Action Of Hydrogen Chloride Research Articles

Heterocyclization of 2-nitrobenzoyl1,1,3,3-tetracyanopropenides by the action of hydrogen chloride in alcohol

The interaction of 2-[3(4)-nitrobenzoyl]-1,1,3,3-tetracyanopropenides with hydrogen chloride in alcohols leads to the corresponding 4-amino-1-alkoxy-1-[3(4)-nitrophenyl]-3-oxo-6-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1 H -pyrrolo[3,4- c ]pyridine-7-carbonitrilam, through the formation of intermediate 2-{2-hydroxy-2-[3(4)-nitrophenyl]-4-cyano-5alkoxy-1,2-dihydro-3 H -pyrrole-3-ylidene}malononitriles, which can be isolated in low yield. Carrying out the reaction in an aqueous-alcoholic medium makes it possible to obtain 4-amino-1-hydroxy-1-[3(4)-nitrophenyl]3-oxo-6-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1 H -pyrrolo[3,4- c ]pyridine-7-carbonitriles.

Obtaining vinyl chloride by oxychlorination of ethylene under the action of hydrogen chloride in the presence of oxygen

In the article, the thermodynamics of the oxychlorination processes of ethylene in the presence of oxygen under the influence of hydrogen chloride were studied and the mechanism of the oxychlorination reaction was proposed. Kinetic equations describing the rate of formation of 1,2-dichloroethane and carbon dioxide were proposed based on the study of the mechanism of the process. The laws of formation of complete oxidation products of oxychlorination of ethylene with hydrogen chloride in the presence of oxygen in the presence of catalysts obtained for the oxychlorination reaction of ethylene with hydrogen chloride in the presence of oxygen were studied in a fluidized bed reactor designed for the oxychlorination reaction of ethylene in the presence of oxygen under the influence of hydrogen chloride. The temperature range is 210-240 ℃, the linear velocity of gases is 5.5-7 cm/sec, and the contact time of the oxychlorination reaction of conditioned ethylene with hydrogen chloride in the presence of oxygen is 8.5-9.5 sec. The ethylene oxychlorination reactor consists of a 32.5 m column apparatus with a diameter of 3.5 m. The operating modes of the reactor designed for the oxychlorination of ethylene under the influence of hydrogen chloride in the presence of oxygen were determined, and the material and heat balance of the reactor designed to carry out the oxychlorination reaction was calculated. The purpose of the work is to study the thermodynamic and kinetic laws of the oxychlorination processes of ethylene under the influence of hydrogen chloride in the presence of oxygen and to create a technology for obtaining vinyl chloride.

Carbon-Supported Palladium–Cobalt Catalysts in Chlorobenzene Hydrodechlorination

Bimetallic and monometallic composite materials containing ultra-microporous carbon, the structure of which is similar to that of activated carbon, Pd0, CoO, and possibly PdCoO2 nanoparticles are synthesized via the pyrolysis of sawdust impregnated with a solution of palladium nitrate and cobalt nitrate. According to TEM, the size distribution of metal-containing particles in the bimetallic catalysts is slightly broader than the one in monometallic catalysts, and the average particle size of the former is larger than that of the latter. Some metal-containing particles are localized on the support surface, while others are pressed into the support matrix or coated with a carbon shell. Bimetallic catalysts exhibit high stability and activity in gas-phase chlorobenzene hydrodechlorination (HDC) to form mostly benzene; in the presence of all cobalt-containing catalysts, chlorobenzene conversion is greater than 85% throughout the investigated range of temperatures (150–300°C). XPS shows that during HDC, the metals are chlorinated and the carbon shells of the metal particles are partially degraded under the action of hydrogen chloride. This is accompanied by the emergence of active metal particles on the catalyst’s surface. Introducing cobalt helps reduce the deactivation of the catalysts’ palladium-containing sites and ensures the formation of additional active sites based on CoO.

