanylation reactions are powerful tools for synthesizing this kind of compound. In this study, a series of five guanidine-core small molecules were obtained through guanylation reactions. These compounds were then evaluated against three different strains of Escherichia coli, one collection strain from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) of E. coli ATCC 35218, and two clinical extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli isolates (ESBL1 and ESBL2). Moreover, three different strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were studied, one collection strain of P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and two clinical multidrug-resistant isolates (PA24 and PA35). Among Gram-positive strains, three different strains of Staphylococcus aureus, one collection strain of S. aureus ATCC 29213, and two clinical methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA1 and MRSA2) were evaluated. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) experiments were reported, and the drop plate (DP) method was used to determine the number of viable suspended bacteria in a known beaker volume. The results from this assessment suggest that guanidine-core small molecules hold promise as therapeutic alternatives for treating infections caused by clinical Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, highlighting the need for further studies to explore their potential. The results from this assessment suggest that the chemical structure of CAPP4 might serve as the basis for designing more active guanidine-based antimicrobial compounds, highlighting the need for further studies to explore their potential.

Inhibitory activity of Alpinia galanga (Kulanjan) against pathogenic bacteria

Infectious disease are the world’s leading cause of premature deaths, killing almost 50 000 people every day. With the continuous use of antibiotics microbes have become resistant. This has created immense clinical problems in the treatment of infectious diseases. Therefore, there is a need to develop alternative antimicrobial drugs for the treatment of infectious diseases. Plant materials remain an important recourse to combat serious diseases in the world. They are used directly as therapeutic agents, as well as starting materials for the synthesis of drugs or as models for pharmacologically active compounds.The search for potent antibacterial agents has now been shifted to plants. One approach is to screen local medicinal plants for possible antimicrobial properties. According to WHO (1993), 80% of the world’s population is dependent on the traditional medicine and a major part of the traditional therapies involves the use of plant extracts or their active constituents. Yet a scientific study of plants to determine their antimicrobial active compounds is a comparatively new field. There are many published reports on the effectiveness of traditional herbs against pathogenic bacteria, viruses and fungi and as a result plants are still recognized as the bedrock for modern medicine to treat infectious diseases. Keeping in view of the importance of herbs traditionally used for the treatment of infectious diseases, this study is designed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Alpinia galanga used in the Indian system of medicine for the treatment various diseases. Results showed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity of Methanolic extract of Alpinia galanga roots.

Secondary metabolites from the fungus Cladosporium xylophilum

A new cladosporol derivative xylophilum A (1), together with 10 known compounds (2–11), were isolated from the rice fermentation of the fungus Cladosporium xylophilum. Their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic methods and comparison of their NMR data with literatures. The antimicrobial activity of compound 1 against 11 kinds of pathogenic microbial was evaluated, but no significant activity was found (MIC >100 μg/ml).

Hybrid Caffeic Acid-Based DHFR Inhibitors as Novel Antimicrobial and Anticancer Agents.

A novel series of 1,2,4-triazole analogues of caffeic acid was designed, synthesized, characterized, and assessed for their capacity to inhibit DHFR, as well as their anticancer and antimicrobial properties. A molecular docking analysis was conducted on DHFR, utilizing PDB IDs 1U72 and 2W9S, aiming to design anticancer and antimicrobial drugs, respectively. Among all the synthesized derivatives, compound CTh7 demonstrated the highest potency as a DHFR inhibitor, with an IC50 value of 0.15 μM. Additionally, it exhibited significant cytotoxic properties, with an IC50 value of 8.53 µM. The molecular docking analysis of the CTh7 compound revealed that it forms strong interactions with key residues of homo sapiens DHFR such as Glu30, Phe34, Tyr121, Ile16, Val115, and Phe31 within the target protein binding site and displayed excellent docking scores and binding energy (-9.9; -70.38 kcal/mol). Additionally, synthesized compounds were screened for antimicrobial properties, revealing significant antimicrobial potential against bacterial strains and moderate effects against fungal strains. Specifically, compound CTh3 exhibited notable antibacterial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 5 µM). Similarly, compound CTh4 demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against both Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with MIC values of 5 µM for each. A docking analysis of the most active antimicrobial compound CTh3 revealed that it forms hydrogen bonds with Thr121 and Asn18, a π-cation bond with Phe92, and a salt bridge with the polar residue Asp27.

