Activation Of Inflammatory Processes Research Articles

CHARACTERISTICS OF CYTOKINE PROFILE OF ORAL FLUID IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC SIMPLE MARGINAL GINGIVITIS

Biomarkers of inflammation can be used as indicators for monitoring the treatment of periodontal diseases, as well as for finding the safest and most effective drugs with different mechanisms of action. The concentration of biomarkers in saliva was determined by enzyme immunoassay and chemiluminescent analysis. The obtained results reflect the degree of activity of inflammatory processes in periodontal tissues that occur in gingivitis and reveal an imbalance in the processes of free radical oxidation and antioxidant protection of the oral cavity.

Activity of inflammation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and anemia

Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in combination with anemia of chronic disease (ACD), are of particular interest to both scientific and practical health care. The purpose of the work - to study the activity of systemic inflammation.Material and methods. The results of the examination of 475 patients with exacerbation of COPD were analyzed, which were divided into two groups: group I - 155 people (61,3% men and 38,7% women) with ACD; group II - 320 patients (46,9% of men and 53,1% of women) without the anemic syndrome. Determination of the activity of the inflammatory process was performed by hemocytogram, serum markers of inflammation and integrated hematological indices. The results of the study. It was found that COPD in combination with ACD was accompanied by activation of the inflammatory process (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, segmented neutrophils content) and suppression of lymphocyte-monocyte inflammation, significantly higher integral hematological indices (leukocyte shift index; ratio of leukocytes, non-segmented neutrophils and all neutrophils to the erythrocyte sedimentation rate; the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes and the integrated index of inflammation), which increased with the deepening of the anemic syndrome, increasing patients age and was more pronounced in women. Activation of inflammation was associated with deterioration of bronchial patency according velocity parameters (Tiffno index, mean and peak volumetric velocities, maximal volumetric velocities by 25% and 75% of the forced ungs vital capacity). Anemic syndrome was also associated with higher levels of C-reactive protein (p>0,05), general fibrinogen (p<0,05) and seromucoids (p>0,05), the content of which varied in parallel with the leukocyte shift index. Conclusion. Anemic syndrome, as a manifestation of persistent systemic inflammation, worsens the course of a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease through affecting the respiratory function and the inflammatory process activation.

MiR-494-3p alleviates acute lung injury through regulating NLRP3 activation by targeting CMPK2.

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe respiratory disorder with a high rate of mortality, and is characterized by excessive cell apoptosis and inflammation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play pivotal roles in ALI. This study examined the biological function of miR-494-3p in cell apoptosis and inflammatory response in ALI. For this, mice were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to generate an in-vivo model of ALI (ALI mice), and WI-38 cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to generate an in-vitro model of ALI. We found that miR-494-3p was significantly downregulated in the ALI mice and in the in-vitro model. Overexpression of miR-494-3p inhibited inflammation and cell apoptosis in the LPS-induced WI-38 cells, and improved the symptoms of lung injury in the ALI mice. We then identified cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 2 (CMPK2) as a novel target of miR-494-3p in the WI-38 cells. Furthermore, miR-494-3p suppressed cell apoptosis and the inflammatory response in LPS-treated WI-38 cells through targeting CMPK2. The NLRP3 inflammasome is reportedly responsible for the activation of inflammatory processes. In our study, CMPK2 was confirmed to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in LPS-treated WI-38 cells. In conclusion, miR-494-3p attenuates ALI through inhibiting cell apoptosis and the inflammatory response by targeting CMPK2, which suggests the value of miR-494-3p as a target for the treatment for ALI.

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Cardiovascular Disease: Overlapping Mechanisms.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) denotes a condition with excess fat in the liver. The prevalence of NAFLD is increasing, averaging > 25% of the Western population. In 25% of the patients, NAFLD progresses to its more severe form: nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and >25% of these progress to cirrhosis following activation of inflammatory and fibrotic processes. NAFLD is associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome and represents a considerable and increasing health burden. In the near future, NAFLD cirrhosis is expected to be the most common cause for liver transplantation. NAFLD patients have an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease as well as liver-related morbidity. In addition, hepatic steatosis itself appears to represent an independent cardiovascular risk factor. In the present review, we provide an overview of the overlapping mechanisms and prevalence of NAFLD and cardiovascular disease.

