Theory Of Action Research Articles

Decentering and attention

ABSTRACT Clinical psychologists describe decentering as the mental operation in which a subject “moves out” of immersion in a mental state. Such decentering is philosophically puzzling. It involves that a subject attends to her mental state to distance herself from it. That is, she attends to the state to make it less determining of her processing. This paper provides a philosophical explanation of the nature of decentering. It analyses decentering as a complex mental operation composed of two sub-operations: introspection and detachment. Drawing on this analysis, the paper argues that decentering involves certain dynamics of attention and attention control that pose an important challenge to a selection for action theory of attention. This challenge concerns adequately describing the workings of detachment in decentering. The paper discusses how a selection for action theory might reply, yet it argues that all the available replies involve unattractive aspects. The paper closes with broader perspectives, suggesting that decentering might also pose a puzzle for other theories of attention.

Hobbes on the Cause of Action: How to Rethink Practical Reasoning

Abstract In the free-will discussion between Hobbes and Bramhall, Hobbes’s principle that actions are necessary is not immediately action-theoretic. The fundamental theoretical context of Hobbes’s explanation of action lies in an understanding of causation more generally. However, Hobbes’s action theory is not simply modeled after the account of cause and effect in his First Philosophy. It introduces a temporal qualification which ranks necessitarianism higher than First Philosophy does: not only a voluntary action, but also the determinate moment when the mental act of volition is formed, is necessitated. My paper argues that this strengthening of causal necessity is due to the Hobbesian scheme of deliberation, which must be analyzed in terms of one distinctive kind of ‘mental discourse’ and practical reasoning, not merely in terms of a series of passions. For Hobbes, the impossibility of a direct representation of the future requires the mediation of a mental construction.

Tax Collection Strategies and Compliance of Residential Rental Income Earners in Kasarani Sub-County, Kenya

Financial freedom is one of the goals economies dream to achieve in both developed and developing nations through taxation. However, non-compliance according to previous literature hindered tax authorities from achieving the set tax collection targets. Drop in National Residential rental income tax collection was reported in the year 2020 by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in Kenya. Similarly, the Country’s tax authority data revealed reduction in tax collection for Kasarani Sub County in the year 2020/2021. The key objective of this research was to investigate influence that tax collection strategies have on the compliance of residential rental income earners in Kasarani sub-county in Kenya. The specific objectives aimed at determining the influence of taxpayers trust building, Knowledge & tax awareness, modern technology adoption and effective tax law enforcement strategies on the compliance of residential property owners. The research was anchored on the social exchange, reasoned action, technology acceptance and economic deterrence theories. Descriptive research design was applied to evaluate the influence of independent variables on the dependent ones. A population of 871 property owners was considered with 274 respondents obtained from population target in aid of stratified sample model whereas questionnaires were applied in collecting primary data. Analysis of data was run on multiple regression model supported with descriptive techniques. Validity test together with reliability analysis was done using Analysis of Variance and Cronbach Alpha models. Multicollinearity, normality, heteroscedasticity, and linearity tests were undertaken for diagnostic purpose. Study findings indicated that tax payer’s trust building (t=3.399, p<0.05), knowledge & awareness campaign (t=5.732, p<0.05), modern technology (t=2.897, p<0.05) and effective tax law enforcement strategy (t=4.795, p<0.05) had positive and significant effect on the compliance of Residential Rental Income earners in Kasarani Sub County. The study concluded that mutual trust building aided mobilization of public support for tax collection agenda prompting the initially skeptic residential rental income taxpayers to embrace tax compliance, that tax knowledge & awareness strategy positively affected tax compliance, tax collection and reporting through the modern technology based systems proved to significantly support tax compliance and that the tax law enforcement measure is very strategic in influencing tax income collection. Study recommended use of competitive communication skills as a trust building window in formal and informal interactions between the taxpayer and agency on matters tax compliance. The study recommended the training of taxpayers on use of technology and expansion of its tax labs centers networks close at the Sub County level for easy access.

