Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene Surface Research Articles

Preparation and Interfacial Analysis of Ag/Cu Coating on Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Surface by Chemical Etching and Self-assembly Modification

Preparation and Interfacial Analysis of Ag/Cu Coating on Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Surface by Chemical Etching and Self-assembly Modification

Laser‐Activated Selective Electroless Plating on 3D Structures via Additive Manufacturing for Customized Electronics

AbstractThis work proposes a facile and economical hybrid additive manufacturing (HAM)technology combining fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing and laser‐activated selective electroless plating (ELP) for fabricating full functional end‐use 3D customized electronics. A functional acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filament doped with dicopper hydroxide phosphate (Cu2(OH)PO4) catalysts is developed for FDM 3D printing. The 3D printed structure is selectively laser‐activated to generate CuI plating seeds on the ABS surface and then electrolessly plated. The poor surface finish, especially the layer lines, is an intrinsic defect of extrusion 3D printing, which not only affected the fabrication quality of the 3D substrates but also the electrical performance of the attached circuitry. Herein, a chemical polishing process based on acetone vapor is explored and characterized to significantly improve the surface quality and thereby the electrical performance of the attached copper layer. In this way, highly conductive metallic circuitry can be freeformly deposited and patterned on the 3D structure which is extremely attractive for customized 3D electronics. To show the application potential of this technology, a 3D conformal 555 timer astable oscillator circuit board and a hot‐wire flowmeter are developed as demonstrators.

A comparative study on the characteristics of nanosecond laser ablation zinc and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene targets

In this study, the influence of laser energy and pressure on propulsion performance of zinc and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is investigated by impulse measurement, fast exposure images, spectral diagnostics and target ablation. A Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with the wavelength of 1064 nm and pulse width of 6 ns is employed. The impulse and coupling coefficient generated by laser ablation ABS are greater than that of Zn, and they exhibit a similar variation trend with pressure. However, at higher pressure levels, the change in impulse versus laser energy is not completely coincident between Zn and ABS samples. The target property plays a significant role in the generation and propagation of plume related to the plasma parameters such as electron density and temperature. The temporal evolution images indicate that the plasma plume of laser-induced Zn presents a faster decay in comparison with that of ABS, which is ascribed to the fact that the gas temperature of ABS is higher than the electron temperature of Zn plasma in the local thermodynamical equilibrium. Also, the electron density is lower for Zn due to the rapid heat diffusion and higher ablation threshold of metal. It is found that the surface absorption is dominant for metal because the ablated crater of Zn performs larger diameter and shallower depth. On the contrary, the shrinkage in diameter but enhancement in depth of crater is observed from ABS surface, and the ablation mass is larger, suggesting the obvious volume absorption for polymer. The results reveal that the target property can engender an important effect on the energy conversion between laser, target and plasma.

STUDY OF ELECTROLESS NICKEL PLATING ON RAPID PROTOTYPING MODEL USING ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENE

Electroless plating on Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) is a metallization process that involves a reduction and oxidation reaction between the nickel source and the substrate material. The purpose of this research is to determine the ability of nickel deposition in the nickel electroless plating process with a specific etching time variation. This nickel electroless procedure begins with a chromic acid etching process that can last anywhere from 15 to 55 minutes and is useful for increasing roughness and creating submicroscopic cavities. After the etching process is finished, the surface roughness test is performed with a Mitutoyo SJ-210. Additionally, the activation step is carried out for 5 minutes in order for the polymer to become a conductor, allowing the plating process to proceed. The electroless plating process was then carried out for 55 and 75 minutes, with the goal of depositing nickel metal on the ABS surface. The coating results were analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy IRSpirit/ATR-S serial No. A224158/Shimadzu to determine the functional groups formed both before and after the coating process, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to determine the character of the crystal structure, and phase analysis of a solid material using PANalytical type E'xpert Pro, To determine the surface morphology, the Zeiss EVO MA 10 was used to perform scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) at 1000x magnification. The test findings demonstrate that, based on a range of investigations, etching variations of 15,25,35,45, and 55 minutes etching time 55 minutes are the best nickel deposited substrates, as evidenced by EDS data, where this treatment has the largest weight fraction of nickel. As a result, the longer the etching period, the rougher the surface becomes, affecting the capacity of nickel deposition to increase. Furthermore, it can be demonstrated in this investigation that the nickel deposited is in an amorphous form.