Novel Therapeutics for Treating Neuroinflammation Following Ischemic Stroke

Ischemic strokes are the fifth leading cause of death in the United States and are caused by the blockage of a major cerebral artery or one of its branches. This occlusion results in a lack of oxygen reaching the tissue, increases in intracellular calcium and glutamate release, and the activation of inflammatory processes, which can cause additional tissue loss and worsen neurological condition. The nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) cascade is an inflammatory pathway activated by many cytokines and inflammatory signals that are elevated following ischemic stroke, making it a central hub for post-stroke inflammation. We have designed a novel inhibitor of the NFkB cascade attached to drug carrier elastin-like polypeptide (ELP). ELP is based on the sequence of human elastin, has a long plasma half-life, is thermally responsive, and has a tunable size. Our hypothesis is that ELPs can be used to deliver NFkB inhibitory peptide SynB1-ELP-p50i to the infarct region after ischemic stroke, blocking inflammation and ultimately sparing brain tissue. To determine if SynB1-ELP-p50i is an effective inhibitor of the NFkB cascade, we assessed its efficacy in in vitro experiments. RAW 264.7 cells were treated with 1-50 mM SynB1-ELP-p50i then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). TNF-a produced in response to LPS stimulation was measured using a TNF-a ELISA with the cell media. SynB1-ELP-p50i treatment completely blocked LPS-stimulated TNF-a release at a concentration of 10 mM. SynB1-ELP-p50i was determined to be an effective inhibitor for translation to in vivo efficacy studies using the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of ischemic stroke. Biodistribution and pharmacokinetic studies were conducted comparing two routes of delivery (intravenous, via the femoral vein, or intraarterial, via a catheter in the external carotid artery) of 50 mg/kg fluorescently labeled SynB1-ELP-p50i after two hours of MCAO. Our results show significant accumulation of SynB1-ELP-p50i in the ischemic hemisphere following MCAO (two-way ANOVA F(1,12) = 10.34; Sidak's p = 0.045). However, there was no difference in intrabrain deposition between intravenous and intraarterial routes of delivery. Future studies will assess the effects of SynB1-ELP-p50i treatment on infarct size, inflammatory cytokine production, and neurological deficits following MCAO in Wistar rats.

Relevance of Breast Silicone Elastomer Surface Roughness and Area to the Inflammatory Process and Immune System Activation: Is It Time to Reexamine This Issue?

Relevance of Breast Silicone Elastomer Surface Roughness and Area to the Inflammatory Process and Immune System Activation: Is It Time to Reexamine This Issue?

Stem Cell Therapy for Microvascular Injury Associated with Ischemic Nephropathy.

Ischemic nephropathy reflects progressive loss of kidney function due to large vessel atherosclerotic occlusive disease. Recent studies indicate that this process is characterized by microvascular rarefaction, increased tissue hypoxia and activation of inflammatory processes of tissue injury. This review summarizes the rationale and application of functional MR imaging to evaluate tissue oxygenation in human subjects that defines the limits of renal adaptation to reduction in blood flow, development of increasingly severe tissue hypoxia and recruitment of inflammatory injury pathways in ischemic nephropathy. Human mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSC) are capable of modifying angiogenic pathways and immune responses, but the potency of these effects vary between individuals and various clinical characteristics including age and chronic kidney disease and levels of hypoxia. We summarize recently completed first-in-human studies applying intrarenal infusion of autologous adipose-derived MSC in human subjects with ischemic nephropathy that demonstrate a rise in blood flow and reduction in tissue hypoxia consistent with partial repair of microvascular injury, even without restoring main renal arterial blood flow. Inflammatory biomarkers in the renal vein of post-stenotic kidneys fell after MSC infusion. These changes were associated with modest but significant dose-related increments in kidney function. These data provide support a role for autologous MSC in repair of microvascular injury associated with tissue hypoxia.