Thoughts on Integrating Evolutionary Analysis into Sociological Action Theory

It is explored if and to what extent two approaches in behavioral sciences, which are promising with respect to an evolutionary grounded, integrative action theory, are actually compatible. These two approaches are, on the one hand, evolutionary psychology, which conceptualizes human nature as a collection of evolved psychological mechanisms, each being functionally specialized with respect to a specific problem of adaptation. And on the other hand, the dual-process perspective, which holds that human behavior is driven by the interplay of two qualitatively distinct types of cognitive processes: Autonomous, fast, and associative Type 1 processes, which operate outside of the consciousness of the actor, on the one hand, and controlled, slow, and rule-based Type 2 processes of which the actor is aware. Notably, both of these approaches have descendants in modern sociological action theory, i.e., goal-framing theory (Lindenberg 2008, 2009) and the model of frame-selection (Esser 2001; Kroneberg 2011). It is argued that evolutionary psychology and the dual-process perspective are largely compatible, thereby giving rise to an evolutionary grounded, integrative action theory. Accordingly, Type 1 processes can be traced back to evolutionary old cognitive modules, which humans share with other species and which are highly efficient at solving specific problems of adaptation in a stable environment. In contrast, Type 2 processes of higher cognition are distinctly developed in humans and highly effective at dealing with a rapidly changing life space.

The corporate legal profession’s role in global corruption: obligations and opportunities for contributing to collective action

Key corruption issues, like lack of transparency in beneficial ownership and money laundering, are inherently transnational. They are facilitated by professional services, like corporate lawyers, who work with various standards, regulations, and global financial flows that can move the proceeds of crime across the world. This paper uses reflective equilibrium to analyze the tensions between the philosophical principles of complicity and collective responsibility and the principles found in the professional role of lawyers in society to reflect on the corporate legal profession’s role in enabling corruption. Furthermore, this paper explores how these tensions can be addressed and how lawyers can be situated in anti-corruption collective action theory and practical collective action initiatives. For example, the legal profession has a collective obligation to maintain and self-patrol the profession’s ethics, primarily through their regulating authorities, and it should be considered to what extent these authorities are promoting anti-corruption standards or reprimanding lawyers who are complicit in corrupt acts. There is also an opportunity for corporate lawyers to use their role in society to develop more collective action initiatives to address issues of transnational corruption, which may include enforcing a higher collective standard in providing advice or advocating for legislators to fix regulations and promote legislation that addresses corrupt practices.

Intergovernmental cooperation and joint purchasing agreements: Do governments free‐ride?

AbstractPublic management scholars argue that collective action problems (e.g., incentives to free‐ride on the efforts of others or shirk agreements) threaten the feasibility of intergovernmental cooperation. Drawing on collective action theory, this article examines factors associated with overcoming free‐riding incentives and provides evidence challenging the idea that governments are prone to such strategic behavior. The empirical analysis of a national Danish purchasing group demonstrates how coercion is not necessary to induce subnational governments to incur private costs to join the group and, despite opportunity and incentive to free‐ride, contribute to its production of joint purchasing agreements—collective goods whose quality depends on the staff resources and expertise the participating governments contribute to their production. Further, multivariate analyses find that governments are more likely to help produce these collective goods when they receive more of their benefits, face lower contribution costs, and receive stronger social norm pressures from peers.

Pockets of Trust in a Landscape of Distrust: Interorganisational Trust and the Challenge of Conflicting Institutional Logics

This paper examines the development of trust in interorganisational relationships (IORs) that are embedded in conflicting institutional logics. The study focuses on a recently established customer choice system for domestic elderly care that involves a complex constellation of logics for the parties involved in the IORs to handle. We explore how boundary spanners deal with conflicting logics and the impact it has on the development of trust in IORs, including both positive and negative expectations of trustees and the new customer choice system. Using the institutional logics in action theory, we propose a new approach to understanding the role of institutional embeddedness in IORs and provide empirical evidence of how institutional logics influence the development of trust. We introduce the concept of “pocket of trust” to describe the compartmentalised development of trust in an organisational environment otherwise characterised by distrust and control efforts.

