Actions Of Athletes Research Articles

Sporting knowledge and the problem of knowing how

In the Concept of Mind from 1949 Gilbert Ryle (1949/1963) distinguished between knowing how and knowing that. What was Ryle’s basic idea and how is the discussion going on in philosophy today? How can sport philosophy use the idea of knowing how? My goal in this paper is first to bring Ryle and the post-Rylean discussion to light and then show how phenomenology can give some input to the discussion. The article focuses especially on the two main interpretations of knowing how, intellectualism and anti-intellectualism. In the second part of the article I discuss how views from phenomenology and philosophy of mind can enrich and widen our understanding of what knowing how means in relation to sport practices. It is argued that knowing how is not limited to athletic abilities but includes knowledge of how the environing world operates in relation to athletic action.

Gender and politics at the 2012 Olympics: media coverage and its implications

As the world's premier multi-sport event, the Olympic Games present a propitious opportunity to explore the nexus of gender and politics. In this study, we zero in on the role of gender at the 2012 London Summer Games as transmitted through the mainstream mass media in the USA and the UK. We focus on the actions of Olympic athletes and how the media framed those actions. More precisely, we analyse three gender-centric episodes that were covered widely by the media during the 2012 Olympics: (1) the first-ever participation by women from Saudi Arabia, Brunei, and Qatar; (2) the participation of South African runner Caster Semenya and the issue of sex testing; and (3) women's beach volleyball competition and gender norms. Deploying frame analysis and feminist critical theory, we offer quantitative and qualitative analysis of these three episodes, and draw out wider political implications.

PAIR MOTOR COORDINATION ACTION IN SPORTSMEN (ON THE EXAMPLE OF BALLROOM DANCING)

Learn a special coordinating pair of motor actions in athletes engaged sport ballroom dancing, depending on gender and sportsmanship. The results suggest that beginners dominated coordination, performed individually, while the highly skilled dancers better developed coordination, carried out in pairs. Athletes average individual coordination disturbed by the emergence of sex differences build movements and coordination pair is not formed. The asymmetry of the coordination abilities manifested in the predominance of the deviation from equilibrium (to the right of men and to the left – in women). In this case, the athletes of low and medium level of skill to maintain the leading element of balance and coordination is the visual analyzer, while the skilled dancers defining role goes to the vestibular apparatus.

PHYSICALTRAINING OF YOUNGATHLETES INVOLVEDBELT WRESTLING

The purpose of the study - definition of physical training of young athletes aged 11-12 by taking into account the specific execution of motor actions in Wrestling. The main method used dual development of physical skills and forming technology of motor actions in athletes involved in the fight on belts. The article presents a set of special exercises, performed in a closed circuit biokinematicheskoy hand during training sessions with young fighters on belts. Shows the effect of a physical fitness training on young fighters on belts. Training program for young wrestlers in the annual cycle of training. In the process of pedagogical experiment verified its effectiveness. The use of special exercises, performed in a closed circuit biokinematicheskoy hand, using rubber bands and are aimed at the development of the dual physical properties and forming technology of motor actions in young wrestlers increased rates the physical fitness. The results can be used during the physical training of young athletes aged 11-12, and to improve the planning of training loads athletes involved in the struggle on belts. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2218-7405-2013-1-32

Do Thugs Sell? An Investigation of the Relationship between Deviance and Stakeholder Response

Although there have been many cases in the popular press detailing the deviant actions of celebrities, athletes, and corporations, theoretically, little is known about the relationship between an individual’s deviant actions and the response from key stakeholders that support that individual. On the one hand, the concept of deviance or misconduct is fuzzy (Vaughan, 1999). Similarly, it is not so straightforward that key stakeholders will always sanction an actor that is deviant (Bensman & Gerver, 1963). Drawing upon an empirical analysis of the relationship between misconduct by professional football players, and the influence that this has on attendance at football games, we examine the relationship between deviance and stakeholder response. Additional, we build upon Greve, Palmer and Pozner (2010) theoretical insights on social-control agents to examine if the relationship between deviance and stakeholder response is moderated by a change in social-control agents. Our study speaks to the renewed interest in stakeholders (Barnett, 2012) and the link between deviant actions and organizational outcomes Greve, Palmer and Pozner (2010).

Bergson and Athleticism

The work of Henri Bergson has gone almost completely unnoticed in philosophy of sport literature. This in no way indicates the level of relevance his programme may carry for the subject. Many of the entrenched debates that have historically helped to shape the field are mirrored by Bergson's own concerns regarding perception and skill acquisition. As such, a thorough study of how the Bergsonian programme might approach the topic of athletic action is in no wise an idle pursuit – in fact, very much the opposite. My intention in this paper is twofold: first, to indicate the natural commerce that exists between Bergson's philosophy and the philosophy of sport; second, and perhaps more ambitiously, to demonstrate that his approach to perception and action not only anticipates, but in some cases may help to edify, certain unresolved issues within the field. The paper develops in three parts. In part I, I provide a brief summary of Bergson's theory of perception as it is developed in Matter and Memory (1896). Parts II and III will apply that theory to two of the central aspects of human motor activity: in part II, I investigate what it is to be in possession of skilled motor behaviour – to make that behaviour ‘automatic’, as it were; in part III, the controversial subject of what it is to acquire and modify skilled motor behaviour will be examined.