Adhesion improvement of ABS resin by MnO2-H3PO4-H2SO4 colloid with ultrasound-assisted etching treatment

The adhesion strength between electroless copper and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) resin could be improved significantly by MnO2-H3PO4-H2SO4 colloid system. In this paper, when the concentrations of H3PO4 and H2SO4 in the colloid were 4.2 and 10.4 M, respectively, the effect of the ultrasound-assisted etching (UAE) time on the etching performance of ABS resin were investigated. With the UAE for 10 min, much more uniform cavities formed on the ABS surface, the average surface roughness (Ra ) decreased from 143 to 107 nm, which was much lower than etched by CrO3-H2SO4 colloid (420 nm). Though the average surface roughness (Ra ) was decreased, the average adhesion strength between the electroless copper film and ABS substrate increased from 1.39 to 1.60 kN m−1, which was also higher than chromic acid etching treatment (1.42 kN m−1). The density of the hydrophilic groups and the uniformity of cavities on the ABS surface were increased with the UAE, which resulted in high adhesion strength and low average surface roughness.

Surface treatment with peroxymonosulfate for flotation separation of waste polyvinylchloride and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene: Optimization and mechanism

Polyvinylchloride (PVC) and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), as common components in waste plastic, are hard to separate due to similar physical and chemical properties, which limits plastic recycling and cleaner production. In this research, a novel approach by using peroxymonosulfate (PMS) was established to modify waste PVC and ABS surface, and separation was successfully realized in flotation process. Key variables closely related to PMS oxidation capacity, namely pH, temperature, and concentration were confirmed through single parameter experiments. Subsequently, response surface methodology (RSM) using Box-Behnken design (BBD) was applied to optimize the above surface treatment conditions. A quadratic model was generated for predicting PVC purity (response value). Mechanism of surface modification was explored by Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Results showed that the optimal conditions were PMS concentration of 0.026 mol/L, pH value of 9.0, and temperature of 65 °C, respectively. PVC can achieve 99.72% purity and 100.00% recovery, and ABS can reach 100.00% purity and 99.81% recovery in triplicate validation tests, respectively. Additionally, available ranges of particle sizes, mass ratios, and reuse of reagents further show the remarkable application potential of flotation combined with PMS treatment in separating waste PVC and ABS. The mechanism of surface treatment shows that oxygen-containing groups are introduced into ABS surface, enhancing the hydrophilicity of ABS, but PVC is almost unaffected and remains floating in flotation process. This study established a novel surface modification with RSM optimization and reliable mechanisms for the flotation separation of waste PVC and ABS.

Preparation and conductive property of Cu coatings and Cu-graphene composite coatings on ABS substrate

A facile, low-cost and environmentally-friendly technique has been developed to prepare highly conductive copper-graphene nanosheet (Cu-GNS) composite coatings on ABS (Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene) substrate. The surface activation of ABS substrate was obtained by a chrome-free and palladium-free pretreatment consisting of molecular bonding. Before electroplating Cu, the homogeneous single Ag film on ABS surface was achieved by the electroless spray-plating process. In addition, the deposition of Cu and GNS increased in the coatings along with the current density increasing. Four-point-probe test confirmed that the resistivity of Cu coatings (0.08 mΩ mm) and Cu-GNS composite coatings (0.05 mΩ mm) was in the same order of magnitude as pure copper (0.0175 mΩ mm) at high current density. Meanwhile, comparing with the Cu coatings, the resistivity of Cu-GNS composite coatings was reduced by nearly 40% at the same current density. The conductive property was significantly improved owing to the deposition of GNS. Therefore, this work was expected to expand the method of polymer materials surface metallization.