지속가능발전교육 관점에서 교원양성기관의 독도교육 방안 연구

Objectives The purpose of this study is to study Dokdo education plans in teacher training institutions from the
 perspective of education for sustainable development. In this study, from the perspective of education for sustainable
 development, the Dokdo education plans in teacher training institutions was analyzed, focusing on the direction
 of Dokdo education and the component of Dokdo education.
 Methods As a literature study, this study collected domestic, foreign literature focusing on the topics of sustainable
 development education, teacher training institutions, and Dokdo education. In this study, in the process of
 analyzing the collected domestic, foreign literature, educational action theory and instructional design theory were
 selected as a conceptual framework.
 Results First, the direction of Dokdo education from the perspective of education for sustainable development
 appeared as global community direction of Dokdo education in terms of values, past, present, future fair of Dokdo
 education in terms of times, environment, economy, social integration of Dokdo education in terms of areas, and
 regional, national, global cooperation of Dokdo education in terms of spaces. Second, the component of Dokdo
 education from the perspective of education for sustainable development appeared as formation of identity as a
 member of the global community, coexistence as a member of the global community in terms of educational purpose,
 understanding of Dokdo issues into the past, present, future, insight of Dokdo issues into the past, present,
 future, practice of Dokdo issues into the past, present, future in terms of educational goals, Dokdo related learning
 from the environmental, economic, social levels, Dokdo integrated learning from the environmental, economic,
 social levels in terms of learning contents, discussion activities for decision making, project learning for problem
 solving in terms of education methods, and building a school community linking university and middle school,
 building a local community linking university and local community in terms of educational infrastructure.
 Conclusions This study suggests the development of a Dokdo education model that reflects the characteristics
 of teacher training institutions, the development of Dokdo education standard curriculum in teacher training institutions,
 the operation of Dokdo education centered on pre-service teachers in teacher training institutions, and
 the support of the human and material resources for Dokdo education in teacher training institutions.

O.2.3-2 How to effectively develop and modify workplace health programs: case studies in UK contact centers

Abstract Purpose Workplace health programs are often implemented to improve employee health, and subsequently business outcomes (e.g., reducing absence). However, they rarely consider the full range of complexity and variability of organizational factors. This can lead to poor implementation, effectiveness and sustainability. As such, innovative methods which facilitate the development or modification of health programs while considering an organization’s unique organizational culture barriers are needed. Contact center-based organizations in particular have several organizational barriers, which create highly sedentary environments with limited opportunities for physical activity engagement. This study aims to improve the development, implementation and effectiveness of workplace health programs in contact centers by identifying and addressing these barriers. Methods This study is underpinned by the Six Steps in Quality Intervention Development framework (6SQuID). 6SQuID emphasizes co-production with stakeholders which is important in ensuring interventions are acceptable and sustainable. Four workshops were conducted in two contact center-based UK organizations over seven months. The workshops, with management, aimed to accomplish the following in each organization: 1) define the problem (with wellbeing programs) and its causal factors (organizational culture barriers), and 2) co-produce theories of change, theories of action and an action plan to address the causal factors and solve the problem. Results Organization 1 (private sector, nursing services) defined their problem as: low focus on engagement and participation in wellbeing activities. Organization 2 (public sector, emergency services) defined their problem as: wellbeing programs lack proactivity, engagement and sustainability. Each organization developed an action plan to address the causal factors of their problem and initiate their theory of change pathways (desired short, medium and long-term outcomes). Activity examples included: sanctioning time for well-being program/behaviour participation (e.g., break-taking to reduce sitting) and improving program promotion. Conclusions This study provides learnings on how to facilitate more effective development (or modification) and implementation of workplace health programs (especially those related to sedentary behaviour, physical activity and mental health) by including management in identifying and addressing organizational culture barriers. Results have the potential for application to other organizations with desk-based workers. This study is part of a University of Edinburgh-funded PhD studentship.

