Acting Contraceptive Methods Research Articles

Safer Sex Practices (Portrayals of Sexuality in Pornography)

Safer Sex Practices (Portrayals of Sexuality in Pornography)

Meta-Analysis: The Influence of Knowledge, Education, and Husband's Support on The Selection of Long Acting Contraception Methods

The population is expected to increase by 8,5 billion persons in 2030 and 10,9 billion persons in 2100, population is growing at a rate of around 1,1% per year. One of population growth control by birth control with contraception. The most effective contraception is long-acting contraception, however, on IDHS (Indonesian Health Demographic Survey) only 13% of currently married women use long-acting contraception. Many factors affect contraceptive use among married women, such as knowledge, education, and husband’s support. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of knowledge, education, and husband's support on the selection of MKJP. This study used meta-analysis with the search engines by Google scholar, PUBMED, science direct, and ProQuest. The study was selected using PRISMA and it was evaluated by AMSTAR. Data synthesis was conducted by STATA 16.0. The results of this study obtained by knowledge [OR = 0,99; 95% Cl : 0,90-1,08, p = 0,000; I2 = 74,8%], education [OR = 0,84; 95% Cl : 0,77-0,92, p = 0,000; I2 = 86,3%], and husband’s [OR = 0,94; 95% Cl : 0,69-1,20, p = 0,000; I2 = 81,5%]. This means that knowledge, education, and husband’s support have an impact on the use of long-acting contraception.

Assessing quality of family planning counseling and its determinants in Kenya: Analysis of health facility exit interviews.

BackgroundAvailable evidence suggests that provision of quality of care in family planning services is crucial to increasing uptake and continuation of use of contraception. Kenya achieved a modern contraceptive prevalence rate of 60% in 2018, surpassing its 2020 target of 58%. With the high prevalence, focus is geared towards improved quality of family planning services. The objective of this study is to examine the quality of family planning counseling and its associated factors in health facilities in Kenya.MethodsWe conducted a secondary analysis of the 2019 Kenya Performance Monitoring and Action, client exit data of women who had received family planning services. Quality of counseling was assessed using the Method Information Index Plus. We conducted a multivariable ordinal logistic regression analysis of data from 3,731 women to establish determinants of receiving quality family planning services.ResultsThe Method Information Index Plus score for higher-quality counseling was 56.7%, lower-quality counseling 32.4%, and no counseling 10.9%. Women aged 15–24 years (aOR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.56–0.86, p = 0.001) had lower odds of receiving better counseling compared to women aged 35 years and above. Those with no education (aOR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.33–0.82, p = 0.005), primary (aOR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.44–0.71, p<0.001) and secondary (aOR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.65–0.98, p = 0.028) were less likely to receive better counseling compared to those with tertiary education. Women who received long acting and reversible contraception methods (aOR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.42–2.17, p<0.001), and those who were method switchers (aOR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.03–1.50, p = 0.027), had a higher likelihood of receiving better quality of counseling as compared to those on short-term methods and those who were continuers, respectively.ConclusionThe quality of family planning counseling in Kenya is still sub-optimal considering that some women receive no form of counseling at service delivery point. There is need to review the existing FP guidelines and training packages to increase focus on the quality of counseling services offered by health providers. Social accountability strategies that empower women to demand quality services should be included in community-level family planning interventions.

Utilization of Long Acting and Permanent Contraceptive Methods and Associated Factors among Married Women of Reproductive Age Group in Goba Town, Southeast Ethiopia