Flotation separation of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene and polystyrene in WEEE based on oxidation of active sites

This work accomplished flotation separation of acrylonitrile–butadienestyrene (ABS) and polystyrene (PS) as well as further elaborating the mechanism of ABS hydrophilization under a novel modification by ClO2, with the help of contact angles, scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). All acrylonitrile, butadiene, and styrene were involved in a surface modification in the process of oxidation. The nitrile (CN) was hydrolyzed to the amide (OCNH2) and carboxyl (OCO). Mono-addition of hydroxyl groups (OH) introduced hydroxyl groups into monomers of butadiene and styrene. This work proposed that ABS oxidation was dependent on the active sites on the ABS surface rather than oxidizing agents. The active sites on the ABS surface were nitrile groups in acrylonitrile, carbon-carbon double bonds in butadiene, and α-hydrogen in styrene. The optimal pretreatment conditions for flotation separation of PS and ABS were the temperature of 70 °C, ClO2 dosage of 0.5 g/L, and treatment time of 60 min. The flotation percentage of ABS and PS were 3.3% and 96.4% with outstanding flexibility.

Application of surface modification using sodium hypochlorite for helping flotation separation of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene and polystyrene plastics of WEEE

Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and polystyrene (PS), as important fractions of Waste from Electric and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) plastics, show great significances to the recycling of WEEE. The objective of this study is to develop a simple, practical and efficient surface modification method using sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) for separation of waste ABS and PS plastics by the aid of froth flotation. After surface modification, more hydrophilic groups are introduced on ABS surface than that of PS, enhancing its surface hydrophilicity clearly and reducing its recovery in floated products. Single parameter experiments demonstrate NaClO concentration, treatment temperature, treatment time are key parameters in surface modification. Optimization of conditions for surface modification of ABS was conducted by Response Surface Methodology with a Box-Behnken design, and a predicting model was obtained also. The optimum conditions are NaClO concentration of 0.05 M/L, temperature of 67.50 °C, treatment time 59.50 min and stirring rate of 200 rpm. Under optimum conditions, ABS and PS with different particle sizes can be separated efficiently with recovery of 99.18% and 99.47%, and purity of 99.45% and 99.18% respectively. The application of surface modification using sodium hypochlorite can facilitate efficient flotation separation of waste ABS and PS plastics for the recycling of WEEE.

Environmental friendly electroless copper metallization on FDM build ABS parts

In this paper, environment-friendly electroless metallization of copper (Cu) on acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) parts fabricated through fused deposition modelling route of rapid prototyping process has been proposed. The metallization process eliminates etching as well as the use of high cost palladium (Pd) for activation. For surface preparation, aluminium (Al)-enamel paste has been used. Five different acidic baths are used for electroless Cu deposition. Each bath contains 15 wt% copper sulfate (CuSO4) solution and 5 wt% of any one solution among hydrofluoric acid (HF), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), phosphoric acid (H3PO4), nitric acid (HNO3) and acetic acid (CH3COOH). Metallization of Cu on ABS part has been made at different deposition time (2, 24, 48 and 72 h) in ambient condition. After successful deposition of Cu, the surfaces are characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. Adhesion assessment of samples in different baths has been made. It is observed that all baths are capable of formation of Cu crystals on ABS surface. However, superior deposition on surface in terms of electrical conductivity and uniformity in deposition surface is obtained in HF, H2SO4 and H3PO4 baths.

Selective sequential separation of ABS/HIPS and PVC from automobile and electronic waste shredder residue by hybrid nano-Fe/Ca/CaO assisted ozonisation process

The separation of plastics containing brominated flame retardants (BFR) like (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), high-impact polystyrene (HIPS), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)) from automobile and electronic waste shredder residue (ASR/ESR) are a major concern for thermal recycling. In laboratory scale tests using a hybrid nano-Fe/Ca/CaO assisted ozonation treatment has been found to selectively hydrophilize the surface of ABS/HIPS and PVC plastics, enhancing ABS wettability and thereby promoting its separation from ASR/ESR by means of froth flotation. The water contact angles, of ABS/HIPS and PVC decreased, about 18.7°, 18.3°, and 17.9° in ASR and about 21.2°, 20.7°, and 20.0° in ESR respectively. SEM-EDS, FT-IR, and XPS analyses demonstrated a marked decrease in [Cl] and a significant increase in the number of hydrophilic groups, such as CO, CO, and (CO)O, on the PVC or ABS surface. Under froth flotation conditions at 50rpm, about 99.1% of combined fraction of ABS/HIPS in ASR samples and 99.6% of ABS/HIPS in ESR samples were separated as settled fraction. After separation, the purity of the recovered combined ABS/HIPS fraction was 96.5% and 97.6% in ASR and ESR samples respectively. Furthermore, at 150rpm a 100% PVC separation in the settled fraction, with 98% and 99% purity in ASR and ESR plastics, respectively. Total recovery of non-ABS/HIPS and PVC plastics reached nearly 100% in the floating fraction. Further, this process improved the quality of recycled ASR/ESR plastics by removing surface contaminants or impurities.