Human Resource Training Process on Employee Performance in Trans Nzoia County Government, Kenya

To develop the desired knowledge, skills and abilities of the employees, to perform well on the job, requires effective human resource training process that may also affect employee motivation and commitment. Human resource training process was defined as an activity or activities that include undertaking one or a series of courses to boost performance, productivity, skills, and knowledge. From this perspective, the study strove to examine the effect of human resource training process on employee performance in Trans Nzoia County government, Kenya The specific objectives of the study were; to determine the effect of training needs assessment on employee performance in Trans Nzoia County government, Kenya; to establish the effect of training programs design on employee performance in Trans Nzoia County government, Kenya; to assess the effect of training delivery approaches on employee performance in Trans Nzoia County government, Kenya; and to examine the effect of training evaluation on employee performance in Trans Nzoia County government, Kenya. The study was anchored on human capital theory, Institutional theory, the motivational theory and action theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design while adopting a census approach since the target population was considered manageable. The target population in this study was 145 respondents who were the senior and middle level staff of Trans Nzoia County government, Kenya. The research instrument for data collection was a structured questionnaire on a likert-scale. Data was analyzed with the help of statistical package for social sciences version 26, Analysis of Variances, Correlation and regression analysis tools were used to establish the relationship between the variables. The study established that training needs assessment (r = .850, β=.875, p<.001) had the largest significant effect on employee performance, followed by training evaluation (r = 817, β=.707, p<.001), training delivery approaches (r = .783, β=.673, p<.001) and lastly training program design (r = .589, β=.589, p<.001). The study concluded that contract management is a significant predictor of performance. The study's conclusions will be important to Trans Nzoia County government leaders, other Kenyan counties, corporate and public sector managers, and academics. According to the report, training needs assessment should compare expected and actual employee performance and follow county government requirements. It also proposed connecting training needs with job requirements and assessing Trans Nzoia County government employees' present competencies vs new work requirements. The report suggested integrating human resource training programs with county government needs assessment to enhance relevance and fill knowledge gaps. Before attending sessions, trainees should be informed of training objectives and the method should be tailored to meet them. Most respondents supported Trans Nzoia County Government's leadership decisions technique for training delivery, hence the study endorsed it. For effective training, the county government should hold more conferences, workshops, and mentoring programs. According to the report, county leadership should gather input before and after training to evaluate the program's value and influence on employee behavior, career growth, experience, and performance. Effective evaluation should focus on employee performance gains and help coordinate the training process.

Drawn Into Policy: A Systematic Review of School Rezoning Rationales, Processes, and Outcomes

School rezoning is the process of drawing and redrawing school attendance boundaries (SABs). However, studies explicitly focused on changing SABs through rezoning or other mechanisms are spread across multiple bodies of literature. Rezoning is also a politically contentious issue governed by local school boards, tying it to conceptual work on the politics of education. This systematic literature review on school rezoning brings together fragmented but related bodies of work to develop a comprehensive understanding of the rationales for school rezoning, the strategies and processes underlying it, and its associated outcomes. Grounded in a contested legal landscape, findings indicate that rezoning involves overlapping and interacting policy issues as well as multiple stakeholders that complicate the theory of action. Limitations in prevailing student assignment plans influence the degree to which rezoning can disrupt racial and socioeconomic segregation in schools. This review highlights the need to reconceptualize rezoning as a transformative tool, rather than one that replicates (or worsens) systems of educational inequity.