Background: Ethiopia is the second most populous country in Africa. The total fertility rate of Ethiopia is 4.8 births per women with population growth rate of 2.13% per year and contraception prevalence rate of 29% while the unmet need for family planning is 25% for spacing 16% and 9% for limiting. Almost all of these users are using modern contraceptive method. The most widely used are injectable (21%) followed by implant (3%) and intrauterine contraceptive device (2%) and female sterilization (<1%) are the least used. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the utilization of long-acting and permanent family planning methods and associated factors among married women of reproductive age group in Goba town, Bale zone, Oromia region, Ethiopia 2017. Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted. Data collection was performed using pre tested structured questionnaire. The households were chosen at regular interval using systematic sampling method. Data was analysed by SPSS version 22and association of dependent and predictors using variable was declared at 95%CI on P<0.05. Result: A total of 354 women during collection period were interviewed. The response rate was 98.9%. The overall prevalence of LAPMs contraceptives was 18.9%; the least used methods were female and male sterilization. Sixty three point six percent of women have knowledge about LAPMs and more than half of respondents (54.5%) have an intention to use LAPMs. The major source of modern contraceptive was governmental health facility (72.5%) and knowledge about LAPMs, support using LAPMs, partner attitude towards LAPMs, intention to use LAPMs, discussion with partner about LAPMs and knowledge about LAPMs have association with utilization of LAPMs. Conclusion: Utilization of LAPMs in Goba town was low. More than half of the respondents know about LAPMs. The majority of respondent support use of LAPMs. Therefore, Goba hospital should increase accessibility of contraceptive especially. Media should increase provision of accurate and continues information on LAPMs.

Factors Associated with Non-Utilization of Long Acting and Permanent Contraceptive Methods among Married Women of Reproductive Age in Chencha District, Southern Ethiopia

Abstract Background: In many developing countries like Ethiopia, access and the utilization of LAPCMs is very low and it also difficult to find them from many reproductive health programs. The aim of this study was to assess factors associated with non-utilization of long-acting and permanent contraceptive methods among married women in the reproductive age (15-49 years). Methods: A community based unmatched case-control study was conducted in Chencha District, Southern Ethiopia from November 2015 to December 2015. Cases were those women who used contraceptive methods other than LAPCMs and women who were not using contraceptive methods. Controls were women who used LAPCMs in their lifetime. Study participants were selected by simple random sampling with proportional allocation to the population size. Records were reviewed and then by tracing their address, the selected samples were interviewed. We analyzed data using SPSS version 20.0 and logistic regression models to identify associated factors. Results: We enrolled 328 women: factors associated with non-utilization of LAPCMs were identified: Partner’s lower level of education (p=0.003), less number of live children (p= 0.04 , preference to have children in the future (p=0.042), husband’s approval to LAPCMs ( p=0.002), not informed to use contraception (p= 0.006), started using contraceptives during campaign ( p= 0.021) and discussion with health professionals (p= 0.039) were predictors of non-utilization of LAPCMs. Conclusion: Quality of health service, knowledge are among factors associated to Non-utilization of LAPCMs in the district. Interventions to improve utilization of LAPCMs in the area should focus on couple’s knowledge, approval and use of family planning and training of service providers in quality care, especially about counseling about family planning, the rights of clients, informed the choice of contraceptive methods

Utilization of long-acting and permanent contraceptive methods and associated factors among married women in Adama town, Central Ethiopia: community based cross-sectional study

BackgroundLong-acting and permanent contraceptive methods have clear advantages over short-acting methods of contraception that benefit both clients and health systems. Despite this importance, studies show that the proportion of women currently using long acting and permanent contraceptive methods are significantly lower than the proportion using short-acting methods.ObjectiveThe main aim of the study was to assess the level of utilization of long acting and permanent contraceptive methods and associated factors among married women in Adama town.MethodologyCommunity Based Cross-Sectional Study was conducted in four kebeles of Adama town from April 15–30, 2015. Multistage sampling technique was used to select the study participants. The collected data was cleaned and entered using Epi info 3.5.3 and analyzed using statistical package for social science version 20.0. Factors associated with utilization of long acting and permanent contraceptive methods were identified using logistic regression model.ResultIn this study, the magnitude of long acting and permanent contraceptive methods was 20.9%. Implant, Intra-Uterine devices (IUDs) and tubal ligation accounted for 16.1, 4.6, and 0.2% respectively. Current use of long acting and permanent contraceptive methods was higher among women who had high knowledge (AOR = 5.26, 95% CI = 1.90–14.69), positive attitude (AOR = 3.25, 95% CI = 1.60–6.58) and women who had 3–4 children (AOR [95%CI] =2.3[1.14–4.63]) compared to those who had no child.ConclusionCurrent use of long acting and permanent contraceptive methods in Adama town was low. Level of knowledge, attitude about the methods, and number of children were factors affecting utilization of long acting and permanent contraceptive methods. Targeted Information Education Communication Intervention should be intensified to improve the utilization of these methods.

