Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Matrix Research Articles

Fabrication of Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Decorated with Organophosphor and Lanthanum toward High-Performance ABS Nanocomposites

Despite substantial advances, it remains imperative but challenging to develop high-performance polymer/graphene nanocomposites combining with excellent mechanical, thermal, and fire-retardant properties. In this work, a novel kind of graphene-based multifunctional nanofiller (La@PN-RGO) was fabricated via the nitrogen doping and the decoration with organophosphorus and lanthanum based on graphene oxide, which is then incorporated into acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) resin via melt blending to obtain resultant ABS nanocomposites. As expected, the La@PN-RGO nanosheets were well dispersed in ABS composites. Attractively, with only 1.0 wt % of La@PN-RGO incorporated into ABS matrix, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total smoke production (TSP) were significantly reduced by 38% and 36%, which is much superior to its counterparts at the same nanofillers loading level. The notably enhanced fire safety was primarily attributed to the rare earth catalysis accompanied by the lamellae blocking effect and...

Measurement and evaluation of joint properties in friction stir welding of ABS sheets reinforced by nanosilica addition

In the present study, experimental investigation has been carried out to find effect of nanosilica addition in joining of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) fabricated by friction stir welding (FSW). Experiments were carried out under different values of tool rotations and travel speeds under presence and absence of nanosilica addition. After finding optimum welding condition, effect of pass number on distribution of nanosilica in ABS matrix has been studied through X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results revealed that sound joints with desired characteristics and efficiency are fabricated at welding speed of 20 mm/min and rotation speed of 1600 RPM. Also, it is found from tensile testing results that addition of nanosilica reinforcement causes 26% enhancement in joint strength. Furthermore, from XRD and SEM analyses it is found that welding with two pass number results in uniform distribution of nanosilica in friction stir processed (FSP) zone which causes formation of composite like structure that adds to joint efficiency up to 100%.

Electron beam irradiation of zinc borate flame retardant containing acrylonite-butadiene-styrene (ABS) composites

The effects of electron beam radiation and zinc borate on the mechanico-physical properties and flame resistivity of magnesium hydroxide (MOH)- acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) composites have been investigated. The increasing of irradiation dosages has gradually improved the tensile strength and gel content of all samples by inducing the degree of crosslinking networks formed in ABS matrix. Analysis shows that higher amount of zinc borate is desirable to achieve promising tensile strength because zinc borate can attach into the interfaces between MOH particles and ABS matrix. Moreover, the addition of zinc borate could also retard the flammability of ABS as evidenced by LOI results. The crosslinking networks formed could improve fire resistance by reducing the melt dripping phenomenon. This is expected because the crosslinking networks can effectively minimize the oxygen gas to penetrate through the polymer structure to participate actively in the combustion activity.

Electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of ABS carbon-based composites manufactured via fused deposition modelling

3-D printed samples based on acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) loaded with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT), carbon black (CB) and a 50:50 hybrid combination (CNT/CB) were manufactured via fused deposition modelling (FDM). The electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency (EMI SE) of resulting FDM specimens was assessed. Different amounts of CNT, CB and CNT/CB were dispersed in an ABS matrix by melt compounding using an internal mixer. On the basis of the rheological behavior a weight fraction of 3% was selected for the filaments production. The filaments were prepared using a twin-screw extruder and used to feed a commercial FDM machine for 3-D printed specimen's preparation along three different growing directions. The electrical conductivity, the EMI SE and the mechanical properties of the resulting extruded filaments, as well as the 3-D printed specimens, were measured and, they are discussed in terms of the type of filler and growing directions. In general, the conductivity, EMI SE and mechanical properties of 3D printed parts were markedly dependent on the growing direction. Through the experimental findings of this work, an appropriate choice of a polymer nanocomposite formulation alongside the 3-D printing parameters could lead to components manufactured via FDM with optimized EMI SE and mechanical properties.

Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene/Graphene Platelet Nanocomposite

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is a desirable engineering plastic due to its outstanding properties including good processing characteristic, good mechanical properties, chemical resistance and is relatively low cost. However, having an insulating behaviour restricts its application in electrical and electronic products. With the aim to increase the conductivity of ABS, a conducting material, in this case, graphene was incorporated. Mixtures of ABS and graphene were prepared by varying the weight of graphene and their electrical and mechanical properties were measured using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, (EIS), universal testing machine, pendulum impact and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). From the results, improvement of conductivity and mechanical (tensile and flexural strength) properties of ABS-graphene composite is shown by higher amount of graphene. These enhanced properties can be related to good dispersion and intimate interaction of graphene platelet and ABS matrix as confirmed by electron microscopy image

Preparation and characterization of ABS/anhydrous cobalt chloride composites

Anhydrous cobalt chloride (CoCl2) particles filled acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) composites were successfully prepared and investigated. A strong interfacial interaction between CoCl2 particles and ABS matrix was generated by heat pressing at 190 °C for 15 min. SEM results demonstrated that the particles were dispersed uniformly in the matrix. Fourier transform infrared, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron spin resonance were used for the investigation of the coordination reaction. The interfacial interaction resulted from a solid-state coordination reaction between nitrile groups (−CN) and cobalt ions (Co2+), leading to an increase in mechanical properties and glass transition temperature. Moreover, heat deflection temperatures were measured and proved to achieve an improvement of 30.6 °C when the CoCl2 content was 7 wt%.