Myocardial morphological changes and pulmonary vein catheter ablation efficacy in patients with atrial fibrillation

Aim. To study the association between morphological changes and comorbidities and atrial fibrillation (AF) catheter ablation efficacy, and to evaluate morphological predictors of AF recurrence in patients with durable pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) after catheter intervention.Material and methods. Fifty-four patients with paroxysmal/persistent AF without severe structural heart disease were enrolled in this study who underwent primary pulmonary vein cryoballoon ablation (CBA) with simultaneous implantation of an electrocardiogram loop recorder (Medtronic Reveal XT) and interatrial/interventricular septum biopsy. The follow-up duration was 12 months with scheduled 3, 6 and 12 month visits. Patients with recurrent AF were referred for redo procedure, where the PVI durability was assessed. The follow-up duration after the second procedure was also 12 months. The patients were divided into two groups: patients without recurrent AF and patients with recurrent AF after two catheter interventions.Results. In interventricular septum biopsy samples we found the morphological criteria of myocarditis in 70% of the patients (n=34). Individual morphological changes were detected in all patients. The most common types were cardiomyocyte hypertrophy — 98,1% (n= 52), overcrossing of cardiomyocytes — 77,4% (n=41) and lymphohistiocytic infiltration of the interstitium by more than 14 cells — 75,5% (n=40). Patients with persistent AF were significantly more likely to have endothelial cell swelling (55% vs 45%, p=0,022). Interstitial tissue edema was the only morphological parameter significantly associated with AF recurrence (p=0,03).Conclusion. In patients with AF and no structural heart disease who underwent drug-resistant AF cryoballoon ablation, morphological changes in the myocardium of the atria and ventricles are detected in 100% of cases. The predominant biopsy diagnosis is myocarditis. Morphological signs of the inflammatory process activity, as interstitial tissue edema are associated with the high incidence of non-venous AF. Further preoperative evaluation is needed to identify patients with non-venous atrial fibrillation, which will increase the effectiveness of interventional approach.

Response to: Relevance of Breast Silicone Elastomer Surface Roughness and Area to the Inflammatory Process and Immune System Activation: Is It Time to Reexamine This Issue?

Response to: Relevance of Breast Silicone Elastomer Surface Roughness and Area to the Inflammatory Process and Immune System Activation: Is It Time to Reexamine This Issue?

Increased sTREM-1 levels identify cirrhotic patients with bacterial infection and predict their 90-day mortality

Background and aimsPatients with cirrhosis are susceptible to bacterial infections (BIs) that are major causes of specific complications and mortality. However, the diagnosis of BIs can often be difficult in advanced disease stage since their symptoms may overlap with the ones of acute decompensation (AD). Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1) is released from monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils during activation and has been reported to correlate with activity of various inflammatory processes. We investigated its diagnostic and prognostic performance in patients with cirrhosis and BI. MethodsSera of 269 patients were assayed for sTREM-1 by ELISA (172 outpatients and 97 patients with AD of whom 56 had BI). We investigated capacity of sTREM-1 to identify patients with BI and conducted a 90-day follow-up observational study to assess its possible association with short-term mortality. ResultssTREM-1 levels were significantly higher in patients with more severe liver disease, BI, and acute-on-chronic liver failure than in patients without these conditions. sTREM-1 had similar accuracy to CRP identifying BI [sTREM-1: AUROC (95%CI) 0.804 (0.711−0.897), p < 0.0001; CRP: 0.791 (0.702−0.881), p < 0.0001)] among AD patients. The combination of these two molecules and the presence of ascites into a composite score significantly increased their discriminative power (AUROC: 0.878, 95%CI: 0.812−0.944, p < 0.0001). High sTREM-1 level (>660 pg/mL) was an independent predictor of 90-day mortality in patients with BI [HR: 2.941, (95%CI: 1.009−8.573), p = 0.048] in our multivariate model. ConclusionsUse of sTREM-1 could increase the recognition of BIs in cirrhosis and help clinicians in mortality risk assessment of these patients.