Why Don't Couples Use the Contraceptive That's Best for Them? Social Determinants of Long Acting and Permanent Contraceptive Method Use in Indonesia

Why Don't Couples Use the Contraceptive That's Best for Them? Social Determinants of Long Acting and Permanent Contraceptive Method Use in Indonesia

Factors affecting long acting and permanent contraceptive methods utilization among HIV positive married women attending care at ART clinics in Northwest Ethiopia

BackgroundGlobally, unintended pregnancy has been very high accounting for 27% of maternal deaths. Different studies noted that nearly half of HIV positive women who gave unintended birth were using contraceptive methods prior to their unintended pregnancy. This implies that contraceptive failure contributes to unintended pregnancy. Long-term and permanent contraceptive methods are safe and effective contraceptive options. In women who are using long acting and permanent methods, the unintended pregnancy rate is very low and it is almost the same both in typical and perfect users. However, there is limited information on factors that affect long acting and permanent contraceptive methods utilization among Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV) positive women in Ethiopia. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess long acting and permanent contraceptive utilization and its associated factors.MethodsAn institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 505 married women attending care at Anti Retroviral Therapy (ART) clinics in Bahir Dar from March 16, 2014 to April 15, 2014. The data were collected using a structured and interviewer administered questionnaire. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify associated factors.ResultsA total of 505 married women participated in the study with a response rate of 99.6%. The utilization of long acting and permanent contraceptive methods (LAPMs) was 27.5% [95% CI, 23.8–31.5]. The multivariate analyses showed that women who were getting pre- anti retroviral therapy (Pre-ART) services [Adjusted Odds Ratio = 2.65, 95% confidence interval: 1.44, 4.86], had spousal discussion on family planning sometimes [Adjusted Odds Ratio = 6.03, 95% CI:2.42–15.01] and frequently [Adjusted Odds Ratio = 6.61, 95% confidence interval: 2.49–17.47], had previous experience on long acting contraceptive methods [Adjusted Odds Ratio = 9.06, 95% confidence interval: 5.38–15.26], no exposure to myths about LAPMs [Adjusted Odds Ratio = 2.07, 95% confidence interval: 1.24–3.45], had birth intention after 2 years [Adjusted Odds Ratio = 6.95, 95% confidence interval: 3.35–14.42], and no such intention [Adjusted Odds Ratio = 7.60, 95% confidence interval: 3.77–15.34] were factors significantly associated with utilization of long acting and permanent contraceptive methods.ConclusionThe utilization of long acting and permanent contraceptive methods was relatively high. Discussion with partners on family planning, previous experiences of LAPMs, not hearing myths about LAPMs, women not started ART, and no birth intention were positively associated with LAPMs utilization. It is therefore recommended that health service providers need to make couples counseling on FP, undergo behavioral change communication (BCC) to avoid misconceptions/myths regarding LAPMs. Further research is also recommended to address the gaps mentioned in the limitation section and to explore the reason/s for not using LAPMs (qualitative study).

Utilization of Long Acting and Permanent Contraceptive Methods and Associated Factors among Married Childbearing Age Women in Bombe District, Southern Ethiopia

