Activated Charcoal Medium Research Articles

Activated charcoal added to tissue culture media increases genotype-dependent biomass production in soybean

Due to its important participation in the agribusiness model worldwide, soybean actively drives national economies in producing countries. However, biotic and abiotic factors caused by pests and climate changes, respectively, can disrupt its productivity and consequently the business market. For this reason, the development of plants more tolerant to these negative environmental elements has been frequently one of the goals of scientific research. In the pipeline to obtain genetically improved plants, tissue culture protocols often represent a bottleneck, since the efficiency at this stage can be genotype-dependent. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the root regeneration process of two soybean genotypes (BRS 283 and BRS 537) in four different substrates (vermiculite, sand, medium containing activated charcoal and, control – MS medium and glucose). The rooting development was measured by the root’s length (cm²), dry mass (mg), volume (mm³), surface area (mm²), and diameter (mm). Results showed that in the activated charcoal medium, for both soybean genotypes, roots grew longer and presented a higher dry mass of roots, and root length when compared to vermiculite and sand substrates. We concluded that the efficiency of tissue culture is genotype-dependent since assayed genotypes presented phenotypical responses significantly different. The supplementation of tissue culture medium with active charcoal improved root growth for both genotypes. Therefore, it is likely that this medium can be also successfully applied to other soybean genotypes, or to other crops with similar tissue culture procedures to promote better rooting and plant establishment in further developmental stages.

Pengaruh Paduan Arang Aktif Kayu Belian/ulin Dan Katalisator Kerang Ale-Ale Pada Proses Pack Carburizing Terhadap Perubahan Komposisi Dan Nilai Kekerasan Baja Karbon Rendah (Low Carbon steel) St 37

To increase the hardness and wear resistance of low carbon steels (low carbon steel), it is usually done by a hardening process, namely by adding carbon elements. One of these processes is by using the Pack carburizing method. In this study, the pack carburizing process will be carried out on low carbon steel St 37 using activated charcoal media from ironwood combined with ale-ale shells catalyst with a composition of 10%, 20%, 30% 40% and 50%. Furthermore, composition testing and hardness testing were carried out using the Vickers method. The results of this study in the composition test, there was an addition of carbon due to diffusion and an increase in the maximum hardness of the catalyst composition by 30% with a hardness of 572.6 VHN.

Analisa Pengaruh Arang Kayu Bakau, Arang Tempurung Kelapa Dan Arang Kayu Leban Pada Proses Pack Carburizing Terhadap Kekerasan Baja Karbon St 37

This research was conducted to determine the effect of variations in activated charcoal media and temperature variations on the price of rockwell hardness and the chemical composition of ST 37 steel in the carburizing process. The carburizing process is widely used to increase hardness and add carbon to steel which has a low hardness value and needs to be given special treatment to increase the hardness of the steel. In this study, the carburizing media used were mangrove charcoal, coconut shell charcoal, lebanese wood charcoal that had been made into powder and a mixture of BaCO3 as a catalyst. In this study, the carburizing process was carried out with temperature variations, namely 750 o C, 850 o C and 900 o C after reaching the desired temperature and then held with a holding time of 2 hours. The percentage of carbon absorption is more absorbed in lebanese charcoal at a temperature of 900 o C with the addition of carbon by 0.61%. Whereas for rockwell hardness testing the highest hardness value at 900oC was found in lebanese charcoal with a hardness value of 79.9 HRC.

Bio-Plex suspension array immuno-detection of Listeria monocytogenes from cantaloupe and packaged salad using virulence protein inducing activated charcoal enrichment media

Listeria monocytogenes, the causative agent of listeriosis in humans, is a Gram-positive bacterium that is contracted via the ingestion of contaminated foods. Two of the largest outbreaks of listeriosis occurred following consumption of tainted cantaloupe and packaged salads. Molecular methods and immuno-based techniques for detection of L. monocytogenes in these food matrices can be difficult due to the presence of assay inhibiting elements. In this study, we utilized a novel enrichment media containing activated charcoal as the key ingredient that induces hyperactive expression and secretion of L. monocytogenes virulence proteins. The Bio-Plex suspension array system, based on Luminex xMAP technology, was subsequently employed to specifically detect accumulated L. monocytogenes secreted and membrane bound proteins via paramagnetic microsphere-antibody complexes. Cantaloupe and packaged salad samples were treated with a dilution series of L. monocytogenes and incubated in activated charcoal media following a short pre-enrichment step in Buffered Listeria Enrichment Broth. Secreted L. monocytogenes lysteriolysin O was captured using magnetic microsphere-antibody conjugates and measured using the Bio-Ple×200 analyzer. As few as 100 CFU/g of L. monocytogenes was detected from both spiked cantaloupe and packaged salad samples. In addition, antibody conjugated microspheres targeting a membrane protein present on both pathogenic and nonpathogenic Listeria species was used to identify as few as 100 CFU/g of both pathogenic and nonpathogenic species in cantaloupe and packaged salad. This method presumptively identifies L. monocytogenes from cantaloupe and packaged salad in less than 24 h and non-pathogenic Listeria species within 22 h.

