Activation Of Humoral Immunity Research Articles

Guillain-Barré syndrome: diagnosis and treatment guidelines

GuillainBarr syndrome is an acute, rapidly progressive immune-mediated disease of the peripheral nervous system, combining several variants and subtypes with various clinical, pathophysiological and electrophysiological signs. GuillainBarr syndrome usually develops 13 weeks after the viral or bacterial infection, which acts as the trigger triggering autoimmune mechanisms, leading to demyelination and axonal damage. The disease is getting more acute due to the emergence of a new coronavirus infection. Behind the diseases dipathophysiology there is the activation of cellular and humoral immunity with the production of autoantibodies to specific gangliosides and glycolipids and the formation of circulating immune complexes that attack peripheral nerves and roots (the phenomenon of molecular mimicry). The examination of patients requires an integrated approach, including, along with clinical and anamnestic data, the results of laboratory and neurophysiological examination. The treatment of patients with GuillainBarr syndrome is carried out in an intensive care unit and includes both pathogenetic therapy and nonspecific measures aimed to correct dysfunctions of vital organs, prevent complications and provide symptomatic therapy. Currently, the main direction of pathogenetic therapy of this disease is the use of high-dose intravenous immunotherapy with human normal immunoglobulin preparations or high-volume therapeutic plasmapheresis. Taking into account the absence of data about differences in the effectiveness of these methods, the choice of direction is determined taking into account the contraindications and possible development of adverse events, as well as the capabilities of the medical institution (2 tables, bibliography: 15 refs)

Efficiency of human plague vaccination in tuvinian natural plague focus. Message 2: dynamics of immune status indicators after revaccination

Relevance. In Russia, the live plague vaccine (LPV) is used for specific prophylaxis of plague. Immunological monitoring of humans vaccinated by LPV in order to search for informative diagnostic markers, as well as to improve the tactics of epidemiological surveillance of plague enzootic territories is an urgent area of research.The aim is to assess the parameters of cellular and humoral immunity in humans revaccinated by LPV who permanently reside on territory of the Tuvinian natural plague focus.Materials and methods. The study involved 76 volunteers from the Republic of Tuva, revaccinated by LPV. Blood sampling was performed before vaccination and 1, 3, and 6 months after revaccination. The study included the determination of cytokine production (IFN-γ, IL-4, TNF-α), specific antibodies, immunoglobulins (IgM, IgG, IgA and IgE) and lymphocyte subpopulation composition (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD16, CD19, immunoregulatory index).Results. A decrease in IgG and IgM and an increase in IgA were found after vaccination with LPV and their increase after revaccination. Correlation relationships were revealed between immunoglobulins, B cells and IL-4. Revaccination leads to an increase seroconversion. The activation of humoral immunity in humans vaccinated against plague is also evidenced by dynamics of changes in the subpopulation composition: an increase in B-lymphocytes and natural killer cells, a decrease in T-helpers and immunoregulatory index, and cellular immunity stimulation is an increase in spontaneous and induced production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines.Conclusion. It has been shown that LPV is capable of causing the body’s immune restructuring and activating the cellular and humoral mechanisms of immunological protection. For a complete understanding of the development and preservation of antiplague immunity, it is necessary to continue the annual immunological monitoring of the population living on the territory of the Tuvinian natural plague focus, using additional modern research methods.

Proteomic Approaches to Defining Remission and the Risk of Relapse in Rheumatoid Arthritis.

ObjectivesPatients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) are increasingly achieving stable disease remission, yet the mechanisms that govern ongoing clinical disease and subsequent risk of future flare are not well understood. We sought to identify serum proteomic alterations that dictate clinically important features of stable RA, and couple broad-based proteomics with machine learning to predict future flare.MethodsWe studied baseline serum samples from a cohort of stable RA patients (RETRO, n = 130) in clinical remission (DAS28<2.6) and quantified 1307 serum proteins using the SOMAscan platform. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering and supervised classification were applied to identify proteomic-driven clusters and model biomarkers that were associated with future disease flare after 12 months of follow-up and RA medication withdrawal. Network analysis was used to define pathways that were enriched in proteomic datasets.ResultsWe defined 4 proteomic clusters, with one cluster (Cluster 4) displaying a lower mean DAS28 score (p = 0.03), with DAS28 associating with humoral immune responses and complement activation. Clustering did not clearly predict future risk of flare, however an XGboost machine learning algorithm classified patients who relapsed with an AUC (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve) of 0.80 using only baseline serum proteomics.ConclusionsThe serum proteome provides a rich dataset to understand stable RA and its clinical heterogeneity. Combining proteomics and machine learning may enable prediction of future RA disease flare in patients with RA who aim to withdrawal therapy.