Community-Based Joint Business Model Design for Solutions to Implementing Technology Innovation in Small Farmers

In general, small-scale farmers in rural areas often experience obstacles in implementing technological innovations offered by agricultural extension workers. Obstacles can come from within the individual breeder himself. The theory of small farmers and the theory of collective action is expected to solve the obstacles to implementing these technological innovations. This study aims to analyze and find solutions to the obstacles to implementing technological innovation at the individual level of small farmers in rural areas. Researchers took case study research with a research and development (RD) method approach to find the construction of a joint venture model. Qualitative methods are used in Focus Group Discussion (FGD) activities. At the same time, the quantitative descriptive research method is to evaluate the results of implementing the joint venture model. The population and the evaluation research sample were members of the Ampelsari Makmur Jaya farmer group in Pasuruan Regency and the La Tulip Farmer/Women Group in Lamongan Regency. The number of respondents for the perception evaluation was 68, determined as a total sample. Data was collected through participation techniques, in-depth interviews, FGDs and surveys. The evaluation perception was analyzed using descriptive analysis and Score T. The evaluation of respondents’ perceptions resulted in the farmers accepting the establishment of community-based business units (complete feed and pastured chicken business). The solution is also considered effective in solving the obstacles to applying technological innovation by rural and small-scale farmers in Indonesia.

Makna Diri dan Branding Fotografer

The development of photography in the city of Bandung is closely related to the development of photography in Indonesia. Bandung is one of the big cities in Indonesia with a very rapid development of photography, especially with the emergence of various photographers with specialization in their fields. With the presence of many photographers who have started to appear in the city of Bandung, many photographers are still looking for the meaning of their photography activities and the branding that must be done so that the public becomes aware and uses their services. From this phenomenon, the research "Self Meaning and Photographer Branding" was created. This study uses a qualitative research method with a phenomenological study approach from Alfred Schutz. The purpose of this study is to find out, describe and analyze the motives of photographers in the city of Bandung in carrying out photography activities, to analyze and identify the experiences of photographers in the city of Bandung in carrying out photography activities, to find and describe the self-meanings of photographers in the city. Bandung in photography activities and to identify and describe the branding of photographers in the city of Bandung to attract consumer interest. This research uses social action theory from Max Webber. This research produces the because motive and in order to motive owned by the photographers, there are eleven motives owned by the photographers, namely, hobbies, love, environment, campaigns, earning a living, role models, visualization of imagination, remembering stories, appreciation, improvement confidence and dreams. The experience gained by photographers in the city of Bandung in carrying out photography activities is divided into three aspects, namely, obstacles, satisfaction and achievements. The meaning obtained by photographers in the city of Bandung in photographic activities is divided into three aspects, namely, the purpose, sensation and character of the photo. Branding carried out by photographers in the city of Bandung is obtained through three strategies namely, through social media, word of mouth and through the community.

The God of Chance and Purpose: Divine Involvement in a Secular Evolutionary World

The God of Chance and Purpose: Divine Involvement in a Secular Evolutionary World

Hurdles in Joinder: Case of Professor Enu, C.I.I. and Ndokwa West L.G.C., Delta State Nigeria

Joinder of parties in litigation is one recurrent decimal in the administration of civil justice in Nigeria. It is because of its complexity that the theory of representative action developed so that parties who have similar interests in a subject matter in litigation can allow one of their own to institute an action in their behalf usually called class action. Representative actions are popular in family, associational and organizational settings. This study is a critical conversation around the circumstances that gave rise to a joinder application in NWACC/37/2019 Chief Mrs. Rita Enu v. Melody Ogwezzy and Community Integrity Initiative where the defendants in the suit tried to join Professor Emmanuel Ifeanyichukwu Enu, the spouse of the plaintiff and Ndokwa West Local Government Council in an action concerning the naming and allocation of Street numbers in Bishop Titus Enu Close, Kwale Delta State. The study which adopts doctrinal method surveyed the claims and counter-claims in the suit and the evidence in the case and interrogated the judicial authorities in the area of joinder of parties in civil litigation. It critically raises the primary facts which the plaintiff relied upon in suing the defendants and presented the evidence elicited from cross examination of the plaintiff that yielded the factual circumstances that the defendants capitalized upon to raise a Motion on Notice for joinder. Although the joinder was swiftly dismissed by the trial court, an appeal to the High Court of Justice, Kwale was subsequently transferred to the Delta State Customary Court of Appeal, Cabal Point, Asaba where the appeal succeeded in parts: while the Local Government Council was ordered to be joined, the joinder of Professor Enu was refused. The study finds that there are clearly laid down guiding principles that a court follows in the determination of every application touching on joinder the Locus classicus of which is laid down in Green v. Green. It was further found that although the grant or refusal of an application for joinder is an exercise within the discretion of the court, which ought to be exercised judicially and judiciously and the appellate courts do not form the habit of interfering often with the exercise of a lower court’s discretion, in this case under review, the court of appeal intervened essentially because the issue of fair hearing was invoked as the Delta State Customary Court of Appeal, Asaba determined that the defendants had sufficiently demonstrated an indictment of the Local Government Council in the performance of its constitutional responsibility and thus ordered that it should be joined to be confronted with the case and complaints of the defendants.