Mechanism of formation of titanium dioxide crystallites in the reaction of titanium tetrachloride with magnesium hydrosilicate nanotubes

Explored herein is the first cycle of atomic layer deposition of titanium dioxide from titanium tetrachloride and water vapours on the nanotubular magnesium hydrosilicate Mg3Si2O5(OH)4, a synthetic analogue of chrysotile. The structure and morphology of the products are characterised by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, electron microscopy and nitrogen adsorption measurements. A side reaction between chrysotile and hydrogen chloride is followed by in situ gravimetry. At 150 °C, titanium tetrachloride chemisorption is shown to produce a monomolecular layer of titanium–chlorine groups on the surface of the chrysotile nanotube preserving its original crystal structure. By contrast, at higher temperatures, 300–400 °C, the process is complicated by a secondary interaction including dehydroxylation of the substrate and a reaction of released water with titanium tetrachloride to form titanium dioxide crystallites in the free space between nanotubes. Structural transformations of chrysotile lowering its thermal stability and leading to its dehydroxylation are caused by the action of hydrogen chloride, a by-product of titanium tetrachloride chemisorption and titanium dioxide formation.

Catalytic method of synthesis of phosphorus acids esters from zinc phosphide and alcohol

Ecologically safe effective catalytic method for preparing phosphorous and phosphoric acid esters by oxidation of zinc phosphide with oxygen in the solution of copper(II) halides in butanol at 50–70°C is developed. It is found that in the presence of Cu(II) chloride a mixture of dibutyl hydrogen phosphite and tributyl phosphate is formed, while at the catalysis with Cu(II) bromide tributyl phosphate is mainly obtained. Promoting action of hydrogen chloride on the reaction rate and yield of organophosphorus compounds is established. Optimal reaction conditions are found and redox mechanism of catalytic process is assumed.

Modification of 2-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzimidazole with hydroxyalkyl substituents

Alkylation of 2-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazole with 4-bromobutyl acetate gave 4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl]butyl acetate which was deacylated by the action of hydrogen chloride in anhydrous ethanol. 4-[2-(Trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl]butan-1-ol thus formed showed a moderate tuberculostatic activity. Alkylation of the title compound with chloromethyloxirane afforded a mixture of 1-chloro-3-[2-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl]-propan-2-ol and 1-(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)-2-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzimidazole. A new procedure was proposed for the synthesis of 2-[(2-trifluoromethyl-1Hbenzimidazol-1-yl)methoxy]ethyl acetate.

Synthesis of polymers containing azo groups in the main chain from m-phenylenediamine: Study of doping

Synthesic approach to polymers containing azo groups was developed on the basis of diazotization and azo-coupling reaction of m-phenylenediamine (m-PDA) with various ratio m-phenylenediamine-sodium nitrite. Doping of poly(azoaminophenylenes) with iodine, perchloric and hydrochloric acids was examined. Electroconductivity increases in the case of iodine to 0.2 S mol−1, of perchloric acid, to 7×10−3 S mol−1, and at the action of hydrogen chloride it is virtually unaffected. According to the ESR spectra, at the doping with iodine and perchloric acid electroconductivity enhances generally due to the mobility increase of the charge carriers (polarons).

Phosphonium Ylides Stabilized with Cyano Group and 5-Acylamino-4-phenyl-2-thiazolyl Residue

Available ylide reagent Ph3P = C(CN)C(S)NH2 readily enters cyclocondensation with N-(chlorophenacyl)benzamide and its analogs. By this route were prepared new stabilized phosphonium ylides containing cyano group and the corresponding 5-acylamino-4-phenyl-2-thiazolyl fragment. All these compounds even under standard conditions are dephosphorylated under the action of hydrogen chloride in acetic acid to form 5-acylamino-4-phenyl-2-cyanomethylthiazoles in high yields. Their structure was proved by spectroscopic studies and independent synthesis.