Immunogenic Properties of the DNA Construct Encoding the Receptor-Binding Domain of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein.

—The development of preventive vaccines became the first order task in the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. This paper reports the construction of the pVAX-RBD plasmid containing the Receptor-Binding Domain (RBD) of the S protein and a unique signal sequence 176 which promotes target protein secretion into the extracellular space thereby increasing the efficiency of humoral immune response activation. A polyglucine-spermidine conjugate (PGS) was used to deliver pVAX-RBD into the cells. The comparative immunogenicity study of the naked pVAX-RBD and pVAX-RBD enclosed in the PGS envelope showed that the latter was more efficient in inducing an immune response in the immunized mice. In particular, RBD-specific antibody titers were shown in ELISA to be no higher than 1 : 1000 in the animals from the pVAX-RBD group and 1 : 42 000, in the pVAX-RBD-PGS group. The pVAX-RBD‒PGS construct effectively induced cellular immune response. Using ELISpot, it has been demonstrated that splenocytes obtained from the immunized animals effectively produced INF-γ in response to stimulation with the S protein-derived peptide pool. The results suggest that the polyglucine-spermidine conjugate-enveloped pVAX-RBD construct may be considered as a promising DNA vaccine against COVID-19.

Clinical and immunological features of opisthorchiasis

Aim. To assess the clinical and immunological features in patients with chronic opisthorchiasis, depending on the duration of the infection.&#x0D; Methods. The first group consisted of 19 patients with the duration of the infection up to 1 year, the second group consisted of 21 patients with the duration of the infection between 1 and 5 years, the third group was formed of 23 patients with the duration of the disease more than 5 years, the control group 20 healthy individuals. Immunological research was carried out at the Clinical Diagnostic Center. Statistical processing was performed using Microsoft Excel 2010 and Statistica 6.0 software. The statistical significance of differences was determined by using the MannWhitney test (U-test) at the level of significance of p 0.05. The correlations were assessed by calculating Spearman's rank correlation coefficients.Results Clinical features of chronic opisthorchiasis were revealed in the disease duration groups of up to 1 year, from 1 year to 5 years, more than 5 years: the subclinical course was most common in the group of up to 1 year; cholangiohepatitis prevailed in the group of between 1 to 5 years, allergic skin syndrome, cholangiocholecystitis and pancreatitis dominated in the group of more than 5 years. The immune response in chronic opisthorchiasis was characterized by: up to 1 year lymphocytosis, increased levels of immunoglobulins M (IgM) and circulating immune complexes (CIC), a decrease in the number of T-lymphocytes (CD3+), as well as an increase in bactericidal activity of leukocytes (BAL); between 1 and 5 years monocytosis, increased levels of immunoglobulins M, immunoglobulins G and circulating immune complexes, a decrease in T-cytotoxic lymphocytes (CD8+) and nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT test), as well as an increase in NK cells and phagocytic activity of monocytes, more than 5 years eosinophilia.&#x0D; Conclusion. Common features of rearrangement of the immune system in opisthorchiasis: inflammatory changes in the hemogram, activation of humoral immunity with parallel suppression of the cellular component of the immune system, and increased phagocytosis.

Effect of Electroactive Water Solutions on Homeostasis and Healing Processes of Intestinal Anastomosis Combined with Simulated Anemia in Wistar Rats.