Morphological studies of the surgical material to determine the form­phase and the degree of activity of the tuberculosis process when using minimally invasive surgical treatment techniques

Objective — to analyze the morphological studies of the operating material with the determination of the form-phase and the level of activity of the tuberculous process using minimally invasive methods of surgical treatment.&#x0D; Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of data for a five-year period was conducted in our clinic. A total of 165 cases of pulmonary or pleural tuberculosis were treated. Patients were of different age groups. The men were 88 (53.3 %), women — 77 (46.6 %). All patients underwent morphological examination of the surgical material. Morphological determination of the degree of activity of specific inflammation in the lung tissue was carried out according to the previously developed working classification of the degree of activity. The morphological definition of the phase of pleural tuberculosis was determined according to previously developed criteria. Investigated histological preparations of lung tissue and tissue of the parietal pleura, stained by the traditional method with hematoxylin and eosin.Microbiological examination of biological material (sputum and/or fragments of surgical material) in each case to identify mycobacterium tuberculosis was carried out using various methods, regulated by Order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine N 45.&#x0D; Results and discussions. The largest share of surgical interventions was in patients with pulmonary tuberculoma — 46.6 % of cases, with tuberculomas more often there was a moderate degree of activity of a specific inflammatory process. With various forms of pulmonary tuberculosis, moderate activity of the inflammatory process is more often determined — 51.8 %, in 13.4 % of cases the progression of specific inflammation is established. The share of microbiological detection of MBT at the time of surgery in cases of tuberculous lesions of the lungs was 27.7 % of cases, the share of multi-resistant MBT strains or strains with extended resistance was 61.3 %. In tuberculous pleurisy, the result of a microbiological study showed M. tuberculosis in 90.6 % of cases, more often susceptible MBT strains were determined — 58.5 %.&#x0D; Conclusions. Morphological study of surgical material in VATS provides an objective biological determination of the form of the phase of tuberculous lesion and determination of the degree of activity of a specific inflammatory process, which is extremely necessary for the further appointment of adequate treatment of patients.

The role of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in extraction socket healing

Relevance. Reparative processes in the extraction socket include hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and tissue remodelling. These processes are caused by mediators which determine interactions in the immunoregulatory, cytokine network. After the tooth extraction, pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators are unbalanced. The number of macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils releasing lysosomal enzymes increases in the surrounding tissues, and it leads to cleaning of the extraction socket from the damaged tissues and microorganisms. The growth factors are of great importance for reparative processes. The level of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in biological fluids is the assessment criterium of various physiological and pathological processes and effectiveness of the treatment procedures. Purpose – to assess the activity of the wound healing processes by studying the level of cytokines/ chemokines and growth factors in the extraction socket. Materials and methods. The data received on examination of 40 patients was used in the study. 20 of the patients had their teeth extracted for chronic periodontitis and the socket healing was studied by clinical and laboratory findings (seven mediators of immunoregulatory processes were studied). The comparison group consisted of 20 subjects without periodontal pathology. Results. Clinical data, typical for the normal socket healing, are characterized by the certain content of immunoregulatory mediators (IL1β and IL6 – proinflammatory cytokines, IL8 and MCP1 – chemokines, RAIL1 – anti-inflammatory cytokine, VEGF and TGFβ1- growth factors). The content of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines was detected to increase in the socket on the first day after the extraction, which indicates the activity of the local inflammatory process. The level of RAIL 1 and VEGF and TGFβ1 growth factors increases in the extraction socket five days later. Conclusion. The post-surgical activity of the inflammatory and regenerative processes in the tissues is revealed by the level of cytokines/ chemokines on the first day after surgery and the level of growth factors and RAIL1 in the socket discharge on the fifth day after surgery.