Losing Visibility? The Rise and Fall of Hypermasculinity in Science Fiction Films

Science fiction films of the 1980s, including The Terminator and RoboCop, seem to foreground hypermasculinity as a new ideal of masculinity, relying on the display and promotion of muscular white male bodies. However, the films also highlight the negative aspects of hypermasculinity, embodied especially by the Terminator, the terrifying antagonist of the first film of the franchise. Already in the 1980s, hypermasculinity was indeed associated with a loss of humanity, so that it became incompatible with the cultural prominence of the sensitive and nurturing ‘New Man’ of the 1990s. Hypermasculinity was thus revised in Terminator 2 to present the formerly fearsome Terminator as a protective father undergoing a process of humanization, paving the way for new representations of masculinity and more equal gender relations in The Matrix, which plays on traditional gender roles by matching a beautiful passive hero and an athletic action heroine. The evolution of science fiction films in the 1980s and 1990s thus underlines a striking change in the representation of masculinity, from very visible and differential hypermasculinity to gender-blending androgyneity.

Creating a Continuous Topography of Performance From Discrete Sports Actions

AbstractNowadays, in many sports discrete data describing actions of athletes are collected in order to analyze performance. Performance analysis using these data usually is based on creating categories by which the quality of the performance of athletes in a certain sport can be described. The definitions of these categories often only take a few circumstances or just the most important one into account which influence the performance of an athlete. By calculating continuous topographies of representative performances of the field, respectively all participating athletes, this method of classifying performances can be broken up and performances are put in context of the place where they occurred, in context of the internal and external circumstances which influence the athlete's performance, with respect to the performance of other athletes in that area. Based on the collected data such topographies are calculated using an exponential smoothing algorithm and by means of spline interpolation. The resulting three dimensional and two dimensional visualizations of such a topography show that artificial, discrete categories, which are usually shaped like geometrical figures, often circles or rectangles, are not appropriate for performance analysis because the quality of performance even within these categories is mostly varying too much. Furthermore, the results reveal that topographies of representative performance of the field are usually not shaped like geometric figures, but rather are more chaotically shaped depending on the field's real performance. Thus, continuous topographies of performance provide the opportunity to analyze performance with respect to a real representative performance in any area.

The Athlete's Dream

The dreams of athletes demonstrate that dreaming plays a direct role in motor learning processes. But beyond that, the athletic action of a dream, carrying metaphoric and symbolic significance, is an imagistic vehicle for the portrayal of the dreamer's affective and interpersonal experiences and challenges. Representation in this motor-perceptual realm of action reflects the central role that such physicality has in the developmental genesis of core affective experiencing. In light of the athletic dimension of every child's development, particular attention to imagery of the self in motion enhances access to the emotional and motivational undercurrents of life for dedicated athletes and for many other dreamers.

Static Stretching Reduces Muscle Strength And EMG But Not MMG In Female Athletes And Non-athletes

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an acute static stretching bout of the quadriceps femoris on torque, electromyography (EMG), and mechanomyography (MMG) during concentric isokinetic muscle actions in female athletes and non-athletes. METHODS: Fifteen athletes (Mean±SD; age=19.9±0.8 yrs; height=174.3±4.9 cm; weight=70.1±7.0 kg) recruited from a women's Division II varsity basketball and volleyball team were paired to fourteen non-athletes (age=21.0±1.3 yrs; height=163.8±5.0 cm; weight=65.2±17.0 kg) recruited from college activity courses. Subjects reported to the laboratory on two separate occasions. On the first day, subjects were provided with an orientation to the testing protocol. At least 48 hours later, EMG (μV) and MMG (mV) were detected midway over the rectus femoris of the dominant limb during maximal isokinetic leg extensions at 60°·sec−1 and 300°·sec−1 before (PRE) and immediately after (POST) stretching. The stretching protocol included one unassisted and three assisted static stretches of the quadriceps femoris with each stretch held for 30 seconds and repeated 4 times with 15 seconds between stretches. RESULTS: Separate three-way (time by velocity by group) mixed factorial repeated measures ANOVAs revealed no significant (p>0.05) three-way or twoway interactions for torque or EMG amplitude. The lack of an interaction involving "group" indicated that there were no differences in torque or muscle activation for athletes versus non-athletes. There was, however, a significant main effect for time for torque and EMG amplitude. Upon examination of the mean values (collapsed across velocity and group), the results revealed significantly greater torque (M+SD PRE=81.9+22.7 Nm; POST=77.0+21.9 Nm) and EMG amplitude (PRE=767.6+288.6 μV; POST=664.2+219.3 μV) for PRE compared to POST. There were no significant interactions or main effects for MMG amplitude. CONCLUSION: Female athletes and non-athletes responded similarly to an acute bout of static stretching of the quadriceps femoris. There was a stretching-induced decrease in strength that may be manifested in a decreased ability to activate the muscle in both groups.