Introduction: Family Planning utilization decreases maternal mortality and morbidity as well as contributes to improvement in infant welfare and community health at large. Long acting and permanent contraceptive methods are the most effective modern contraceptive methods with less than 1% failure rate and cost-effective choices because of the many years of protection. However, they contribute only about 12% of modern contraceptive use in Ethiopia. This study was designed to assess extent of utilization and associated factors of long acting and permanent contraceptive methods among married reproductive age women in Southern Ethiopia. Methods: Community based cross-sectional study was conducted among married reproductive age women. Multistage sampling was employed to select 622 study participants. Pretested questionnaire was used to interview the participants. The crude and adjusted odds ratios together with their corresponding 95% levels of confidence were computed and interpreted accordingly. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were applied to test predictors by using logistic regression model. The final model fitness was checked by Hosmer and Lemshow’s goodness-of-fit statistics. A P-value less than or equal to 0.05 in multivariate analysis was considered to declare a result as statistically significant. Results: This study had 96.5% response rate. More than half (62%) of married woman in the study district were poorly knowledgeable about long acting and permanent contraceptive methods. Almost all (97.2%) of the participants had at least one pregnancy in their life time. The overall prevalence of long acting and permanent contraceptive methods utilization was 16.3%. Out of this, 82.7% of the women were using implants. Based on the analysis, ages, educational level, knowledge, mass media exposure, having methods choice discussion between partners or health extension workers were found to be important predictors LAPMs utilization. Conclusion: The overall utilization of long acting and permanent contraceptive methods was low. Efforts to improve LAMPs utilization in the region must strengthen initiatives that promote girls education, train professionals and deploy at grass root level, behavioural change communication, awareness creation among others. It would be good to further study facility related barriers and cultural influences on the use of LAMPs.

Predictors of long acting and permanent contraceptive methods utilization among Women in Rural North Shoa, Ethiopia

BackgroundAccording to available evidence, one in three married women in Ethiopia tends to avoid multiple children. On the other hand, women using Long Acting and Permanent Contraceptive Methods (LAPMs) are just 5 %. So, we aimed at identifying the factors associated with the utilization of LAPMs.MethodsWe conducted a community based unmatched case control study among married women living in the rural areas of North Shoa zone, Ethiopia, in March 2015. The cases were married women using LAPMs, while controls were married women who were using modern short term methods. We recruited a total sample of 406 married women for this study on a 1:1 case to control ratio basis. We collected the data through interview using a pre tested questionnaire, and then a logistic regression model was fitted to the data to examine factors associated with the utilization of LAPMs. Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with the corresponding 95% confidence interval was computed.ResultsIn our study, women whose husbands were daily laborers [AOR; 95% CI: 4.4(1.23,15.72)], who had $85–$140 monthly household income [AOR; 95% CI: 1.8(1.10,3.14)], and who were aged less than 20 years and below when they gave the first birth [AOR; 95% CI: 1.78, 4.90) were more likely to use LAPMs compared to women whose husbands were government employees, who had less than $85 monthly household income, and who were aged 20 years and above when they gave first child.ConclusionWe found that husbands’ characteristics were more important than their wives characteristics in influencing women’s utilization of LAPMs though such husband characteristics considered in this study were few in number. So, we recommend further research to examine the different characteristics of husbands responsible for women’s utilization of LAPMs.

Factors Associated with Utilization of Long Acting and Permanent Contraceptive Methods among Women of Reproductive Age Group in Jigjiga Town

Background: Contraceptive use including short acting, long acting and permanent methods positively influence the socio-economic development of a nation by allowing families to space and limit their family size to their economic capacity. Demand for Long acting and permanent methods (LAPM) of contraception as determined by utilization and unmet need for LAPMs provide reliable information for providers. Objective: To assess factors associated with utilization level of long acting contraceptive methods and associated factors among married women of reproductive age in Jigjiga town, Somali region, Eastern Ethiopia Feb.2016. Methods: A community based cross sectional study supplemented with qualitative inquiry was conducted among randomly selected married women of reproductive age in Jijiga town from Feb to March 2014. A structured and pretested, interview administered questionnaire was used to collect data which was entered to computer by using EpiData version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 16.0. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was employed to determine independent predictors of long acting and permanent contraceptive utilization level and associated factors. Result: Three hundred eighty three women of reproductive age group participated in the quantitative survey making a response rate of 97.2%. The overall prevalence of long acting and permanent contraception was 34 [8.8%]. Educational level AOR=1.53; 95% CI [0.25-9.62] Occupation AOR=2.0; 95% CI [1.00-4.50] and support from husband AOR=0.09; 95% CI [0.01-0.57] were significantly associated with long acting and permanent contraceptive utilization. Conclusion: The overall prevalence of long acting and permanent contraceptive method was low. Knowledge of contraceptive and occupation of women have significant association with use of long acting and permanent contraceptive. Extensive health information should be provided for both husband and women.