Integrative Genomics and Bioactivity-Guided Isolation of Novel Antimicrobial Compounds from Streptomyces sp. KN37 in Agricultural Applications.

Actinomycetes have long been recognized as an important source of antibacterial natural products. In recent years, actinomycetes in extreme environments have become one of the main research directions. Streptomyces sp. KN37 was isolated from the cold region of Kanas in Xinjiang. It demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity, but the primary active compounds remained unclear. Therefore, we aimed to combine genomics with traditional isolation methods to obtain bioactive compounds from the strain KN37. Whole-genome sequencing and KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that KN37 possesses the potential for synthesizing secondary metabolites, and 41 biosynthetic gene clusters were predicted, some of which showed high similarity to known gene clusters responsible for the biosynthesis of antimicrobial antibiotics. The traditional isolation methods and activity-guided fractionation were employed to isolate and purify seven compounds with strong bioactivity from the fermentation broth of the strain KN37. These compounds were identified as 4-(Diethylamino)salicylaldehyde (1), 4-Nitrosodiphenylamine (2), N-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)formamide (3), 4-Nitrocatechol (4), Methylsuccinic acid (5), Phenyllactic acid (6) and 5,6-Dimethylbenzimidazole (7). Moreover, 4-(Diethylamino)salicylaldehyde exhibited the most potent inhibitory effect against Rhizoctonia solani, with an EC50 value of 14.487 mg/L, while 4-Nitrosodiphenylamine showed great antibacterial activity against Erwinia amylovora, with an EC50 value of 5.715 mg/L. This study successfully isolated several highly active antimicrobial compounds from the metabolites of the strain KN37, which could contribute as scaffolds for subsequent chemical synthesis. On the other hand, the newly predicted antibiotic-like substances have not yet been isolated, but they still hold significant research value. They are instructive in the study of active natural product biosynthetic pathways, activation of silent gene clusters, and engineering bacteria construction.

Phytochemical constituents from corn silk and antimicrobial activity of the isolates

Corn silk (Stigma maydis) is one of the traditional medicines for treating many microbial infections. However, there is little literature on the bioactive compounds responsible for these activities. This study was designed to investigate the phytochemical constituents present in corn silk and to screen the isolated compounds for antimicrobial activity. The pulverized plant sample of 1.14 kg was extracted with 3.6 L of methanol by cold maceration for 3 days. The extract was screened for phytochemicals, followed by isolation of constituent phytochemicals, characterization, and identification of isolated compounds. The isolates were screened for antibacterial and antifungal activities. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, tannins, reducing sugars, saponins, terpenoids, sterols, and cardiac glycosides. Further phytochemical investigation of the chloroformic subfraction of the methanolic extract of the silk led to the isolation of behenic acid and stigmasterol after running column chromatography as well as other chromatographic methods. The identity of the isolated compounds was established based on extensive spectroscopic analyses of their IR, 1D, 2D NMR data and comparing the data to the reported literature. Stigmasterol was active against Staphylococcus aureus and the fungal strain Candida albicans at 25 µg/mL while the mean minimum inhibitory concentration of behenic acid against Staphylococcus aureus was 100 µg/mL, Tinea corporis and Klebsiella pneumoniae were susceptible at 25 µg/mL. The study showed that plant secondary metabolites might be responsible for the reported biological activities of corn silk. It is the first report of behenic acid isolated from corn silk.

Repurposing Anthracycline Drugs as Potential Antibiotic Candidates and Potentiators to Tackle Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens.