Attenuation of lipid metabolic abnormalities, proinflammatory cytokines, and matrix metalloproteinase expression by biochanin-A in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats

In the present study, we assessed the therapeutic potential of Biochanin-A (BCA) (10 mg/kg BW/day) pretreatment for 30 days on lipid metabolic abnormalities, proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinase expression in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction (MI) in rats. We measured the potential role of BCA on tissue and circulatory lipid profiles as well as on lipid metabolic enzymes: serum inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6 and MCP1) and serum Matrix Metalloproteinases (particularly, MMP-2 and MMP-9) together with mRNA expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, MMP-2 and MMP-9 by RT-PCR analysis. Administration of ISO to rats significantly distorted their lipid metabolism and augmented inflammatory process, MMP expression and proteolytic activity. In addition, pretreatment with BCA of ISO-induced MI rats significantly reestablished the altered lipid metabolism and concealed the inflammation of cytokines. BCA suppressed the expressions of proinflammatory cytokines and MMPs in ISO-induced MI in rats when compared to normal untreated MI rats. Hence, these results established that BCA could improve the pathological processes of myocardial remodeling which was confirmed by histopathology of heart in MI rats and might be an effective beneficial ingredient for the management of heart failure disorders.

Relation between Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio, Platelet to Lymphocyte Ratio and Cerebral Infarct Volume in patients with Ischemic Stroke.

Abstract : &#x0D; Objectives: The activation of inflammatory processes in ischemic stroke might be important for the pathophysiological processes of ischemic stroke. The correlation between the Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), Platelet to Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR) and stroke volume is increasingly being recognized as a prognostic biomarker for patient outcome after an ischemic stroke incidence. This retrospective study aimed at determining if there is existed correlation between the NLR, PLR and stroke volume in patients presenting with ischemic stroke at the emergency department. The results will aid emergency doctors to gain an understanding on how to rapidly identify the most high-risk patients based on the NLR and taPLR obtained from routine blood tests permitting rapidly therapeutic interventions and better long-term survival outcomes for patients with ischemic strokes.&#x0D; Methods: A retrospective study was performed between May 2016-2019. Patients 18 years and older of both genders presented to the emergency department with symptoms of ischemic stroke with time of onset of symptoms within the last 24 hours of whom complete blood count (CBC) tests were conducted and ischemic stroke was confirmed by Diffusion weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DWI-MRI) were enrolled. NLR and PLR were calculated from CBC tests and ischemic stroke volume was measured in mm3 using Manual Segmentation Process.&#x0D; Results: A total of 489 patients were enrolled in this study of which 266 (54.5%) were male and 223 (45.6%) were female. It was observed a statistically significant correlation between the ischemic stroke volume and NLR while no significant correlation was observed between stroke volume and PLR.&#x0D; Conclusion: There is a significant weak positive relationship between NLR and ischemic stroke volume. NLR is significantly correlated with cerebral ischemic stroke volume and thus can be utilized as a guide by emergency doctors in the emergency department to predict the severity and the outcome of patients diagnosed with ischemic stroke.

CОСТОЯНИЕ ТКАНЕЙ ПАРОДОНТА В УСЛОВИЯХ ДЛИТЕЛЬНОЙ ИЗОЛЯЦИИ В ГЕРМОЗАМКНУТОМ ОБЪЕКТЕ

The comprehensive investigation of parodontium tissues of the participants in a 120-d isolation study imitating the artificial spacecraft environment was focused on anaerobic microbiota, immunological parameters of the oral liquid and blood flow velocity within the parodentium microcirculation (PMC). Subjects were 6 healthy people (3 males and 3 females) at the age of 29 to 45 years. Parodentium tissues were investigated 14 and 1 day prior to isolation, 3 times in isolation (every 30 days) and on days 1 and 7 after isolation. Qualitative composition of primary pathogens was determined by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Concentration of oral immunoglobulins sIgA, IgA, IgМ was measured using the ELISA assay. Blood flow velocity was measured using high-frequency ultrasound Doppler. Our results showed an increase in the immunoglobulins on days 30 and 84 of isolation and subsequent reduction toward the end of the study. The participants were found to be careers of type-1 pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis and type-2 pathogen Prevotella intermedia. Following isolation, linear indices of the arteriolar blood velocity grew reliably (p &lt; 0.0007); the capillary blood velocity grew by 6.7 % relative to the pre-isolation baseline data. On day 7, capillary perfusion was noted to improve still further. The observed shifts in the local immunity and presence of pathogens point to deterioration of the parodontium defense mechanisms. It appears that activation of inflammatory processes in isolation and confinement remains probable.