Effects of specific resistance training program on force-velocity relationship, power consumption and work production of quadrics muscle during eccentric actions in elite athletes

Effects of specific resistance training program on force-velocity relationship, power consumption and work production of quadrics muscle during eccentric actions in elite athletes

유아체육지도자의 지도실태와 개선방안에 관한 연구

The paper describes actual conditions and curriculum of the instructors, who are in charge of child athletic action teaching, an important education area of child education, and improvements of child athletic action at kindergarten. In 2002, the author took samples of 407 infants of kindergarten at major cities in the nation, such as Seoul, Daejeon, Incheon, Daegu, Busan and Gwangju, etc: The author analyzed actual conditions of child physical education instructors and current state of curriculum, and suggested improvement ways. The measurement tool of questionnaire consisted of items on actual conditions and curriculum of child physical education instructors. The questionnaire was filled out in self-administered method. The author collected material and analyzed it by frequency analysis, T-test, one-way ANOVA and chi-square, etc. The author reached a conclusion by analysis of the variables as follows： First, the education qualification of child athletic action instructors, which child physical education instructors think of, had high relations with the department of physical education or equivalent, and had significant difference at regions, gender, ages, educational background and position, etc. Second their teaching abilities and qualifications had significant difference at regions, gender, ages, educational background and position, etc: Higher levels had higher average. Third, at needs of exclusive child physical education instructors, systematic class ranked the highest relations, and regions, ages, monthly income and position, etc had significant difference. Forth, a lot of instructors experienced to participate in child athletic action related training and wanted to do so. Teaching ability was thought to be the most important at the selection of the instructors, and had significant difference at regions, teaching career, monthly income and position, etc. At child athletic action practice time, they preferred morning time and two times per week the most: At preparations of plan draft, child`s interests and considerations ranked the highest, and had significant difference at regions, monthly income and position, etc. Whole person development program being suitable to child development was thought to be the most important at child physical education program, and had significant difference at all of variables. Teaching plans were established depending upon interests and desire of children, and had significant difference at all of the variables than position.

Sports and Tobacco

Banning cigarette ads from the airwaves in 1971 was a triumph for antitobacco forces. But it may have caused tobacco companies to redirect their massive advertising clout to sports sponsorship and marketing. While the debate continues about whether associating tobacco advertising with sports influences America's young people, the actions of physicians, parents, and professional athletes could send a clear message to sports-minded youth.

Athletic Action as Creativity

ABSTRACT Describing an action theory of creativity, this paper introduces a time variable conception of incubation, and discusses the role of competition in creativity, the importance of awareness as preconscious functioning, the relationship of ego‐strength to this functioning, a calisthenic‐non‐calisthenic continuum and its relevance to athletic creativity, and group creativity in athletics. Suggestions are made for encouraging preconscious functioning in athletics and physical education programs. The significance of a focus on the development of non‐intellectual awareness as an essential component for creativity is indicated.

An Experiment in the Teaching of Creativity

Previous articleNext article No AccessAn Experiment in the Teaching of CreativityGeorge I. BrownGeorge I. Brown Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 72, Number 4Winter, 1964 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/442714 Views: 5Total views on this site Citations: 8Citations are reported from Crossref Journal History This article was published in The School Review (1893-1979), which is continued by the American Journal of Education (1979-present). Copyright 1964 University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article: By Jamie Cohen-Cole The Creative American: Cold War Salons, Social Science, and the Cure for Modern Society Jamie Cohen‐Cole, Isis 100, no.22 (Jul 2015): 219–262.https://doi.org/10.1086/599554George I. Brown Teaching Creativity to Teachers and Others, Journal of Teacher Education 21, no.22 (Jun 1970): 210–216.https://doi.org/10.1177/002248717002100210Bruce Joyce Method and Methods in Teacher Education: Geist, Substance, and Form, Journal of Teacher Education 20, no.44 (Dec 1969): 509–520.https://doi.org/10.1177/002248716902000416A. S. Alschuler Psychological Education, Journal of Humanistic Psychology 9, no.11 (Apr 1969): 1–16.https://doi.org/10.1177/002216786900900101Karl Openshaw, Bruce Joyce, Peter Dirr, David Hunt Sensitivity Training for Teachers: An Experiment, Journal of Teacher Education 20, no.11 (Mar 1969): 75–83.https://doi.org/10.1177/002248716902000115GEORGE I. BROWN Operational Creativity: A Strategy for Teacher Change*, The Journal of Creative Behavior 2, no.44 (Dec 2011): 263–270.https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2162-6057.1968.tb00115.xGEORGE I. BROWN, DONALD GAYNOR Athletic Action as Creativity, The Journal of Creative Behavior 1, no.22 (Dec 2011): 155–162.https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2162-6057.1967.tb00022.xSIDNEY J. PARNES, EUGENE A. BRUNELLE The Literature of Creativity (Part I), The Journal of Creative Behavior 1, no.11 (Dec 2011): 52–109.https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2162-6057.1967.tb00010.x