In vitro seed germination, plantlet growth, tuberization, and syntheticseed production of Serapias vomeracea (Burm.f.) Briq.

Orchids are considered recalcitrant plants in in vitro propagation. Due to the lack of appropriate micropropagation techniques for mass production and damage to their ecological distribution posed by local gatherers, these species are threatened with extinction, including Serapias vomeracea (Burm.f.) Briq. In this research, we put forward a complete micropropagation method covering in vitro micropropagation, synthetic seed formation, germination in soil, and acclimatization to ambient conditions. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of successful synthetic seed formation and germination of S. vomeracea. Initially, seeds were germinated in different culture media and also media supplemented with different concentrations of plant growth regulators. Effects of plant growth regulators on tuber formation, glucomannan contents, and different growth parameters were evaluated throughout the study. The best germination rate (84.03%) was achieved on Orchimax including activated charcoal medium and supplemented with 2.0 mg/L 6-benzyladenine. The longest shoot elongation amongst plantlets was observed on the same medium supplemented with 0.25 mg/L thidiazuron, whereas 2.0 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid favored leaf formation. Higher indole-3-butyric acid concentrations were found to be more effective in the formation and elongation of roots. Orchimax medium supplemented with zeatin (2.0 mg/L) was superior to the others in terms of tuber formation and glucomannan content therein. Adaptation of seedlings to soil conditions and germination abilities of synthetic seeds were also studied and seedlings were successfully acclimatized and adapted to soil conditions.

In vitro clonal propagation of Polyalthia longifolia var. Pendula

In vitro clonal propagation of Polyalthia longifolia var. pendula was carried out using nodal segments from mature trees as explant. Bavistin (1.0%) for 30 min and Mercuric chloride (0.1%) for 1 min resulted in maximum survivability. Highest bud break (89.67%) and maximum mean numbers of shoot buds (6.33) were observed on MS + BAP (1.0 mg/l) + IBA (0.5 mg/l) and MS + BAP (3.0 mg/l) + NAA (0.5 mg/l) media respectively. Mean bud size was found maximum (24.6 mm) on ½ MS + IBA (100 mg/l) + 0.25 per cent activated charcoal medium. Maximum survivability (65.33%) and maximum bud break (90.33%) was observed in months of April-May. Alow response (2.5%) to rooting was shown in ½ MS + IBA (1.5 mg/l) medium where a single root, measuring 1.5 cm in length was formed in 150 days after culturing.

In Vitro Selection of Cell Lines in Punica granatum L. (Daru) Against Bacterial Blight

Disease resistant cell lines of wild pomegranate were selected against bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae. Callus from cotyledon explants was exposed to purified toxic culture filtrate produced by bacteria. Initiation, maintenance of callus as well as selection process was carried out on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l BAP and 4.0 mg/l NAA. Resistant lines were selected at 40 % level of culture filtrate after two cycles of selection. Microshoots from selected calli were regenerated on medium containing 2.0 mg/l BAP, 1.5 mg/l Kinetin and 3.0 mg/l GA3. Fresh weight of callus increased progressively up to third subculture passage while shoot bud induction from selected calli was observed only after third subculturing. The selected microshoots were rooted on half strength MS medium containing 400 mg/l activated charcoal medium. After in vitro testing of shoots regenerated from selected calli four resistant plantlets were obtained.