LEVELS OF OSTEOCALCIN AND PROCOLLAGEN I N-TERMINAL PROPEPTIDE (PINP) IN MEN SUFFERING FROM ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS

The aim: To evaluate osteocalcin and PINP levels in men suffering from AS and to compare them with structural and functional state of bone tissue and clinical course of illness. Materials and methods: The study included 82 patients suffering from AS with an average age of 40,9±0,9 years. Osteocalcin level was determined in 82 patients, and PINP level was determined in 79 patients. Control group included 22 apparently healthy persons. Disease activity was assessed through CRP level, ASDAS and BASDAI scores, while functional ability was assessed through the BASFI score. Osteocalcin and PINP levels were determined by immunoenzymatic method for the purpose of evaluating the metabolic state of bone tissue. Results: Average osteocalcin and PINP levels were not significantly different in patients suffering from AS and patients in the control group and did not show any significant correlation with ASDAS, BASDAI, BASFI and CRP scores. In patients with spinal ankylosis, average osteocalcin values (14,3 ng\ml) and PINP (747,2 pg\ml) were higher compared to patients with single syndesmophytes (11,0 ng\ml; 711,8 pg\ml) and patients without syndesmophytes (10,4 ng\ml; 537,7 pg\ml respectively). Conclusions: Osteocalcin and PINP levels are not related to age, disease duration, BMI, glucocorticoids load and inflammatory process activity, however, they are closely related to the presence of bone growths.

Analysis of Systemic and Cutaneous Inflammatory Immune Response in Canine Atopic Dermatitis

Background: Canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is a chronic and inflammatory disease present in veterinary dermatological practice. The inflammation in CAD is triggered by environmental allergens and skin microorganisms, which are responsible for the worsening of cutaneous lesions. This continuous activation of skin inflammatory process can induce the production of free radicals that also contribute to cellular damage and ultimately leads to changes in blood parameters in dogs with CAD. Although there are reports of inflammatory parameters in CAD, there are a lack of studies correlating skin lesions, blood leukocytes and oxidative stress. Based on that,this study aimed to evaluate the integumentary and systemic inflammatory response in dogs with atopic dermatitis. Materials, Methods &amp; Results: Dogs with confirmed diagnosis of canine atopic dermatitis (n = 10) were divided in two groups according to CADESI-IV: AI, with CADESI between 0-10, AII, with CADESI between 10-34, and control group (n = 5). Blood-biochemical and histological analysis were performed to access systemic and cutaneous inflammatory response. AII group tended to higher neutrophil and eosinophil counts, as well as neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) when compared to AI. The albumin was lower in AII compared to AI and control (P &lt; 0.05), while total bilirubin and malondialdehyde (MDA) did not differ between groups. NLR (r = 0.64 and P = 0.04) and MDA (r = 0.54 and P = 0.1) were positively correlated with CADESI, while albumin was negatively correlated with CADESI (r = -0.79 and P = 0.005). Histopathological analysis revealed a larger number of neutrophils, macrophages and mast cells in AI and AII than in control group (P &lt; 0.05). Discussion: In this study it was possible to evaluate the systemic and cutaneous leukocyte dynamics in CAD. Skin inflammation induces the production of chemotactic molecules contribute to neutrophil outflow from blood vessel toward the affected tissue, which can be visualized as perivascular inflammatory infiltrate and exocytosis. At systemic level, there was a tendency to increase in total leukocytes and circulating neutrophil count in group AII, as well as in neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), when compared to AI. The NLR is a widely available and inexpensive laboratory biomarker that quantifies systemic inflammation, being used in human medicine to evaluate prognosis in different types of cancer. In our study, dogs in AII group showed an increased NLR compared to AI and control, which demonstrates the influence of skin injury in systemic parameters. Furthermore, AII group is composed of dogs with greater lesion state, which reflects in higher NLR values. Since this disease is known by its chronicity and may remain stable for years, NLR may be a novel biomarker to evaluate acute exacerbation in CAD and could potentially explain why some patients have longer crisis duration and frequent flares. The maintenance of the inflammatory state also induces the production of oxidizing substances, which possibly exceed the total antioxidant capacity, generating a situation of oxidative stress, which can result in damage to membrane lipids and release of their products. MDA is reliable and is the most commonly used marker of the overall lipid peroxidation level and the presence of oxidative stress. This result may be related with the antioxidant system, such as albumin and bilirubin, which was able to promote an efficient control of oxidant substances. In conclusion, the presented data demonstrated an inflammatory process progression as well as introduced NLR as a potential marker of disease exacerbation in CAD.