Prevalence and Determinant Factors of Long Acting Contraceptive Utilization among Married Women of Reproductive Age in Adaba Town, West Arsi Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia

Background: Ethiopia is the second most populous country in Africa. Total Fertility Rate of Ethiopia is 4.6 children per women, population growth rate is estimated to be 2.7% per year and contraceptive prevalence rate is only 29% while the unmet need for family planning is 34%. The prevalence of long acting contraceptive methods (LACMs) is very low. Objective: The main objective of this study is to determine the level of utilization of long acting contraceptive methods and explore its determinants among married women of reproductive age in Adaba town, West Arsi Zone, Oromia regional State, Ethiopia. Methods: Community based cross sectional survey complemented with a qualitative method was conducted from March, 2016 to April, 2016 on selected Samples of 693 married women of reproductive age. Interviewer administered structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data were analyzed by using SPSS version 21. Logistic regression was carried out to see the effect of the independent variables on dependent variable. Results: Long acting reversible contraceptive method utilization was 30.3%. Among the variables age of women and being involved in daily laborer type of occupation were found positively associated with long acting contraceptive methods use with the odds of age of women [AOR (95% CI) = 6.26 (1.92-20.45), 5.18 (1.63-16.5), 9.15 (2.57-32.52)], Occupation of women (daily laborer compared to housewife) [AOR (95% CI) = 5.75 (2.45-13.49)]. Similarly, educational status of being completed grade twelve compared to illiterate were found positively associated with long acting contraceptive methods use with the odds of educational status of women [AOR (95% CI) = 4.42 (1.11-17.62)], and also mothers who disagree IUD influences normal daily activity (i.e., positive attitudes towards long acting contraception) were 44.5 times [AOR = 44.5, (95% CI) = 9.13-216.8] more likely to utilize long acting reversible contraceptive than those who agree (had negative attitudes). Conclusion: Prevalence of long acting contraceptive use is low coverage. Age, educational level, occupational status of the women and attitude towards IUCD were determinant factors identified. So, Health communication on long acting contraceptives should be directed to women of adolescent age (15-19), women who cannot read and write and housewives. Effort should be made to influence the attitude of women on IUCD.

Practice and Intention to Use Long Acting and Permanent Contraceptive Methods among Married Women of Reproductive Age in North West Ethiopia

Background: Globally, large disparities exist on utilization and access to the most effective contraceptive methods and women continue to have unmet need and experience unintended pregnancy. Even though Long Acting and Permanent Methods (LAMPs) are the most effective, safe and convenient methods, they are the least utilized than short acting methods in most of sub Saharan Africa. Information regarding intention to use and utilization of LAMPs and its associated factors in the study area were lacking. Methods: Community based cross sectional study was conducted in Debre Markos town, April, 2012. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select study subjects and data was collected through face to face interview. To determine associated factors Bivariate and multiple logistic regressions were used. Results: From 519 respondents 62.2% were currently using modern FP methods in which only 101 (19.5%) were using LAPMs. Two hundred thirty eight (45.9%) of women have intention to utilize LAPMs of contraception in the future. Being older age (35-49 years) (AOR= 3.81), having ever discussed about LAPMs with health care provider (AOR=6.20), spousal discussion about Family Planning (AOR=2.31) and having perception of their husband approves use of LAPMs (AOR=4.62), were significantly associated with utilization of LAPMs. Having Knowledge of LAPMs (AOR=4.42), currently using LAPMs (AOR=2.19), spousal discussion about Family Planning (AOR=1.78), and having perception that their spouse approves using LAPMs (AOR=2.27), were factors associated with having intention to use LAPMs in the future. Conclusion: Majority of women knows at least one method of LAPMs, but permanent methods were the least known methods. The overall practices of LAPMs were relatively higher compared with other previous studies in the country. Therefore, it is better to address barriers to utilization and strengthening their knowledge and spousal discussion about family planning methods specifically LAPMs through mass media, health education and FP counseling.