In vitro propagation of endangered medicinal plant–Commiphora wightii

Present study reports in vitro multiplication and conservation of Commiphora wightii and the influence of growth regulators, location of the explant on mother plant, influence of apical dominance and the size of explant on regeneration ability. Out of the 40, single as well as combinations of BAP, Kn, NAA, IBA and GA3 used, only three combination treatments of BAP (3mg/l) with IBA (0.1-0.3mg/l) induced shoot development in node and shoot tip cultures. Further, among the three nodes, 1st node (shoot tip) performed better on BAP, IBA and GA3 supplemented medium. Commiphora wightii shows strong apical dominance, the influence of dominance was tested with four explants- shoot tip, simple node, axillary bud and node –AD. Shoot tip, simple node, and axillary bud result no shoot bud development on any concentration or combinations of BAP and/or GA3 tested. Whereas, the node -ADs alone showed shoots development. Best percentage response of node-AD was observed on 2mg/l BAP+0.5mg/l GA3 (27%) followed by 1mg/l BAP+1.5mg/l GA3 (25%) medium. Further, node-AD with two nodes and two internodes performed better and survived for more than 6 weeks on the same medium without subculture as compared to node-AD of 0.5-0.8 cm in size with single node. Regenerated shoots transferred to MS + activated charcoal medium after dipping in NAA, IAA or IBA (200ppm) solutions , showed root development within 20 days of culture with 24 – 26% response. All the regenerated plants were successfully transferred to field conditions. Thus, the paper reports the successful in vitro propagation of Commiphora wightii. Keywords: Commiphora wightii, Endangered, Medicinal plant, In vitro propagation, Tissue culture, India

Regeneration in Jatropha curcas: Factors affecting the efficiency of in vitro regeneration

Factors influencing in vitro regeneration through direct shoot bud induction from hypocotyl explants of Jatropha curcas were studied in the present investigation. Regeneration in J. curcas was found to be genotype dependent and out of four toxic and one non-toxic genotype studied, non-toxic was least responsive. The best results irrespective of genotype were obtained on the medium containing 0.5 mg L −1 TDZ (Thidiazuron) and in vitro hypocotyl explants were observed to have higher regeneration efficiency as compared to ex vitro explant in both toxic and non-toxic genotypes. Adventitious shoot buds could be induced from the distal end of explants in all the genotypes. The number of shoot buds formed and not the number of explants responding to TDZ treatment were significantly affected by the position of the explant on the seedling axis. Explants from younger seedlings (≤15 days) were still juvenile and formed callus easily, whereas the regeneration response declined with increase in age of seedlings after 30 days. Transient reduction of Ca 2+ concentrations to 0.22 g L −1 in the germination medium increased the number of responding explants. Induced shoot buds, upon transfer to MS medium containing 2 mg L −1 Kn (Kinetin) and 1 mg L −1 BAP (6-benzylamino purine) elongated. These elongated shoots were further proliferated on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L −1 IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) and 0.5 mg L −1 BAP and 3.01–3.91 cm elongation was achieved after 6 weeks. No genotype specific variance in shoot elongation was observed among the toxic genotypes except the CSMCRI-JC2, which showed reduced response. And for proliferation among the toxic genotypes, CSMCRI-JC4 showed highest number of shoots formed. Among the rest, no significant differences were observed. The elongated shoot could be rooted by pulse treatment on half-strength MS medium supplemented with 2% sucrose, 3 mg L −1 IBA (indole-3-butyric acid), 1 mg L −1 IAA, 1 mg L −1 NAA (α-naphthalene acetic acid) and subsequent transfer on 0.25 mg L −1 activated charcoal medium. The rooted plants could be established in soil with more than 90% success. No significant differences were observed in rooting of shoots in the different toxic genotypes. However, rooting response was reduced in non-toxic genotype as compared to toxic genotypes.

A three media transfer system for direct somatic embryogenesis from leaves ofSenecio x hybridus Hyl. (Asteraceae)

Bisected leaves were cultured on semi-solid Murashige & Skoog medium amended with 13.5 μM 2,4-D and 4.5 μM BA for 7–14 days, transferred to 0.5% activated charcoal medium (without growth regulators) for three days, then transferred to MS basal medium. Control explants remained on initiation medium for comparison to transferred explants. Twenty-eight days after initiation of cultures, explants exposed to 11–14 days on induction medium yielded the largest number and most developmentally advanced embryos. Mature, white somatic embryos from transferred explants were visible after 35 days. Conversely, somatic embryos on control explants were not morphologically mature until 2–4 months. Mature embryos from transferred explants germinated without a resting stage, whereas embryos from control explants appeared quiescent. Histological examination confirmed embryo anatomy, however embryos, regardless of treatment, had abnormal cotyledons and regenerated plants had multiple stems.