Evaluation of the etching and chrome plating on the ABS, PVC, and PVC/ABS blends surface

ABSTRACTAs replacement for acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS), which is commonly used in the manufacture of chrome parts, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and PVC/ABS blend parts were produced by injection process, etched in sulfochromic solution in different concentrations, immersion time, and temperature, and they were subsequently chrome‐plated by conventional method. After etching, the sample surfaces were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), roughness, and contact angle, and compared with the ABS surface. The metal deposition was assessed by visual inspection and adhesion test. The roughness influenced the adhesion of the metal layer directly. The chemical etching increased the surface wettability. To achieve a good metal layer adhesion, higher temperatures, immersion time, and etching solution concentration were necessary. A concentration of 350 g/L chromic acid and 400 g/L sulfuric acid, a 70 °C temperature and a 15 min immersion time resulted in good adhesion in PVC and PVC/ABS blends. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44571.

A fabrication method of unique Nafion® shapes by painting for ionic polymer–metal composites

Ionic polymer–metal composites (IPMC) are useful actuators because of their ability to be fabricated in different shapes and move in various ways. However, producing unique or intricate shapes can be difficult based upon the current fabrication techniques. Presented here is a fabrication method of producing the Nafion® membrane or thin film through a painting method. Using an airbrush, a Nafion water dispersion is sprayed onto an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene surface with a stencil of the desired shape. To verify that this method of fabrication produces a Nafion membrane similar to that which is commercially available, a sample that was made using the painting method and Nafion 117 purchased from DuPont™ were tested for various characteristics and compared. The results show promising similarities. The painted Nafion sample was chemically plated with platinum and compared with a traditional IPMC for its displacement and blocking force capabilities. The painted IPMC sample showed comparable results.

Microsculpturing of Polymeric Surfaces by Compression Molding

Surface micropatterning of polymers is an important process in a large number of applications ranging from microelectronics, sensors design and material science, to tissue engineering and cell biology. In this study a simple and versatile method for manufacturing micro-scale polymer surface patterns has been developed. Micropatterned surfaces of acrylonitrile-butadiene–styrene (ABS) were engineered by compression molding. Two different micropatterned surfaces were fabricated using diverse molds. The first micropatterning was achieved on a brass mold by the intersection of instrumented microindentation traces. The second microsculptured surface was realized through a bronze sintered mold. The morphological aspects and the surface wettability after microsculpturing were investigated. The microsculptured ABS surface produced by the sintered mold shows a higher contact angle compared with those of flat ABS surfaces. From the experimental results, it was found that the intrinsic hydrophobicity of the material is enhanced simply through increasing surface roughness of the solid surface. The method presented is an economical process to fabricate hydrophobic microsculptured surfaces and it is suitable for many kinds of materials.

Protein and bacterial interactions with nanostructured polymer coatings

Adsorption of proteins and adhesion of bacteria to a surface is affected by chemical and physical interactions. In this study, polymer coatings and their ability to adsorb avidin and Staphylococcus aureus were investigated. The surface chemistry and topography of the polymer coatings was modified by changing the weight ratio of the hydrophobic polystyrene (PS) and the hydrophilic acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) components in the polymer blend. Avidin adsorbed less to the ABS phase compared with the PS phase. The side-on orientation of avidin on the ABS surface, however, resulted in a higher specific binding of biotinylated bovine serum albumin. Steric effects and hydrophobic protein-surface interactions decreased the activity of avidin on the PS phase. The increased hydrophobicity and roughness of the polymer coatings enhanced the adhesion of S. aureus. The avidin-coated latex surface with 55% relative surface coverage of the PS phase showed anti-microbial behavior.