Profile of the Female Mobile Brigade in Pekanbaru City

Policewomen are not only on duty in the general section, but some are part of the special forces in the Police Mobile Brigade Unit. In this study, researchers will focus more on discussing the Women's Mobile Brigade in Pekanbaru City by taking the subject of female members of the Riau Police Mobile Brigade Unit. The purpose and objective of this research is to find out how the profile of the Mobile Brigade of the Mobile Brigade of the Riau Police Mobile Brigade Unit in the context of action theory uses a descriptive qualitative method. The location of the research was carried out at the Mobile Brigade Headquarters of the Riau Police. There were 4 people who became informants in this study according to predetermined criteria (purposive sampling). Data collection techniques used are observation, interviews, and documentation. The conclusion from this research is that the Polwan of the Riau Brimobda Unit are divided into different work units, so they have different goals according to their respective divisions. Polwan Brimob as the perpetrators of the action has many ways to achieve its goals. The first way is that they have to take the Polwan test, undergo initial non-commissioned officer education, then take part in Bina Tradition activities. Officially becoming Brimob, the policewomen have other ways that are adjusted to their position in the Riau Mobile Brigade Work Unit. There is special treatment for Polwan Brimob because they face conditions that come from their biology, namely as a woman. Within the Riau Police Mobile Brigade Unit, where the majority are male, Polwan Brimob continue to position themselves as women in speech and behavior. Polwan can adapt to the environment of the Riau Mobile Brigade Unit, this creates a different work experience for every woman who works as a Mobile Brigade special force.

Conflict Resolution through Communication: Habermasian Study of Pinter’s The Homecoming

In his Communicative Action Theory, Habermas argues that it is possible to achieve an innovative rationality which has the ability to resolve social conflicts and reach consensus and mutual understanding through communicative action. This ‘communicative rationality’ rests on intersubjective recognition of Habrmasian three ‘validity claims’: Truth, Rightness, and Truthfulness. Based on this classification and drawing on critical-qualitative research into Pinter’s The Homecoming, this paper examines the speech acts of the characters in this play to see if they are able to redeem their criticisable validity claims discursively in their familial context. The conclusion which is drawn here is that ‘emancipation’ can be achieved through ‘communicative rationality’ only if all the members of family and, on a larger scale, all members of society have an equal share of power; and, ‘communicative action’ can be possible even through silence, monologues, and deformed dialogues which are Pinter’s unique style in composing theatrical dialogues. Keywords: Habermas, Pinter, The Homecoming, Communicative rationality, Communicative action.

