Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene Surface Research Articles

Pd-free surface activation technique for ABS surface metallisation

An environmentally friendly surface etching and Pd free activation technique for acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) surface metallisation was investigated. With surface etching, NiSO4 absorption and NaBH4 reduction, nickel particles were deposited on the ABS surface as a catalyst replacement for palladium catalyst to achieve surface metallisation. After the electroless plating, a uniform copper film was electrodeposited on the ABS surface. The effects of NiSO4 concentration, NaBH4 concentration, reduction temperature and reduction time on the adhesion strength between the ABS surface and the electroless copper film were investigated. The adhesion strengths between electroless copper and ABS substrate reached 0·72 kN m−1, and indicated that this surface activation technique was a feasible and cost effective method for ABS surface metallisation.

Study of an Environmentally Friendly Surface Etching System of ABS for Improving Adhesion of Electroless Cu film

In this paper, an environmentally friendly system containing H2SO4-MnO2 colloid was used to investigate surface etching of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) resin as a replacement for the chromic acid etching solutions. The effects of the H2SO4 concentrations, bath temperatures and etching times on the etching effectiveness were studied. The surface roughness and surface hydrophilicity of ABS substrates were improved greatly with the etching treatment. After the electroless plating of copper, the adhesion strength between the electroless copper and ABS substrate reached 1.19 KN m−1, which was much higher than that required in PCB process (over 0.7 KN m−1). Electrical potential measurements indicated that the etching performance depended strongly on the oxidation potential of MnO2 and the “soluble” MnO2 concentration in the colloid. The FT-IR spectra and XPS results demonstrated that the C=C bonds of butadiene on the ABS surface were oxidized, and –COOH and –OH groups were formed on the ABS surface with the etching treatment. Meanwhile, some –C≡N groups of acrylonitrile were changed to –CONH2 groups with etching treatment, and the –CONH2 groups increased with the etching time. The formation of –COOH, –OH and –CONH2 groups on the surface enhanced hydrophilicity and decreased surface contact angle, which was beneficial to improve the adhesion strength. These results suggest that the H2SO4-MnO2 colloid is an effective and environment-friendly surface etchant for ABS surface etching.

An Environment-Friendly Surface Pretreatment of ABS Resin Prior to Electroless Plating

An environment-friendly etching system consisting of the H 2 SO 4 ―MnO 2 colloid was used to investigate surface etching for acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) resin as a replacement for conventional chromic acid etching solutions. With the etching treatment, many small cavities appeared on the ABS surface, and the surface average roughness was increased from 40 to 388 nm. The adhesion strength between the ABS surface and the electroless copper film was improved greatly with the etching treatment. The average adhesion strength reached 1.19 kN m ―1 , which is close to that of chromic acid etching treatment (1.42 kN m ―1 ). The Fourier transform infrared spectra and contact angle measurements indicated that ―COOH and -OH groups were formed on the ABS surface with the etching treatment, and the density of the groups on the surface increased with the etching time. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results also demonstrated that C=C bonds on the surface of ABS resin were oxidized to carboxylic acids in the etching process, but the C≡N bonds of acrylonitrile were not oxidized. The H 2 SO 4 ―MnO 2 colloid is an effective and environment-friendly surface etchant for ABS surface etching.

Simple chemical polymerization method for the deposition of a conducting polyaniline on the surface of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene. II. Treatment in organic free solvent

AbstractWe developed a simple method for the deposition of a uniform layer of polyaniline (PANI) on the surface of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS). The method consisted of two steps: the soaking of ABS samples in a water‐based aniline solution stabilized by surfactants followed by the oxidative polymerization of the adsorbed and absorbed monomer. The three types of surfactants (molecular N,N‐dimethyl‐octalamine‐N‐oxide, anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate, and cationic hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide) were used to prepare and stabilize the aniline emulsions in water. After treatment, the ABS surface was completely covered by PANI (as seen with scanning electron microscopy). The surface conductivity after PANI coating reached values between 10−3 and 10−4 S/□ in the best developed conditions. The chemical nature of the surfactant affected the particular setting of the aniline/surfactant emulsion preparation (time of ultrasonification = 15–30 min), its optimal concentration (2–10 wt % aniline and 0.1–0.2M surfactant), and other parameters of treatment, such as time (10 s to 20 min) and temperature (20–60°C) of soaking. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 1752–1758, 2004

Simple chemical polymerization method for deposition of conducting polyaniline on surface of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene

AbstractA simple method of depositing a uniform layer of polyaniline (PANI) on the surface of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is described. The method consists of two steps, in which the first step is composed of soaking of ABS in aniline solution, and the second step consists of polymerization of aniline absorbed inside the ABS matrix by an oxidant. The ABS surface is seen to be completely masked by the PANI layer when it is coated from solution containing 10 or 15% of aniline. The surface resistance of the ABS plate, which is coated from a solution containing 15% aniline, shows resistance of 30 kΩ and rises up to 400 kΩ as concentration of aniline in the solution is decreased to 5%. From scanning electron micrographs, a granular growth of PANI is noticed on the ABS surface. Thermal gravimetry–mass spectroscopy data reveal that coating the ABS plate with PANI does not weaken an ABS matrix. The adherence of PANI on the ABS surface is explained on the basis of interaction between the aniline and cyano group from the acrylonitrile moiety of ABS. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 1904–1910, 2002

Wurzelaktivität und Nikotinbildung

This work accomplished flotation separation of acrylonitrile–butadienestyrene (ABS) and polystyrene (PS) as well as further elaborating the mechanism of ABS hydrophilization under a novel modification by ClO2, with the help of contact angles, scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). All acrylonitrile, butadiene, and styrene were involved in a surface modification in the process of oxidation. The nitrile (CN) was hydrolyzed to the amide (OCNH2) and carboxyl (OCO). Mono-addition of hydroxyl groups (OH) introduced hydroxyl groups into monomers of butadiene and styrene. This work proposed that ABS oxidation was dependent on the active sites on the ABS surface rather than oxidizing agents. The active sites on the ABS surface were nitrile groups in acrylonitrile, carbon-carbon double bonds in butadiene, and α-hydrogen in styrene. The optimal pretreatment conditions for flotation separation of PS and ABS were the temperature of 70 °C, ClO2 dosage of 0.5 g/L, and treatment time of 60 min. The flotation percentage of ABS and PS were 3.3% and 96.4% with outstanding flexibility.