Desire for birth spacing or limiting and non-use of long acting and permanent contraceptive methods among married women of reproductive age in Aksum Town, North Ethiopia.

BackgroundLong acting and permanent contraceptive methods are the most effective family planning (FP) methods to prevent pregnancy and thereby averting adverse consequences of too many and ill-timed pregnancies. However, long acting and permanent contraceptive methods (LAPMs) are underutilized in Ethiopia for little documented reasons. Therefore, this study is aimed to assess magnitude and factors associated with desire for birth spacing for at least 2 years or limiting child bearing and non-use of LAPMs among married women of reproductive age in Aksum town, Northern Ethiopia.MethodsA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Aksum town, North Ethiopia from May to June, 2015 among 779 randomly selected married women of reproductive age. Data were collected using interviewer administered pre-tested questionnaire. Data were entered using Epi-Info version 6.04 and exported to SPSS version 16 for analysis. Multivariate logistic regression models were fitted to identify factors associated with desire for birth spacing or limiting and not using LAPMs.ResultsThe total desire for birth spacing or limiting was 69 % and amongst those women 85.2 % were not using LAPM. Education, occupation, husband’s attitude towards LAPMs, age, number of pregnancy, regular media exposure and decider on the number of children to bear were significantly associated with desire for birth spacing or limiting. Moreover; education, occupation, husband’s attitude towards LAPMs, discussion on family planning with husband, knowledge, attitude and intention to use LAPMs were significantly associated with not using LAPMs.ConclusionDesire for birth spacing or limiting and not using LAPMs is very high in the study area. Therefore, increasing access to family planning information and services with special emphasis on LAPMs and male involvement in the program are very important.

Prevalence of long acting and permanent contraceptive methods among married population in a selected rural community

Introduction: Contraception is an essential method for reducing fertility rate. The long-acting and permanent contraceptive methods can adversely affect the health of the mother and the child. Objectives: The study was conducted to assess the prevalence of long acting and permanent contraceptive methods among married population in a selected rural community of Gazipur District. Methods: This was a descriptive type of cross sectional study conducted to explore the prevalence of long acting and permanent contraceptive methods among the adult married population in the rural community of Mulaid village under Telihati union of Sreepur Upazilla under Gazipur District. Sample size was 372 and purposive sampling technique was followed for data collection which was done by face to face interview using semi structured questionnaire. The data was analyzed by SPSS 16 software. Results: Majority (64.5%) of the respondents were female. Highest number of male respondents (44.7%) were in 20 to 30 years age group and highest number of the female respondents (45.0%) were in 15 to 25 years age group. Maximum male respondents (18.9%) were educated up to secondary level and maximum female respondents (29.6%) were educated up to secondary level. Out of total 372 respondents, 92% (344) were aware about contraceptive methods and 74.2% (277) of them used different kinds of contraceptive methods. 93 JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 9, No 2 (December) 2013 Among them 75% (209) used short acting contraceptives, while 17% (48) used long acting contraceptives and 8% (21) used permanent methods. Out of 48 long acting contraceptive method users, maximum (64.6%) used Injection, 29.2% (14) used Implants and 6.2% (3) used I.U.C.D. Among permanent contraceptive methods users, 81.0% (17) used tubectomy and 19% (4) used vasectomy. Out of all Long Acting and Permanent Contraceptive Methods (LAPM) users, percentage of injection was 45% (27), I.U.C.D 5% (3), implant 20% (12) tubectomy 23.33% (14) and vasectomy 6.6% (4). Among the long acting method users(n=48), percentage of injection and implant usage were highest (injection: 60%--18, implant: 26.6%--8) among the respondents having more than two children and percentage of I.U.C.D. usage was highest i.e. 7.6%(3) among the respondents with two or less than two living children. Regarding side effects, among 66.6%(32) of long acting contraceptive method users, maximum i.e. 37.5%(12) mentioned amenorrhea and rest of the respondent(20) mentioned different side effects such as excessive menstruation, irregular menstruation, weight gain etc. Conclusion: Use of long term and permanent contraceptive methods among people is increasing day by day and this use increases with higher level of education, awareness and social and economic status. Still there is a need to intensify information; education, communication activities and this motivate the people to adopt long term and permanent contraceptive methods. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jafmc.v9i2.21846 Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.9(2) 2013