The escalating mortality rate resulting from multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria has intensified the urgency for innovative antimicrobial agents. Currently, the antimicrobial activity of compounds is usually assessed by testing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) on a standardized laboratory medium. However, such screening conditions differ from the in vivo environment, making it easy to overlook some antibacterial agents that are active in vivo but less active in vitro. Herein, by using tissue medium RPMI, we uncover that anthracyclines, especially mitoxantrone (MX), exhibit improved bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects against various MDR bacteria in host-like media. Transcriptome results reveal that LPS modification-related genes of bacterial membrane surfaces and metabolic genes are significantly down-regulated in RPMI media. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that MX leads to more substantial membrane damage, increased ROS production, and DNA damage in host-mimicking conditions. Furthermore, we demonstrate that MX and colistin exhibit strong synergistic effects against mcr-positive strains in host-mimicking media by disrupting iron homeostasis. In an experimental murine infection model, MX monotreatment demonstrates therapeutic efficacy in reducing bacterial burdens. Overall, our work suggests that mimicking the host condition is an effective strategy to identify new antimicrobial agents and highlights the therapeutic potential of anthracycline drugs in combating MDR pathogens.

Cinnamon essential oil/inulin inclusion complexes: Physicochemical, rheological, thermal, morphological, and antimicrobial properties

AbstractCinnamon essential oil (CEO), an excellent source of active antimicrobial compounds, has a strong flavor and extreme volatility, which limits its application in the food industry. The objective of this study was to encapsulate CEO into inulin (INL) by freeze‐drying at selected concentrations (10%–20% w/w). Encapsulates containing 15% CEO exhibited the maximum encapsulation efficiency (63.30%). The concentrations of CEO significantly influenced the melting of encapsulates and their melt rheology. Oscillatory rheology data displayed abnormalities in the rheograms with increasing CEO concentrations in encapsulates. X‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy peaks demonstrated the formation of successful encapsulations. The cracks on the encapsulated surface were visualized through SEM, and a variation in topography was quantified by atomic force microscopy measurements. The INL/CEO encapsulates demonstrated antimicrobial activity against selected pathogens, namely Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes. The produced encapsulates have the potential to be used as intermediary products for food, pharmaceuticals, and packaging.Practical applicationsEncapsulates effectively retain the bioactive compounds of essential oils in a complex and release them through controlled mechanisms. These encapsulates have significant industrial applications in active packaging, flavor retention, and pharmaceutics.

ABDpred: Prediction of active antimicrobial compounds using supervised machine learning techniques.

Discovery of new antibiotics is the need of the hour to treat infectious diseases. An ever-increasing repertoire of multidrug-resistant pathogens poses an imminent threat to human lives across the globe. However, the low success rate of the existing approaches and technologies for antibiotic discovery remains a major bottleneck. In silico methods like machine learning (ML) deem more promising to meet the above challenges compared with the conventional experimental approaches. The goal of this study was to create ML models that may be used to successfully predict new antimicrobial compounds. In this article, we employed eight different ML algorithms namely, extreme gradient boosting, random forest, gradient boosting classifier, deep neural network, support vector machine, multilayer perceptron, decision tree, and logistic regression. These models were trained using a dataset comprising 312 antibiotic drugs and a negative set of 936 non-antibiotic drugs in a five-fold cross validation approach. The top four ML classifiers (extreme gradient boosting, random forest, gradient boosting classifier and deep neural network) were able to achieve an accuracy of 80 per cent and above during the evaluation of testing and blind datasets. We aggregated the top performing four models through a soft-voting technique to develop an ensemble-based ML method and incorporated it into a freely accessible online prediction server named ABDpred ( http://clinicalmedicinessd.com.in/abdpred/ ).