The Role of the Microbiome in Sjogren's Syndrome.

The human microbiome is a living ecosystem existing within the host organism, determined by a balance between pathogenic microorganisms, symbionts, and commensals. The disturbance of microbiome composition-dysbiosis-often resulting in the excess of commensal numbers, may push the immune system towards activation of inflammatory and autoimmune processes. Changes in the microbiome of gut, eyes, and mouth may play a significant role in the development and course of autoimmune diseases, including primary Sjogren's syndrome. This autoimmune disease is associated with changes in the protective barrier of the epithelium, which is an important part of the antimicrobial defense. The development of pSS may be influenced by a mechanism of molecular mimicry between microbial antigens and self antigens leading to the initiation of anti-Ro60 antibody response. The knowledge of the influence of the state of microbiome on pSS may translate into the prophylaxis of the progression of dryness symptoms. The aim of this review is to present various aspects related to the human microbiome and Sjogren's syndrome.

КЛИНИКО-МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ В ТКАНЯХ ДЕСНЫ ПРИ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИИ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОГО ГИНГИВИТА

Gingivitis is the most common disease of periodontal tissues in children. An experimental model of gingivitis is necessary to study the pathogenetic processes occurring in this disease, as well as to develop new dosage forms. Drugs based on phospholipase A are used to model gingivitis, its content in viper venom is 32—59.8 %. The aim of the work is to evaluate the clinical and morphological changes in the gum tissues in experimental gingivitis caused by the drug «Vipraxin». 20 animals were selected to simulate experimental gingivitis. They were injected once into the submucosal layer of the gum with the drug «Vipraxin», which is an aqueous solution (0,2 ml) of viper venom. All rats were biopsied for histological examination on the 6th day from the beginning of the experiment. Redness of the gingival margin, puffiness and smoothness of the contour were visually noted in all rats. Also bleeding was determined while probing. The histological preparations revealed disintegration of the cells of the spiny and granular layers of the epithelium, smoothness of the papillae of the connective tissue lamina proper, swelling and loosening of the fibrous structures, and vascular fullness. 3 groups of activity of the inflammatory process depending on the degree of severity of changes in the gum tissues: mild, moderate and severe. All clinical and morphological changes match to the inflammatory process in case of using the drug «Vipraxin». This drug can be used for modeling experimental gingivitis.

Aspects of health and environmental services using TES therapy

Considering the prevalence of coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction, the problem of improving the pharmacotherapy of coronary heart disease continues to be one of the most urgent problems in modern pharmacology. In recent years, the point of view has become generally accepted that the most real factor in both the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis and the development of its acute clinical manifestations is inflammation, and the destabilization of an atherosclerotic plaque is determined by the high activity of a chronic inflammatory process in it. The most promising theory of atherogenesis is that the accumulation and increased content of cytokines in the peripheral blood against the background of changes in the initial level of cholesterol (CS) may be the primary trigger of the atherosclerotic process.