Factors Affecting Intention to Use Long Acting and Permanent Contraceptive Methods among Married Women of Reproductive Age Groups in Western Ethiopia: A Community Based Cross Sectional Study

Background: Long-acting and permanent contraceptive methods are the most effective methods for preventing unintended pregnancies. In Ethiopia majority of married women practiced predominantly short acting contraceptive methods, whereas the proportion of women who were using long acting and permanent contraceptive methods were only 4%. Method: A community based cross- sectional study design was used . Multi stage sampling procedure was used to select 802 married women. Data collection was carried out from April 10 to April 25, 2014 using a pre- tested structured questionnaire. The data were entered into a computer using Epi-info 3.5.1 and then exported to SPSS for Windows version 20 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were done, odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were calculated. Result: Intention to use long acting and permananet contraceptive methods was 18.2%. The majority of women intended to use implant (51.4%). The finding showed that a significant positive association between intention to use long acting and permanent contraceptive methods and women’s education (AOR=1.82, 95%CI = 1.09 – 3.04), women’s occupation (AOR = 2.56, 95% CI = 1.47-4.46), joint fertility related decision (AOR = 2.76, 95% CI: 1.40-5.42), and discussion with health care provider about long acting and permanent contraceptive methods (AOR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.40-3.09). Conclusion and Recommendation: In this study prevalence of intention to use LAPMs was (18.2%). Thus program manager and stakeholders should empower women through education, create awerness on LAMPs and adress misconceptions and fears of clients on LAPMs . Every woman who seeks family planning information or services should be counseled on LAMPs of contraceptives to enable informed choice.

Knowledge and perception on long acting and permanent contraceptive methods in adigrat town, tigray, northern ethiopia: a qualitative study.

Background. Long acting and permanent contraceptive methods have the potential to reduce unintended pregnancies but the contraceptive choice and utilization in Ethiopia are highly dominated by short term contraceptives. Objective. To assess the knowledge and perception on long acting and permanent contraceptives of married women and men in Northern Ethiopia. Method. A qualitative method was conducted in Adigrat on January, 2012. Four focus group discussions with married women and men and six in-depth interviews with family planning providers were conducted. Content analysis was used to synthesize the data. Result. Participants' knowledge on long acting and permanent contraceptives is limited to recognizing the name of the methods. Most of the participants are not able to identify permanent methods as a method of contraception. They lack basic information on how these methods work and how they can use it. Women had fears and rumors about each of these methods. They prefer methods which do not require any procedure. Family planning providers stated as they have weakness on counseling of all contraceptive choices. Conclusion. There are personal barriers and knowledge gaps on these contraceptive methods. Improving the counseling service program can help women to increase knowledge and avoid misconceptions of each contraceptive choice.

Long Acting Contraceptive Method Utilization and Associated Factors among Reproductive Age Women in Arba Minch Town, Ethiopia

Background: Each year, approximately 287,000 women die from complications related to pregnancy and childbirth, with 99% of these deaths occurring in developing countries. Modern contraceptive, particularly long acting family planning methods are highly effective in reducing maternal mortality by preventing unintended or closely spaced pregnancies. This paper, therefore, aims to determine the level of utilization of long acting contraceptive methods and explore its determinants among child bearing age mothers in Arba Minch town, Gamogofa zone, Ethiopia. Method: Community based cross sectional study was conducted from May15-30 2014 among child bearing age women. Systematic random sampling technique was employed to select 358 study participants. A pre-tested and structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Bivariate and multivariable data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 software to assess statistical association. Result: Long acting contraceptive method utilization was 13.1%. From the socio-economic factors, educational status of the mother, having functional radio or television at home, positive attitude and higher knowledge were found to be independent predictors of long acting contraceptive methods utilization. Conclusion: Utilization of long acting contraceptive method was very low despite multi-pronged activities have been undertaken throughout the country. Thus, community based health care workers should strengthen information, education and communication to ensure that women have higher knowledge and positive attitude towards long acting contraception methods.