Gastroduodenal bleeding is one of the most challenging issues in surgery nowadays. The crude mortality rate due to severe blood loss in gastrointestinal bleeding is very high. Therefore, the use of medications to prevent severe blood loss and protect cells from the harmful effects of hypoxia should be the focus of attention in these conditions. This experimental study was carried out to establish changes in blood parameters and humoral immunity in rats after intestinal anastomoses combined with acute blood loss after the application of catholyte and anolyte. The study included 45 male Wistar rats weighing 290-320 g that were divided equally (15 animals per group) into three groups of intact animals (group 1), animals exposed to the small bowel resection (1.5 cm) with the end-to-end anastomosis and simulated acute blood loss (group 2), and animals exposed to the small bowel resection with end-to-end anastomosis and simulated acute blood loss that were daily given catholyte in the postoperative period group (group 3). After the surgery, the rats were given a catholyte solution per os, and the operative wound was treated with an anolyte. The blood samples and the wall of the small intestine in the anastomotic zone were used as a biological substrate to study the effect of catholyte on changes in the body during the healing process. The experiment was conducted for 15 days, and the data were recorded in two intervals on the 5th and 15th days after starting the experiment. The analyzed materials evidenced that the use of catholyte and liquid with negative oxidoreduction potential (ORP) (minus 500-520 mV) resulted in positive changes in the blood cell count, humoral immunity, and phagocytic activity impaired after the small bowel resection and blood loss. The use of an anolyte disinfectant (liquid with positive ORP+710-770 mV) prevented bacterial contamination of the surgical wound. The obtained findings proved that the catholyte had a positive effect on humoral immunity and healing processes in the anastomotic zone. Furthermore, the anolyte prevented the development of purulent complications and inflammation in the area of the surgical wound, and therefore, promoted the healing processes.

Effect of a liquid with a negative redox potential on the indicators of blood and humoral immunity after resection thin gut

An experimental study was conducted to establish changes in blood indices and humoral immu1nity in rats in the postoperative period with the use of catholyte and anolyte. The experiments were carried out on 45 male rats weighing 290–320 g, which were distributed equally into 3 groups: group 1 — intact animals, group 2 and 3 — animals which underwent surgery in the amount of resection of the small intestine (1.5 cm) with anastomosis end to end.After surgery, rats used catholyte as a drink, instead of drinking water. The surgical wound was treated with anolyte. Blood and the wall of the small intestine in the anastomosis zone were used as a biological substrate. The material was studied on days 5 and 15. A study of the composition of blood and the walls of the small intestine was carried out on days 5 and 15 4. An analysis of the materials showed that the use of catholyte (a liquid with negative AFP-leads to positive changes in blood counts, humoral immunity and phagocytic activity, impaired after resection of the small intestine. The use of anolyte antiseptic (liquid with positive AFP) prevents bacterial contamination of the surgical wound. The studied parameters indicate that catholyte positively affects humoral immunity, and anolyte prevents bacterial insemination of the surgical wound.

Impact of growth medium salinity on galactoxylan exopolysaccharides of Porphyridium purpureum

Porphyridium purpureum is a red saline microalga rich in protein and floridean starch with the ability to excrete high amounts of sulfated polysaccharides (sEPS) into the growth medium. This microalga has been used for feeding fish in aquaculture. P. purpureum is easily cultivated and could change its growth rate and composition in response to environmental variations. Thus, the effect of growth medium salinity (18, 32, and 50 g/L NaCl) on P. purpureum cell growth, biomass composition, and extracellular polysaccharides production yield and chemical structure were evaluated. A maximum growth of an estimated 5.7 × 106 cells/mL achieved at a salinity of 32 g/L NaCl, after 19 days of growth. Different from the almost unchanged biomass composition of algal cells, the yield and structure of sEPS were affected by the salinity of the growth media. The salinity of the growth media led to a slight change of the sulfation pattern of the glucuronoglucogalactoxylan, as the sEPS produced by P. purpureum growing at lower salinity tended to be more sulfated in the O-3 position of xylose and the O-6 position of glucose, whereas the sEPS at higher salinity tended to be more sulfated in the O-4 position of xylose and glucose. The sEPS produced at higher salinity also revealed higher linear 2-Gal, 3-Gal, and 4-Gal residues. In all samples, the most representative sugars residues were constituted by t-Xyl, t-Xyl-4S, 3-Xyl, 4-Xyl, t-Glc, 3-Glc-6S, t-Gal, and 2,3,4-Gal.The sEPS showed immunostimulatory effect on B lymphocytes in vitro and could be produced at large scale at an outdoor 800 L-flat panel photobioreactor with higher yield. These results pave the way for the potential use of P. purpureum sEPS to enhance humoral immune activity of fish in aquaculture.