T5S1607 identified as a antibacterial FtsZ inhibitor：Virtual screening combined with bioactivity evaluation for the drug discovery

Due to antibiotic overuse, many bacteria have developed resistance, creating an urgent need for novel antimicrobial agents. It has been established that the filamentous temperature-sensitive mutant Z (FtsZ) of the bacterial cell division protein is an effective and promising antibacterial target. In this study, the optimal proteins were assessed by early recognition ability and the processed compound libraries were virtually screened using Vina. This effort resulted in the identification of 14 potentially active antimicrobial compounds. Among them, the compound T5S1607 demonstrated remarkable antibacterial efficacy against Bacillus subtilis ATCC9732 (MIC = 1 μg/mL) and Staphylococcus aureus ATC5C6538 (MIC = 4 μg/mL). Furthermore, in vitro experiments demonstrated that the selected compound T5S1607 rapidly killed bacteria and induced FtsZ protein aggregation, preventing bacterial division and leading to bacterial death. Additionally, cell toxicity and hemolysis experiments indicate that compound T5S1607 exhibits minimal toxicity to LO2 cells and shows no significant hemolytic effects on mammalian cells in vitro at the MIC concentration range. All the results indicate that compound T5S1607 is a promising antibacterial agent and a potential FtsZ inhibitor. In conclusion, this work successfully discovered FtsZ inhibitors with good activity through the virtual screening drug discovery process.

Synthesis and Evaluation of Biological Activities for a Novel 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline Conjugate with Dipeptide Derivatives: Insights from Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

Peptide synthesis has opened new frontiers in the quest for bioactive molecules with limitless biological applications. This study presents the synthesis of a series of novel isoquinoline dipeptides using advanced spectroscopic techniques for characterization. These compounds were designed with the goal of discovering unexplored biological activities that could contribute to the development of novel pharmaceuticals. We evaluated the biological activities of novel compounds including their antimicrobial, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. The results show promising activity against Escherichia coli and potent antibacterial activity against MTCC 443 and MTCC 1688. Furthermore, these compounds demonstrate strong antifungal activity, outperforming existing standard drugs. Computational binding affinity studies of tetrahydroisoquinoline-conjugated dipeptides against E. coli DNA gyrase displayed significant binding interactions and binding affinity, which are reflected in antimicrobial activities of compounds. Our integrative significant molecular findings from both wet and dry laboratories would help pave a path for the development of antimicrobial therapeutics. The findings suggest that these isoquinoline-conjugated dipeptides could be excellent candidates for drug development, with potential applications in the fight against bacterial and fungal infections. This research represents an exciting step forward in the field of peptide synthesis and its potential to discover novel bioactive molecules with significant implications for human health.

Enhancing the extraction of essential oil from Mexican lippia (Aloysia citriodora) leaves obtained by hydro-distillation aided by natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES)

Due to the increasing demand for green technologies for the extraction of essential oils, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) have emerged as a type of environmentally friendly solvents. This work aimed to study the use of different NADES in combination with microwave pretreatment for intensifying the extraction of Aloysya citriodora (Mexican lippia) essential oil (ACEO), a barely studied plant. The chemical composition (GCMS–) and biological activities (antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic compounds) of the obtained oils are reported. The yield of ACEO extracted with NADES increased from 0.10 to 0.21 %. The main compounds of each ACEO were verbenone (28–54 %), limonene (2–10 %), and spathulenol (3–15 %). ACEOs extracted with NADES showed better antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria. The ACEO extracted by Ch:OA reduced 3.6 log CFU/mL against Listeria monocytogenes. Meanwhile, ACEOs extracted by Ch:CA and Ch:OA showed the highest antioxidant activities (27.77–35.95 mg TE/mL of EO), and total phenolic compounds (15.33–17.35 mg GAE/mL of EO). Overall results suggest that using these green solvents aided the extraction method and may represent a study opportunity for extracting natural products without harming the environment, improving the process efficiency through a sustainable and innovative approach, with promising industrial applications.