Formation of chlorinated phenols under pyrolysis from a phenolic antioxidant used as plastics additive

A hindered phenolic antioxidant used as a plastics additive (Irganox 245) was pyrolysed together with various chlorine-containing compounds. Formation of chlorinated aromatic volatile products was observed by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy in the temperature range 500–800°C. Thermal fragmentation of Irganox proved to be promoted by hydrogen chloride evolving from poly(vinylchloride) under pyrolysis. The cleaved tert-butyl substituent and the fragments of the triechylene glycol propionate moiety are chlorinated to some extent when pyrolysis of Irganox is carried out in the presence of PVC. The action of hydrogen chloride is considerably promoted in the presence of copper or iron. Ferric chloride results in similar chlorinated products as PVC and iron. From a pigment (phtalocyanine green) in which chlorine is an aryl substituent and copper is bound in complexes, very little chlorine is transferred to the pyrolysis products of the antioxidant. In the presence of cupric chloride a series of chlorinated phenols was obtained from the hindered phenolic antioxidant under pyrolysis at 600–800°C.

Acylation of spiro(1-pyrazoline-3,1?-cyclopropanes) to form 1-acyl-3-(2-chloroethyl)-2-pyrazolines and transformation of bicyclic 2-pyrazolines into 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridazines

Strained polycyclic spiro(1-pyrazoline-3,1′-cyclopropanes) react with acetyl or benzoyl chlorides at 0–15 °C regioselectively to give in high yields corresponding 1-acyl-3-(2-chloro-ethyl)-2-pyrazolines. Under the same conditions 6-ethenyl-4,5-diazaspiro[2,4]hept-4-ene gives a mixture of two pyrazolines resulting from the acyl group attack directed at different nitrogen atoms. Bicyclic pyrazolines-2 obtained by acylation of the cycloaddition products of diazocyclopropane with 3,3-disubstituted cyclopropenes transform under the action of hydrogen chloride to 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridazines in high yields.

How CVD SI/GE Layer Growth is Controlled by Each one of the Reaction gas Components

ABSTRACTApplying the previously derived “Three-Partial-Rates” model, CVD-Si/Ge-thin film growth and composition is described as influenced by the partial pressures of silane, germane, and hydrogen chloride. The effect of hydrogen carrier gas throughput variation is considered, as well as the density reduction of polycrystalline growth defects by the action of hydrogen chloride and hydrogen.

Preparation of N‐9‐fluorenylmethoxycarbonylamino acid chlorides from mixed anhydrides by the action of hydrogen chloride1

N-9-Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-(Fmoc) amino-acid chlorides have been prepared by reaction of hydrogen chloride on purified mixed Fmoc-amino acid-monoalkyl carbonic acid anhydrides in dichloromethane. The products partially undergo subsequent conversion to the corresponding esters due to the presence of the liberated alcohol, the extent depending on the nature of the alkyl group. Esterification occurred to 5-20% when the alkyl group was isopropyl. Anhydrides of monoisopropenyl carbonic acid which liberate acetone instead of an alcohol gave products uncontaminated with ester. The three components in a reaction mixture could be determined as the reaction progressed by normal phase high-performance liquid chromatography of aliquots, which had been freed of excess hydrogen chloride, on a mu Porasil (underivatized silica) column using tert.-butanol-hexane (1.5:98.5) as solvent.

Evaluation of corrosion rates based on content of iron in drain water from atmospheric-vacuum pipestill units

The paper examines the types of iron compounds formed as corrosion products in primary crude oil processing. Metal losses by corrosion in units of the atmospheric-vacuum or atmospheric pipestill type are determined by the joint action of hydrogen chloride and hydrogen sulfide in the presence of condensed moisture. The main corrosion products are soluble iron(II) chlorides and insoluble iron(II) sulfides. The composition and properties of the sulfide films are determined by the partial pressure of hydrogen sulfide. As a result of tests conducted in a combination electric desalting and atmosphericvacuum pipestill unit, it was established that when neutralizing agents and a corrosion inhibitor were used, there was practically no dissolved iron in the drain water from the reflux tanks.