Orthogonal modular biosynthesis of nanoscale conjugate vaccines for vaccination against infection.

Conjugate vaccines represent one of the most effective means for controlling the occurrence of bacterial diseases. Although nanotechnology has been greatly applied in the field of vaccines, it is seldom used for conjugate vaccine research because it is very difficult to connect polysaccharides and nanocarriers. In this work, an orthogonal and modular biosynthesis method was used to produce nanoconjugate vaccines using the SpyTag/SpyCatcher system. When SpyTag/SpyCatcher system is combined with protein glycosylation technology, bacterial O-polysaccharide obtained from Shigela flexneri 2a can be conjugated onto the surfaces of different virus-like particles (VLPs) in a biocompatible and controlled manner. After confirming the excellent lymph node targeting and humoral immune activation abilities, these nanoconjugate vaccines further induced efficient prophylactic effects against infection in a mouse model. These results demonstrated that natural polysaccharide antigens can be easily connected to VLPs to prepare highly efficient nanoconjugate vaccines. To the best of the researchers’ knowledge, this is the first time VLP-based nanoconjugate vaccines are produced efficiently, and this strategy could be applied to develop various pathogenic nanoconjugate vaccines.Electronic Supplementary MaterialSupplementary material (Figs. S1–S9) is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s12274-021-3713-4.

Analysis of the Effect of Nd:YAG Laser Irradiation on Soft Tissues of the Oral Cavity in Different Modes in an In Vivo Experiment

The development of laser medicine has led to its use in dentistry further to improve existing treatment methods, including surgical techniques. The variety of lasers allows them to be used for procedures on the soft and bone tissues of the oral cavity as well as on the tissues of the teeth. The short duration of laser pulse action on tissues, selective action on pathological tissues in a sterile surgical field, and activation of local and humoral immunity of the oral cavity provides an increase in the regeneration potential of tissues of the postoperative area, which contributes to the shortening of wound process phases, favorable course of the postoperative period, and shortening of the healing time. Our article presents the experience of using the Nd:YAG laser in different modes in replicating the effect of curettage of periodontal pockets in an experiment on laboratory animals. According to the study results, there was a difference in the healing time of soft tissues after their exposure to several modes of the Nd:YAG laser, which makes it possible to recommend each of them for individual clinical cases.

Longitudinal Antibody Dynamics Against Structural Proteins of SARS-CoV-2 in Three COVID-19 Patients Shows Concurrent Development of IgA, IgM, and IgG.

BackgroundDynamics and persistence of neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies can give us the knowledge required for serodiagnosis, disease management, and successful vaccine design and development. The disappearance of antibodies, absence of humoral immunity activation, and sporadic reinfection cases emphasize the importance of longitudinal antibody dynamics against variable structural antigens.MethodsIn this study, twenty-five healthy subjects working in a SARS-COV-2 serodiagnostic assay development project were enrolled, and their sign and symptoms were followed up to six months. Three subjects showed COVID-19-like symptoms, and three subjects’ antibody dynamics were followed over 120 days by analyzing 516 samples. We have developed 12 different types of in-house ELISAs to observe the kinetics of IgG, IgM, and IgA against four SARS-CoV-2 proteins, namely nucleocapsid, RBD, S1, and whole spike (S1+S2). For the development of these assays, 30–104 pre-pandemic samples were taken as negative controls and 83 RT-qPCR positive samples as positive ones.ResultsAll three subjects presented COVID-19-like symptoms twice, with mild symptoms in the first episode were severe in the second, and RT-qPCR confirmed the latter. The initial episode did not culminate with any significant antibody development, while a multifold increase in IgG antibodies characterized the second episode. Interestingly, IgG antibody development concurrent with IgM and IgA and persisted, whereas the latter two weans off rather quickly if appeared.ConclusionAntibody kinetics observed in this study can provide a pathway to the successful development of sero-diagnostics and epidemiologists to predict the fate of vaccination currently in place.

Disruption of Tfh:B Cell Interactions Prevents Antibody-Mediated Rejection in a Kidney Transplant Model in Rats: Impact of Calcineurin Inhibitor Dose.