“MENYAMA BRAYA”: THE ROOTS OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN SINGARAJA BALI

"Menyama Braya" is the local wisdom of the Balinese people, which has been carried out since ancient times from generation to generation. By carrying out the menyama braya tradition, religious moderation will be realized, strengthening integrity and solidarity among religious believers in the present and future. However, recently the implementation of the rule of meyama braya has been almost forgotten; this is due to several factors, including the change in direct communication to indirect through digital media that can communicate remotely; the condition of covid 19 has also caused people not to be able to communicate directly between fellow religions and the lack of information about the importance of living together with braya. By tracing several research results and journals, until now, no one has brought up the tradition of mesama braya about religious moderation in Singaraja City. Therefore researchers feel the need and are interested in raising this issue for research. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with qualitative data types, namely data in the form of descriptive words, and supported by quantitative data, namely data in the form of numbers, such as the population based on religion. Primary data sources came from several informants: the Board of FKUB of Buleleng Regency, the Board of Traditional Villages in Buleleng District, Pekaseh (kelian Subak), Academics, and other general public. While the secondary data is in the form of library sources relevant to the problems studied, namely the research results, journals, and several books related to this research. The theories used in studying and analyzing the data are the theory of multiculturalism, integrative constructivism, and social action theory. Based on the data analysis, it can be seen that the meyama braya tradition is the root of religious moderation, which is implemented in the forms of the ngejot, magibung, sekaa duka, religious activities, and subak organizations

Motives of Muhammadiyah Community Following the Majlis Dzikir of Al-Khidmah

The Tarekat is an organized system of wirid, riyadah, and mujahadah under the direction of a mursyid (spiritual teacher) that promotes the pursuit of meaning and the deepening of religion as a means of perfection with an emphasis on the profound (esoteric components). With the emergence of the Majlis Dzikir of Al-Khidmah community-preserving assembly organization by Shaykh Ahmad Asrori al-Ishaqi, the tarekat al-Qadiriyyah wa al-Naqsyabandiyyah (TQN) al-Utsmaniyyah expanded quickly. This tarekat is followed by people from all backgrounds, including members of Muhammadiyah, through numerous inclusive variations. This study explores the motivations of the Muhammadiyah community and how they perceive TQN al-Utsmaniyyah. The instrument of analysis in this study is Max Weber’s Social Action Theory. It is a qualitative-descriptive study employing a phenomenological approach. The participants in this study were members of the Muhammadiyah community who were interested in taking part in the development of TQN al-Utsmaniyyah. The results showed that TQN al-Utsmaniyyah is regarded by Muhammadiyah people from two perspectives: first, the side of the tarekat that has inclusive qualities and various types of ease and ritual lightness, making the teachings of the tarekat seem more engaging and practical. Second, from the mursyid of TQN al-Utsmaniyyah’s part, Shaykh Ahmad Asrori al-Ishaqi, who is famous for being a charismatic individual who is kind, competent, and has a strong sense of community, The majlis dzikir of Al-Khidmah is followed by Muhammadiyah adherents for instrumental rational action factors and value-oriented acts, or decisions made by someone based on careful consideration and good or poor values.

Ulrich Oevermann's Attempt To Reconcile Theory With Practice

The question of the theory-practice relationship does belong to the most important question of social sciences as well as of theoretical philosophy. While in philosophy this relationship is tried to be answered from an epistemological perspective, in the social sciences this relationship is approached either from the logic of action theory or systems theories. The discourse on professionalisation is about the question of how forms of knowledge, communication and action can be objectified in the lifeworld, which is interwoven with dense expectations, made effective, i.e. used in the functional systems of society in a purpose-rational way without endangering the conditions of this order. This paper discusses the theory of professionalization developed by Ulrich Oevermann. This article aims to present and critically evaluate Oevermann's theory of professionalisation. Oevermann's approach shall be recalled to Parsons and Luhmann but still take the distinction between theory and practice as temporally state. After a discourse on Oevermann's understanding of routine/normal case and crisis/borderline case, this shall be done in the discussion of his theory of professionalization from its genesis and then linked to three foci of professional action. In this course, Oevermann's focus of theory and therapy as a working alliance will be particularly emphasized. This is followed by a discourse on Oevermann's notions of the need for professionalization and professionalizedness. Finally, the need for professionalization of the pedagogical and nursing professions will be considered from the perspective of Oevermann himself.