Demand for long acting and permanent contraceptive methods and associated factors among married women of reproductive age group in Debre Markos Town, North West Ethiopia

BackgroundEthiopia is the second most populous country in sub Saharan Africa with high total fertility rate, and high maternal and child mortality rates. In sub Saharan African countries, including Ethiopia, even though studies show that demand for contraception is high, the practice is low. Particularly, in Ethiopia, despite the fact that practices on long acting and permanent methods are believed to be low, there are limited evidences on the real magnitude of demand for the methods.MethodsTo assess demand for long acting and permanent contraceptive methods and associated factors among married women of reproductive age group in Debre Markos town, Amhara Regional State, North West Ethiopia, A community based cross sectional study was conducted, from April 08–19, 2012. Systematic sampling technique was used to select 523 study participants. Pre tested structured Amharic version questionnaire was used to collect the data through interview. Both bivariate and multiple logistic regressions were used to identify associated factors.ResultsAmong 519 respondents, 323 (62.2%) were using modern family planning (FP) methods in which 101 (19.5%) were using long acting and permanent contraceptive methods (LAPMs). Among all respondents, 171 (32.9%) had unmet need for LAPMs. The total demand for LAPMs was 272 (52.4%) of which 37.1% were satisfied and 62.9% unsatisfied demand. Being in the older age group (40-44 years) [AOR = 2.8; 95% CI:1.12, 9.55], having no desire for more child [AOR = 20.37; 95% CI:9.28, 44.72], desire to have a child after 2 years [AOR = 6.4; 95%CI:3.04,13.47], not ever heard of modern FP [AOR = 5.73; 95% CI:1.26, 25.91], not ever using of modern FP [AOR = 1.89; 95% CI:1.01, 3.55] and having no spousal discussion in the last six month [AOR = 1.642, 95% CI: 1.049, 2.57) were some of the factors significantly associated with demand for LAPMs.ConclusionsDemand and unmet need for LAPMs were high in the study area. Therefore raising awareness of the community, counseling/discussion about the methods with all clients, encouraging spousal involvement are fundamental areas of intervention. Moreover, increasing the availability and accessibility of LAPMs is required to meet the unmet needs.

Contraceptive Choice and Switching Pattern among Married Women in Rural Community of South East Ethiopia

Background: Expanding access to long acting and permanent contraceptive methods has multiple benefits. They give women greater choice in selecting a contraceptive that meets their needs for delaying, spacing, or limiting pregnancy. They have the highest continuation rates of all family planning methods, and are more effective in actual use than short-acting methods for preventing unintended or closely spaced pregnancy. The study assessed the contraceptive knowledge, choice and switching pattern of married women in Agarfa District, Oromia, 2014. Method: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in Agarfa district. A total of 788 married women aged 15-49 years were involved in the survey. They were selected through systematic random sampling technique. The data were collected by using structured interviewer administered questionnaire, and analyzed by using SPSS version 21. Result: The most ever known (98.5%) and ever used (81.5%) type of modern contraceptive was Depo-provera. Permanent methods were rarely recognized as contraceptive method. Three forth (75.9%) of the participants were on modern contraceptive during the interview time. Twenty nine percent of those who want to limit their birth were not taking any modern contraceptive (MC). Nearly half (45%) of the participants stated fear of side effect was their main reason for non use of MC. Thirty percent (29.4%) of the participants had history of method shift from one MC to other MC method. The highest shift was observed from pill to depo-provera (49.1%), followed by depo-provera to implants (26.7%). Conclusion: Women’s awareness and choice of contraceptives is limited to short acting methods. There is perceived fear of side effects of modern contraceptive. Women desiring no more children were not using any method. Therefore, strengthening the FP counseling to address fears of side effects and increase client awareness of expected and unexpected side-effects of all methods is essential.