Compatibilizer Assistant SCF/ABS Composites with Improved Mechanical Properties Prepared by Fused Deposition Modeling

ABSTRACTA random terpolymer copolymer of styrene, acrylonitrile and glycidyl methacrylate (SAG) was used as compatibilizer to improve the interfacial adhesion of short carbon fiber (SCF)/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) composites. Effects of SAG on the structural and mechanical properties of fused deposition modeling (FDM) printed composites were investigated. The results showed the addition of SAG could effectively improve the interfacial adhesion between SCF and ABS matrix, whereas slightly decrease average length of SCF and degrade the adhesion quality among deposited filaments. As a result, the tensile and flexural properties of FDM printed composites initially increased and then decreased with the SAG content.

Effects of micro particle reinforcement on mechanical properties of 3D printed parts

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to characterize the effects of different micro particle reinforcement with same weight ratio in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) feed-stocks for 3D printing process.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, composite filaments were produced by using a co-rotational twin screw extruder and used as building material to print samples in a commercial fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printer. The reinforcement particles, ZrB2 and Al, have different properties, including density, surface area, purity and particle morphology, and were expected to improve mechanical properties of 3D printed samples. Differential calorimetry scanning and melt flow index studies were applied on the materials to observe the change in glass transition temperatures and melt flow behaviors, respectively. Also, to evaluate the mechanical properties, tensile and three-point bending test were carried out. Fractured surfaces were characterized via energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy for validation of the reinforcements in the ABS matrix. Moreover, scanning electron microscope micrograph examination was conducted on the fractured surfaces to characterize fracture modes.FindingsFor 3D printed samples, a strain increase of at least 82.5 per cent was achieved by using micro particle reinforcement with a weight ratio of 1.5 per cent.Research limitations/implicationsHigher filler ratios of the reinforcement particles cause loss on the printability of the feed-stocks.Practical implicationsReinforced ABS stands out as a possible solution to overcome robustness problems in FDM printing.Originality/valueEven though the effects of printing parameters on the mechanical properties of 3D printed parts have been vastly studied in the literature, studies conducted on improvement of the building materials are limited. This paper proposes to create novel feed-stock materials for achieving printed parts with superior properties using polymer composites.

Influence of aspect ratio of fillers on the properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene composites

ABSTRACTAspect ratio (shape) of the filler is one of the key factors which play a vital role in determining the properties of the composites. Fillers like talc and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) have different aspect ratios and affect the properties differently. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of aspect ratio of the filler on the properties of the acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) polymer. The rheological, mechanical, thermal properties, and fracture morphology were studied for the ABS composites filled with talc and CaCO3 at various filler loading. Coupling agent was added to improve the interfacial adhesion between the filler and the ABS matrix. The aspect ratio of fillers affected the flow behavior at lower shear rate, and was insignificant at higher shear rates. The flow‐induced morphology was more effective in case of talc giving a significant increase in the bending modulus. Tensile and flexural strength showed a slight decrease in the values with talc showing better performance as compared to CaCO3. The reverse was observed in case of impact strength, with CaCO3 showing lower drop in the values. Aspect ratio of filler had no significant effect on the thermal properties of the composites. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46023.

Effect of graphene nanoplatelets structure on the properties of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene composites

In this study, the effects of various types of commercial graphene nanoplatelets (XG Sciences xGnP M5, C300, C500, and C750) on the thermal, electromagnetic shielding (EMI SE), electrical and mechanical behavior of an acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) copolymer matrix were investigated. The selected nanofillers were characterized and compared in term of surface area, different oxygen content, dimension and density (X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and helium pycnometry). Graphene nanoplatelets were dispersed in ABS by direct melt compounding at 2, 4, and 8 wt%. Melt flow index (MFI) values almost linearly decreased with all the type of xGnPs, especially with the highest surface area nanofiller (C750). Moreover, EMI SE of neat ABS was improved from −0.7 dB to −2.5 dB (increase more than 3 times) for xGnP (C300, C500, and C750) and to −6.2 dB (increase about 9 times) for xGnP‐M5, in agreement with proportional reduction of electrical resistivity. xGnP‐M5 also resulted in being most effective in enhancing the tensile modulus which improved up to 64%, while a maximum increment of about 20% was obtained with the others xGnP nanoparticles. However, yield stress slightly decreased for xGnP‐M5 (about −9%) and remained fairly constant for others nanofillers. Halpin–Tsai model used to predict the tensile modulus of the nanocomposites suggested that graphene nanoplatelets were randomly oriented in the ABS matrix in a three‐dimensional (3D) manner. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:E285–E300, 2019. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers

Investigations for Thermal and Electrical Conductivity of ABS-Graphene Blended Prototypes

The thermoplastic materials such as acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and Nylon have large applications in three-dimensional printing of functional/non-functional prototypes. Usually these polymer-based prototypes are lacking in thermal and electrical conductivity. Graphene (Gr) has attracted impressive enthusiasm in the recent past due to its natural mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. This paper presents the step by step procedure (as a case study) for development of an in-house ABS-Gr blended composite feedstock filament for fused deposition modelling (FDM) applications. The feedstock filament has been prepared by two different methods (mechanical and chemical mixing). For mechanical mixing, a twin screw extrusion (TSE) process has been used, and for chemical mixing, the composite of Gr in an ABS matrix has been set by chemical dissolution, followed by mechanical blending through TSE. Finally, the electrical and thermal conductivity of functional prototypes prepared from composite feedstock filaments have been optimized.

Material characterization of blended sisal-kenaf composites with an ABS matrix

Natural fibre-based materials are becoming a valid alternative to traditional synthetic based products for composite reinforcing and sound attenuating treatments. In recent years, natural fibres have been used more frequently in the development of structural components and sound absorbing panels due to their low density, low cost and environmentally-friendly attributes. Based on a literature review of previous studies on natural fibres and their application in the automotive industry, this work investigates the mechanical characterization of various natural fibre composites with an Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene matrix (ABS). According to the literature review and the knowledge of the authors, the ratios of fibre and ABS presented have not yet been investigated. The tensile strength, impact strength and air flow resistivity of samples with different densities have been measured, and have been found to vary. In the conclusion some suggestions for the use of these natural fibre composites, for automotive applications, are reported.

Synthesis and characterization of magnetic of Ni/ABS nanocomposites by electrical explosion of wire in liquid and solution blending methods

Nanomaterials have attracted great attention from chemists, physicists and materials scientists because of their application benefits and special properties. Thermoplastics have been used in many applications such as molding of non-electrical components, conducting, magnetic field and 3D printing. Nanocomposites are known as a material which blends the best properties of components, a high performance material exhibits unusual property combinations and unique design possibilities. In this research, we focused to investigate and report primary results in the synthesis of magnetic nanocomposites based on acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), which are useful and important thermoplastics. Nickel nanopowder was prepared by electrical explosion of wire in a liquid were used as magnetic component. The composites were prepared by following steps, first the obtained Ni nanopowders were incorporated into the ABS matrix via a solution blending method (drop-casting), and then the solvent was evaporated. The characterizations of obtaining composites were analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-Ray Diffraction analysis and vibrating sample magnetometer.

Electrically conductive nanocomposites for fused deposition modelling

An acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) matrix was melt compounded with various amounts (from 1 to 8wt%) of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) predispersed in an ABS carrier. The resulting materials were then i) compression molded (CM) to obtain plaques or ii) extruded in filaments used to feed a fused deposition modelling (FDM) machine. 3D printed samples were obtained under three different orientations.The nanofiller addition within the ABS matrix caused a remarkable increase of both stiffness and stress at yield of the bulk samples, accompanied by a strong reduction of the elongation at break. The mechanical properties of 3D printed samples resulted to be strongly dependent on the printing orientation. The addition of CNTs was very effective in improving the electrical conductivity with respect to neat ABS even at the smallest filler content. The FDM process determined a partial loss in the electrical conductivity of ABS nanocomposites, with a marked dependency on the printing orientation. For CNT amounts higher than 4wt%, CM samples manifested a rapid heating by Joule effect, while the process was less efficient in the printed samples. CNT addition has high impact on thermal properties, resulting in a decrease of specific heat and a increase of thermal diffusivity and conductivity. Like observed for electric conductivity FDM also influences properties of thermal diffusivity and conductivity, resulted by a possible orientation of CNT.

Preparation and Characterization of Properties of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Waste Plastic Blended with Virgin Styrene Butadiene Rubber

In this research, the effect of adding a virgin Styrene Butadiene rubber (SBR) on the morphology and properties of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) waste plastic has been investigated. The blends were prepared by melting method and characterized by means of mechanical testing, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Thermogravimatric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The obtained results indicated that virgin SBR phase dispersed efficiently, effectively in the ABS matrix and impact strength along with thermal resistance of the blends significantly improved. Thus, investigated results in this work will open promising approach for recycling ABS waste plastic.