Formation of reflective and conductive silver film on ABS surface via covalent grafting and solution spray

Conductive and reflective silver layers on acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastics have been prepared by photo grafting of triazine azides upon ultraviolet activation, self-assembling of triazine dithiols and silver electroless plating by solution spray based on silver mirror reaction. The as-prepared silver film exhibited excellent adhesion with ABS owing to covalent bonds between coating and substrate, and the detailed bonding mechanism have been investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). X-ray diffraction (XRD) result revealed that silver film on ABS was pure and with a nanocrystalline structure. Atomic force microscope (AFM) analysis demonstrated that massive silver particles with sizes varying from 80 to 120nm were deposited on ABS and formed a homogenous and smooth coating, resulting in highly reflective surface. Furthermore, silver maintained its unique conductivity even as film on ABS surface in term of four-point probe method.

A Novel Nanoparticles Activation Technique for Electroless Plating on ABS Plastic

This paper reports a novel and facile activation process for electroless copper plating on Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) plastic substrate using gold nanoparticles as catalyst. Gold nanoparticles were prepared by chemical reduction method and characterized by UVvisible adsorption spectrum and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The gold nanoparticles were sphere-like with a size of less than 50 nm. Gold nanoparticles were adsorbed on ABS surface and acted as nucleation centers in activating process of the electroless copper plating. The uniform and dense film was obtained at the optimal technological parameters which were achieved by the orthogonal experiment. The scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to detect the morphology, structure and elemental composition of the coating, respectively. The results indicated that copper coating contained only Cu (0) without any other elements.

Adhesion improvement of electroless copper to ABS resin by low environmental pollution surface etching system

The adhesion strength between acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) resin and electroless copper can be improved significantly by a low environmental pollution etching system containing H2SO4–MnO2–Na4P2O7–H2O colloid as a replacement for conventional chromic acid etching solutions. In this paper, the effects of the H2SO4 concentration and Na4P2O7 content on the surface topography, surface roughness and the adhesion strength were studied. When the H2SO4 concentration was 12·9M, good etching performance was obtained. The average adhesion strength between the electroless copper and ABS substrate reached 1·30 kN m−1. The surface contact angle measurement indicated that the ABS surface became hydrophilic and the contact angle decreased from 92·1 to 31·2°.

Ultrasound Irradiation Coating of Silver Nanoparticle on ABS Sheet Surface

Ultrasound irradiation was used for anchoring silver nanoparticles with an average size from 10 to 50 nm onto the surface of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) sheets 1 mm thick. The sonochemical reduction was carried out under argon at room temperature. Silver nanoparticles were obtained and deposited on the ABS surface by the irradiation of a mixture containing ABS plaques, silver nitrate (AgNO3), ethylene glycol and water. Reaction conditions such as temperature, AgNO3 concentration and irradiation time were controlled to achieve the deposition of silver nanoparticles onto the surface of ABS sheets. Nano silver coated ABS samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and antimicrobial activity, specifically against the fungus, Aspergillius niger, and the bacterium, Escherichia coli. The observed results may be applied in the design of industrial ABS sheets with antimicrobial characteristics.

Environment-friendly Pd free surface activation technics for ABS surface

An environment-friendly surface etching and activation technics for acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) surface metallization were investigated as a replacement for conventional chromic acid etching bath and palladium catalyst. After etching by H2SO4–MnO2 colloid, the ABS surfaces became roughness; meanwhile the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups were formed on the surface. With absorption and a reduction by a dimethylamineborane solution, copper particles were deposited on the ABS surface, which serves as a catalyst replacement for SnCl2/PdCl2 colloid. The effects of CuSO4 concentration, (CH3)2NHBH3 concentration, reduction temperature and reduction time on the adhesion strength between the ABS surface and the electroless copper film were investigated. And the average adhesion strengths reached 1.31kNm−1, which is near the values (1.19kNm−1) obtained by SnCl2/PdCl2 colloid.