Designing antimicrobial active packaging films based on chitosan plus fungus comb ethyl acetate extract from Indo-Malayan termite mounds

Abstract. Witasari LD, Lizar DP, Florencia OM, Ramadhan A, Fiana NAO, Supriyadi S, Pratiwi SUT, Nandika D, Karlinasari L, Arinana A, Batubara I, Santoso D, Rachmayanti Y, Firmansyah D, Sudiana IK, Hertanto DM, Rachmayanti Y, Firmansyah D. 2023. Designing antimicrobial active packaging films based on chitosan plus fungus comb ethyl acetate extract from Indo-Malayan termite mounds. Biodiversitas 24: 5947-5955. Antimicrobial active packaging systems incorporate antimicrobial compounds into polymer films, i.e., chitosan, thus suppress spoilage microorganism growth in foods. Chitosan films itself cannot prevent microbial growth, thus other antimicrobial agent must be added. Fungus comb extract from Indo-Malayan termite (Macrotermes gilvus (Hagen, 1858)) mounds is a potential active organic antimicrobial compound, which can be incorporated into chitosan films. The purpose of this study was to develop and characterize active packaging films based on chitosan plus an antimicrobial fungus comb ethyl acetate extract. Films contained 1% chitosan and fungus comb ethyl acetate extract (0.5, 1, 2, and 5% w/v). Notably, films containing 2 and 5% extracts inhibited Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), but not fungi. Films plus 2% extract showed a thickness, tensile strength, and strain of 0.13 mm, 2.15 MPa, and 32.55%, respectively. Films had a moisture content of 0.26%, water solubility of 2.68%, swelling property of 2.37%, and water vapor permeability (WPV) of 3.31×10?10 g.m?1s?1.Pa?1. They displayed smooth morphology but no new functional groups. Thus, chitosan plus 2% of fungus comb ethyl acetate extract can be used in antimicrobial active packaging films for food application. It could be applied as a green alternative to prolong the shelf-life of food products.

IN SILICO, ANTIMICROBIAL AND CYTOTOXIC STUDIES OF CARBOXAMIDE DERIVATIVES AND THEIR GREEN SYNTHESIS

5-Chloro-N-((2-oxo-3-(4-(3-oxomorpholino) phenyl) oxazolidin-5-yl) methyl) thiophene-2-carboxamide derivatives were synthesized in a simple and efficient approach using 2-(oxiran-2-ylmethyl) isoindoline-1, 3-dione, 4-(4-aminophenyl) morpholin-3-one, and 5-chlorothiophene-2-carbonyl chloride by stepwise synthesis. Three compounds 3, 4 and 7 were designed, prepared, and screened for anticancer activity against HeLa, MCF- 7, A-549 and K-562 and antibacterial activities against Gram +ve and Gram -ve strains. The carboxamide moieties proved to be capable for the development of new anticancer and anti-bacterial agents. Docking studies carried out on target receptors caspase-3 HeLa cell line and Staphylococcus aureus DNA-Gyrase also supported the anticancer and antimicrobial activity of compounds 3, 4 and 7

Antimicrobial Studies on Epidermal Mucus of Fish Anabas Testudineus

The present investigation was conducted to find out the antimicrobial, hemolytic activity and protein content of fish epidermal mucus and their chemical constituents from Anabas testudineus. The in vitro hemolytic activity were analyzed and the antimicrobial activity against human pathogens (Bacteria) were determined by agar well diffusion methods. Epidermal mucus sample protein was analyzed by (Thin layer chromatography and SDS-PAGE). Totally thirteen human pathogens were tested against the fish mucus. Out of thirteen pathogens five pathogens have proved to be sensitive to the mucus. The average value of maximum zone of inhibition was observed against K. pneumonia (15.17±0.09mm) > P. vulgaris (13.2±0.17mm) > E. lentum (12.43±0.18mm) > MRSA (11.37±0.32mm) > S. aureus (10.5±0.11mm). The percentage of haemolysis for lyophilized sample shows more hemolytic activity. The amount of protein present in the mucus for Lyophilized sample: 3.61 g/dL, for Rotavac sample: 1.08 g/dL. The present inspection were revealed that positive progresses in the fish mucus extracts hostile to human pathogen (Bacteria) and the hemolytic activity, also the simple population of proteins (SDS PAGE) and the (TLC) reveals the presence of amino acids and peptides. Further efforts are required for the isolation of the active antimicrobial compounds in order to establish their possible applications.