Study on the surface properties of colored talc filler (CTF) and mechanical performance of CTF/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene composite

In this work, a novel colored talc filler (CTF) was prepared, and its surface properties were subsequently studied and compared to those of talc filler (TF) using inverse gas chromatography (IGC) and contact angle measurement. The mechanical properties of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) composites filled with CTF and TF were investigated as well. The results indicated that the dispersive component (γSD) for both samples contributed the major part of the total surface energy (γST). The values determined by the contact angle methods were consistent, although lower than those using IGC analysis. Compared to γSD, the polar component (γSSP) contributed less to γST, implying a lower polarity for both samples. The γSSP values calculated by the contact angle methods were also consistent and lower than those calculated using IGC. The lower γST value for CTF could reduce filler particle-particle interactions, allowing a better dispersion in ABS matrix, and thus leading to an increase in ABS/CTF composite performance.

Fused deposition modelling with ABS–graphene nanocomposites

For the first time, graphene nanoplatelets (xGnP) were incorporated at 4wt% in acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) filaments obtained by a solvent-free process consisting of melt compounding and extrusion. Nanocomposite filaments were then used to feed a fused deposition modelling (FDM) machine to obtain specimens with various build orientations. The elastic modulus and dynamic storage moduli of 3D printed parts along three different build orientations were increased by the presence of xGnP in the ABS matrix. At the same time, a decrease in both stress and strain at break was observed when xGnP is added to ABS. Moreover, a higher thermal stability was induced on 3D printed parts by xGnP, as indicated by a reduction in both coefficient of linear thermal expansion and creep compliance. A comparison between 3D printed and compression moulded parts highlighted the importance of the orientation effects induced by the fused deposition modelling process.

Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene/Melamine-Functionalized Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites.

Nanocomposite of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and melamine functionalized reduced graphene oxide (M-RGO) was prepared by solution blending. The functionalization of graphene oxide was performed with melamine to increase the compatibility between graphene sheets and the ABS matrix. The ABS/M-RGO showed improved storage modulus by 55% at 4.0 wt% of M-RGO in the glassy region and exhibited a low percolation threshold with a high electrical conductivity.

Study on in situ reinforced composites of thermoplastic resins

Typical crystalline thermoplastic resin polypropylene (PP) and amorphous thermoplastic copolymer acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) were respectively blended with self-made novel low-melting point thermotropic liquid crystalline polyester (TLCP) that contained phosphorus and nitrogen elements (PN-TLCP). Then, the PP/PN-TLCP and ABS/PN-TLCP in situ-reinforced composites were prepared. The effects of PN-TLCP on mechanical property, microstructure, processability, and thermal stability of these two composites were investigated. The results showed that the strength and rigidity of matrix were improved, indicating that PN-TLCP played a role of enhancement. Meanwhile, PN-TLCP could form microfibrillar structure in PP and ABS matrix, which was the main reason of the formation of in situ composites. In the forming process, PN-TLCP could induce PP resin to form β-crystal, which was why the toughness of PP was improved. In addition, PP and ABS exhibited better processing flowability and their melt flow rates were respectively increased 18% and 56% after blending with PN-TLCP. Besides, PN-TLCP was highly beneficial to improving the thermal stabilities of matrix. Various tests showed that this kind of TLCP was suitable for crystalline thermoplastic resin PP and its composites would have more outstanding comprehensive properties.

Pre-localized MWCNT network for a low percolation threshold in MWCNT/ABS nanocomposites: experiment and theory

Nanocomposites of well-dispersed multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in an acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) matrix were prepared by dry tumble mixing and a subsequent hot compression technique. The preparation method is analysed here to assist in the explanation and understanding of the experimental observations. The vision of the processing method has been confirmed using scanning electron microscopy. As a result of decent dispersion and pre-localization of MWCNTs in the ABS matrix, the electrical conductivity of the nanocomposite as a function of filler content exhibits a distinctive percolation behavior with a percolation threshold of only 0.0005 volume fraction. The high aspect ratio of MWCNTs enables the creation of interconnected networks within the ABS matrix at a very low nanofiller loading, while their high inherent electrical conductivity yields nanocomposites with a high bulk electrical conductivity. To explain the conductivity behaviour, statistical percolation theory and GEM theory are employed. The model parameters elaborated show that both models can adequately describe the behaviour. A comparative analysis of the applicability of percolation theory and GEM theory for expressing the conductivity behavior of the MWCNT/ABS composites with other research works has been performed. Finally, the electrical conductivity of MWCNTs based on the data in this work and elsewhere is evaluated. The universal exponent t is found to be 1.93 for a best-fit value of percolation threshold of 0.000485 vol. fraction of MWCNTs in this work. The D shore hardness results have revealed a random increase in hardness and density with an increasing MWCNT content.