We aimed to investigate the mechanisms of humoral immune activation in ABMR using a MHC-mismatched rat kidney transplant model. We applied low dose cyclosporine A (loCNI) to allow donor-specific antibody (DSA) formation and rejection and high dose cyclosporine A (hiCNI) for non-rejection. DSA and leukocyte subsets were measured by flow cytometry. Germinal centers (GC), T follicular helper cells (Tfh), plasma cells and interleukin-21 (IL-21) expression were analyzed by immunofluorescence microscopy. Expression of important costimulatory molecules and cytokines was measured by qRT-PCR. Allograft rejection was evaluated by a nephropathologist. We found that DSA formation correlated with GC frequency and expansion, and that GC size was linked to the number of activated Tfh. In hiCNI, GC and activated Tfh were virtually absent, resulting in fewer plasma cells and no DSA or ABMR. Expression of B cell activating T cell cytokine IL-21 was substantially inhibited in hiCNI, but not in loCNI. In addition, hiCNI showed lower expression of ICOS ligand and IL-6, which stimulate Tfh differentiation and maintenance. Overall, Tfh:B cell crosstalk was controlled only by hiCNI treatment, preventing the development of DSA and ABMR. Additional strategies targeting Tfh:B cell interactions are needed for preventing alloantibody formation and ABMR.

Toll-like Receptor-4 (TLR4) Agonist-Based Intranasal Nanovaccine Delivery System for Inducing Systemic and Mucosal Immunity.

Eliciting a robust immune response at mucosal sites is critical in preventing the entry of mucosal pathogens such as influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This task is challenging to achieve without the inclusion of a strong and safe mucosal adjuvant. Previously, inulin acetate (InAc), a plant-based polymer, is shown to activate toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) and elicit a robust systemic immune response as a vaccine adjuvant. This study investigates the potential of nanoparticles prepared with InAc (InAc-NPs) as an intranasal vaccine delivery system to generate both mucosal and systemic immune responses. InAc-NPs (∼250 nm in diameter) activated wild-type (WT) macrophages but failed to activate macrophages from TLR4 knockout mice or WT macrophages when pretreated with a TLR4 antagonist (lipopolysaccharide-RS (LPS-RS)), which indicates the selective nature of a InAc-based nanodelivery system as a TLR4 agonist. Intranasal immunization using antigen-loaded InAc-NPs generated ∼65-fold and 19-fold higher serum IgG1 and IgG2a titers against the antigen, respectively, as compared to PLGA-NPs as a delivery system. InAc-NPs have also stimulated the secretion of sIgA at various mucosal sites, including nasal-associated lymphoid tissues (NALTs), lungs, and intestine, and produced a strong memory response indicative of both humoral and cellular immune activation. Overall, by stimulating both systemic and mucosal immunity, InAc-NPs laid a basis for a potential intranasal delivery system for mucosal vaccination.

Oligoclonal IgG bands in chronic inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathies

BackgroundCerebrospinal fluid (CSF) albumincytologic dissociation represents a supportive diagnostic criterion of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP).Few studies have investigated possible systemic or intrathecal humoral immune response activation in CIDP.Aim of...

Specific Immunomodulatory Effect of Water Extract of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis herbs

Immunomodulators can alter immune system and work specifically and non-specific. Traditionally Stachytarpetha jamaicensis herbs is used to modulate immune system. This study aims to determine the humoral and cellular immune system activity of water extract of S. jamaicensis herb through hemagglutination antibody titer test and delayed type hypersensitivity tests in mice. The extract was made by boiling in distilled water. The doses of the extract were 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg bw and zymosan 10 mg/kg bw ip were used as a comparison. The parameter measured in the hemagglutination antibody titer test was the hemagglutination antibody titer value and lymphocyte count, while the parameters in the delayed type hypersensitivity test are the thickness of the hind footpad, percent inhibition of delayed type hypersensitivity response and and lymphocyte count. Test results showed extracts at dose of 50 mg/kg bw gave hemagglutination antibody titer value lower than control group, but the extract at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg bw produced antibody titer values higher than control group (p < 0.05). The extracts at all doses could inhibit the increasing of hind footpad thickness compared to control group (p < 0.05). The result also showed that there was increasing lymphocyte count compared to control group. It can be concluded that water extracts can affect humoral and cellular immune systems.