Derivatives of 2‐Amino‐1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydronaphthalene, VIII.1) Isomerization of trans‐2‐Acetamido‐3‐hydroxy‐5,8‐dimethoxy‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydronaphthalene and Hydrolysis of 5,8‐Dimethoxy‐2‐methyl‐3a,4,9,9a‐tetrahydronaphth[2,3‐d]oxazoline Hydrochloride

AbstractThe isomerization of trans‐2‐acetamido‐3‐hydroxy‐5,8‐dimethoxytetraline (1) under the action of hydrogen chloride was investigated. Hydrolysis of 5,8‐dimethoxy‐2‐methyl‐3a,4,9,9a‐tetrahydronaphth[2,3‐d]oxazoline hydrochloride (2) leads to cis‐2‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5,8‐dimethoxytetraline (3).

Synthesis of N-substituted 1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridines

It was established that N-phenacyl and p-nitrophenacyl bromides and N-methyl-1-azafluorenium iodide, as well as N-phenacyl-7-nitro-1-azafluorenium bromide, are converted to N-substituted 1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridines rather than to the corresponding yilds or indenoindolizines upon treatment with bases under various conditions. All of the pseudoazulenes of this type were isolated in the form of crystalline black or dark-violet substances. In contrast to pseudoazulenes of the 1H-indeno[1,2-b]-and 2H-indeno[2,1-c]pyridine series, they are stable both in the solid state and in solutions. 1H-1-Methylindeno[2,1-b]pyridine forms a perchlorate and a picrate (retention of the pseudoazulene structure) but is converted to N-methyl-1-azafluorenium chloride by the action of hydrogen chloride. Spectral characteristics are presented for all of the compounds obtained.

1-methoxy-3,5-diaryl-2-oxabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-3-enes from ?semicyclic? 1,5-diketones

It was established that “semicyclic” 1,5-diketones are capable of reacting with methanol by the catalytic action of hydrogen chloride and are capable of forming 1-methoxy-3,5-diaryl-2-oxabicyclo [4.4.0]dec-3-enes — cyclic acetals that include an alkoxydihydropyran ring. In addition, 2,4-darylbicycle[3.3.1]non-2-en-9-ones, which are formed from 1,3-diaryl-3-(2-oxocyclohexyl)propan-1-ones by an intramolecular condensation of the erotonic type, are detected as side products. The possible mechanism of the reaction of 1,3-diaryl-3-(2-oxocyclohexyl)propan-1-ones with methanol in the presence of hydrogen chloride is discussed.

Verbesserte Synthesen von Vanadocenen und Chromocenen / Improved Syntheses of Vanadocenes and Chromocenes

Abstract In order to improve the poor yield of the vanadocene and chromocene syntheses VCl2 · 2 THF has been prepared by reduction of VCl3 · 3 THF with zinc and CrCl2 · THF by action of hydrogen chloride on chromium. The metal(II) chlorides have been reacted with sodium methylcyclopentadienide and perdeuterocyclopentadienide to give the corresponding vanadocenes and chromocenes in yields up to 68% and 85%, respectively. The products have been characterized by paramagnetic 13C, 1H, and 2H NMR the latter being newly introduced in the class of organometallic π-radicals.

Peculiarities of the reactivities of 3-carboxyalkylsydnones

In contrast to the 3-alkyl analogs, the heteroring in 3-carboxyalkylsydnones is cleaved by the action of hydrogen chloride in alcohols. The kinetics of the previously known alkaline cleavage of the ring in 3-carboxyalkylsydnones and sydnoneimines were studied by a spectrophotometric method.

Preparation of oxopentachlororhenate(VI) by the action of hydrogen chloride on perrhenate

Preparation of oxopentachlororhenate(VI) by the action of hydrogen chloride on perrhenate

Preparation and covalent hydration of 4H-imidazole derivatives

2,4,4-Trimethyl-5-phenyl-4H-imidazole, 4H-imidazole 3-oxide, and 4H-imidazole 1,3-dioxide were synthesized from 1-hydroxy-2,5,5-trimethyl-4-phenyl-3-imidazoline and 3-imidazoline 3-oxide, The action of hydrogen chloride on these compounds and on 2,4,4-trimethyl-5-phenyl-4H-imidazole 1-oxide gives products of the addition of water or alcohol — derivatives of 4-hydroxy-2-imidazolinium chlorides.