Evaluation of transduced dendritic cells expressing HIV-1 p24-Nef antigens in HIV-specific cytotoxic T cells induction as a therapeutic candidate vaccine

Various approaches have been investigated to prevent or eliminate HIV-1 since 1981. However, the virus has been affecting human population worldwide with no effective vaccine yet. The conserved regions among the viral genes are suitable targets in mutable viruses to induce the immune responses via an effective delivery platform.In this study, we aimed at evaluation of p24 and nef in two forms of full and truncated genes as two fusion antigenic forms according to our previous bioinformatics analysis. The designed antigens were then transferred through ex vivo generated dendritic cells and also proteins in BALB/c to assess and compare immunogenicity.p24 and Nef amino acid sequences were aligned, then, the most conserved regions were selected and two fusion forms as the truncated (p24:80–231aa-Nef:120–150aa) and the full from (p24-Nef) were cloned and expressed in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. Lentiviral vectors were applied to generate recombinant virions harboring the genes of interest to transduce generated murine dendritic cells. BALB/c mice received the recombinant DCs or recombinant proteins according to the defined schedule. IgG development was assessed to determine humoral immune activity and cellular immune responses were evaluated by IL-5 and IFN-y induction. Granzyme B secretion was also investigated to determine CTL activity in different immunized groups.The data showed high induction of cellular immune responses in dendritic cell immunization specifically in immunized mice with the truncated form of the p24 and Nef by high secretion of IFN-y and strong CTL activity. Moreover, protein/ DC prime-boost formulation led to stronger Th1 pathway and strong CTL activation in comparison with other formulations.The generated recombinant dendritic cells expressing p24-Nef induced humoral and cellular immunity in a Th1 pathway specifically with the in silico predicted truncated antigen which could be of high value as a dendritic cell therapeutic vaccine candidate against HIV-1.

Immunoinflammatory Profile in Patients with Episodic and Continuous Paranoid Schizophrenia.

Associations of disturbances in innate and adaptive immunity during the clinical course of schizophrenia have been found in a number of studies. Yet, the relationship of immune parameters and systemic inflammation in relation to the clinical course of the disease and its prognosis, remains poorly understood, which highlights an interesting topic for further research. The goal of this study was to research the immuno-inflammatory changes in patients with clinical continuous and episodic paranoid schizophrenia, to assess the pathogenetic significance of these changes. Thirty-six patients with paranoid schizophrenia, of which 20 had episodic symptoms and 16 had continuous symptoms, consented to participate in the study, together with 30 healthy volunteers. In the study we assessed the parameters of innate immune response (serum levels of key pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, C-reactive protein) and the adaptive immune response, including humoral-mediated immunity (serum immunoglobulins IgA, IgM, IgG, circulating immune complexes), as well as the cell link of adaptive immunity (key lymphocyte subpopulations). Positive and negative symptoms were assessed with the positive and negative symptoms scale; frontal dysfunction was assessed by Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB). Both patient groups had higher than normal levels of C-reactive protein and IL-8. There was a significant elevation of circulating immune complexes among patients with continuous symptoms of schizophrenia, compared to patients with episodic symptoms and healthy controls. Levels of CD45+CD3+ lymphocytes (T-cells) differed between clinical groups, with higher values identified among patients with episodic symptoms and lower values among those with continuous symptoms. In addition, patients with episodic symptoms had significantly increased levels of CD45+CD3+CD4+CD25+CD127- regulatory T-cells. Finally, the level of CD45+CD3-CD19+ B-cells was significantly higher among patients with continuous symptoms vs. patients with episodic symptoms and the control groups. Markers of activation of humoral immunity were associated with the severity of frontal disorders in these patients. Comprehensive data on the serum level of cytokines and the parameters of adaptive immunity among individuals with continuous schizophrenia, by comparison with patients with episodic schizophrenia, are practically absent in the literature. We have shown that among those with continuous schizophrenia, there are signs of systemic inflammation and chronic activation of the adaptive humoral immune response, while among patients with episodic symptoms of the disease, there are signs of systemic inflammation and certain activation of cell-mediated immunity, without significant changes in the humoral link of adaptive immunity. More studies are needed, but the data obtained in this study are important for subsequent clinical studies of new treatment methods, based on various immunophenotypes of schizophrenia.

Abstract P646: The Aging Immune Transcriptome is Linked to Ischemic Stroke Outcome

Background: Advancing age is associated with changes to the immune system, which affect stroke outcome. We previously demonstrated an age-associated alteration in leukocyte gene expression in patients with ischemic stroke. The aim of this study is to validate these findings in an independent stroke cohort and assess the relationship to stroke outcome. Methods: Genes associated with age were identified in a cohort of 57 patients with acute ischemic stroke. Peripheral blood RNA was measured using whole genome microarrays and genes associated with advancing age identified (FDR-corrected p &lt; 0.05, partial correlation coefficient r &gt; |0.3|); age-associated gene expression differences in patients with poor 90-day outcome (mRS &lt; 2) were also compared. Genes were functionally characterized by pathway and enrichment analysis and verified against age-associated genes from two additional stroke cohorts containing a total of 173 patients. Results: There were 536 genes associated with age in the new stroke cohort, of which 286 decreased and 253 increased with age. Thirty-nine (39) of the age-associated genes were present in previous stroke cohorts analyzed, including a decrease in CCR6, CXCR5, BLNK and NT5E. A decrease in CXCR5 and CD79B was also identified in patients with poor outcome. Pathways and enriched terms relating to the humoral adaptive system immune system, including B-cell and lymphocyte activation, were among those represented in age-associated genes. Conclusions: Age-related changes in leukocyte gene expression were validated in an independent cohort of patients with ischemic stroke. Verified changes include alterations to the humoral immune system and a relationship to stroke outcome. Further investigation of the aging immune system in stroke is warranted.

HISTOARCHITECTONICS, MORPHOMETRIC AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE LIVER OF CHICKENS UNDER CONDITIONS OF ANTIGENIC LOAD AND THE USE OF MITOFEN

The article presents findings on macroscopic, morphometric and immunohistochemical studies of the liver of broiler chickens during the experimental infection with a pathogenic strain of infectious bursal disease virus (IBD) and the use of Mitofen. It was found that during the experimental infection of chickens with a pathogenic strain of the IBD virus in the liver of chickens, pathological processes characteristic of metabolic disorders were revealed – granular, fine-droplet fatty and vacuolar dystrophy, as well as cell edema, deformation of the nucleus, the prevalence of stromal processes over cellular ones. When using the antioxidant drug ″Mitofen″, areas with dystrophy of various genesis were noted. The morphometric parameters were characterized by the normalization of the cellular components of the organ under the action of the antigen on the organism. At the same time, the size of hepatocytes increased, there was an increase in the count of binuclear liver cells, and the density of the content of liver cells increased per conditional unit of area. The immunohistochemical study revealed the presence of specific phenotypes of lymphocytes in the liver parenchyma, that indicates the activation of humoral immunity.

Effectiveness of the Use of the Adaptogen Trekrezan in the Cultivation of African Catfish

Growing fish in closed water supply installations with a high planting density leads to accumulation of waste products, turning the habitat into toxic. Growing fish in such an environment leads to stress and increases the stress on their liver, which provides the body with detoxification of metabolites. To reduce stress, adaptogens are used, which increase endurance and survival, increase adaptive plasticity, and strengthen the immunity of fish. We used an adaptogen called Trekrezan. The work aim was to study the morphofunctional changes in liver and its microarchitectonics in African catfish grown using Trekrezan. The analysis of morphofunctional changes in liver allows us to judge the general physiological state of fish body. The liver index of African catfish grown without the use of Trekrezan is significantly higher in both males and females, compared to African catfish grown with Trekrezan, which indicates an intensification of metabolism. Analysis of histological structure of African catfish liver (Clarias gariepinus), grown without the use of the Ttrekrezan, revealed abnormalities of the parenchymal layer of liver with signs of fatty dystrophy, signs of necrotic changes in liver cells, hemorrhages in vascular region, a violation of polarity in the structure of hepatocytes. In species raised in an environment with Trekrezan, these abnormalities are absent, since Trekrezan, due to the activation of cellular and humoral immunity, leads to decrease in intoxication, provides strengthening of immunity, and increases the body's resistance to unfavorable factors of medium.