Acquisition Of Independence Research Articles

Latinizing the Alphabet in Kazakhstan

Upon acquisition of independence in 1991, Kazakhstan was the only post- Soviet state where the titular nation did not have an overwhelming majority, the number of Kazakhs being fewer than the number of ethnic Russians. This explains to a certain extent why the Russian language, unlike other minority languages, has, to date, enjoyed a position of lingua franca in Kazakhstan and is used on equal grounds with Kazakh. Our contribution attempts to study the possible impact on the status of the Russian language of a 2017 project known as the ‘trinity of languages’— Kazakh, Russian and English— which includes a reform to Latinize the Kazakh alphabet. It will consider the possible polarization in the society with the younger generation probably choosing English and the older generation preferring the language as they know it.

АЗЫРКЫ КЫРГЫЗ РОМАНЫ: АРСЛАН КОЙЧИЕВДИН “МИСМИЛДИРИК (БЕДЕЛДЕГИ КАРГЫШ)” РОМАНЫНДАГЫ МҮНӨЗ ЖАНА КЫРДААЛ

The article considers the genre of modern Kyrgyz novels, the main purpose of which is to reveal the literary essence of the novel A. Koichieva "Mismildirik". The problem of literary character in fiction is very complex. The work is written, but not every writer can create a character. Considering the Kyrgyz prose after the acquisition of independence, it is possible to note that A. Koichiev received the literary prize "Archa" for this novel and crossed the threshold of literature. The novel describes the historical events of Kyrgyz people in 1916. There are many characters, but among them the images of Kambar Bolush, Mukay and Narboto are analyzed in detail.

Переговорный процесс и План Мартти Ахтисаари как путь к безусловной государственной независимости Республики Косово

The article presents an analysis of one of the most acute and urgent problems of our time — the acquisition of the de facto independence declared by Pristina on February 17, 2008 by the separatist forces of the Kosovo Albanians, represented mainly by the former leaders of the so-called Kosovo Liberation Army, of the sabotage and punitive character of the fighting, and the Albanian politicians completely subordinate to them by that time. The authors focused on identifying the role of the UN (UN Security Council and the UN Civil Administration in Kosovo and Metohija — UNMIK), the United States, the EU, and Serbia since the beginning of the illegitimate process of negotiations, not on the implementation of the binding UN Security Council Resolution No. 1244, but on the completely contradictory negotiations on the status of Kosovo and Metohija, the failure of which, however, led, as planned, to the proclamation of the creation of the "Republic of Kosovo" and its subsequent strengthening on the basis of the principles underlying the preparation and conduct of these negotiations, as well as the Martti Ahtisaari Plan. The article covers the period from the end of the NATO military aggression against the FRY (June 1999) to February 17, 2008 – the starting point of the creation of the quasistate of Kosovo. The materials of the article can be used in the educational process within the "International Relations" and "Political Science" program tracks. English version of the article on pp. 322-333 at URL: https://panor.ru/articles/negotiation-and-martti-ahtisaariplan-as-a-path-to-the-unconditional-state-independence-of-the-republic-of-kosovo/65975.html

ЕКОНОМІЧНИЙ РОЗВИТОК УКРАЇНИ ПІСЛЯ ВІДНОВЛЕННЯ ПОЛІТИЧНОЇ НЕЗАЛЕЖНОСТІ НАПРИКІНЦІ ХХ СТ. В СОЦІОКУЛЬТУРНОМУ ДИСКУРСІ

The article is devoted to identifying the relationship between economic development and the socio-cultural environment of the country, with a transformational economy. The main stages of the formation of the economy of independent Ukraine are analyzed. The article examines the mechanism of economic development and the main milestones of socio-economic transformation of Ukraine. With the acquisition of independence in 1991, Ukraine began a long process of profound systemic changes that affected virtually all aspects of public life. Radical changes have taken place in the economic system, but the initiated structural adjustment has yielded unexpected and rather contradictory results, which were most likely due to the peculiarities of the socio-cultural environment. Having gained political and economic independence, Ukraine has become an independent full-fledged subject of world processes. In turn, the acquired subjectivity determines the expediency of comprehensive coverage of the development of the economic system of the country in the socio-cultural discourse based on the achievements of historical science. The relevance of the historical study of organizational and economic processes of the era of independence is primarily due to the urgent need to identify the principles and patterns of their course. In the study of Ukrainian realities, the contradictions between the established system of formal socio-economic institutions and the mechanisms of their functioning are obvious. This is an indirect confirmation of significant internal transformations in the introduced elements of the market economy, which arose as a result of adaptation to the socio-cultural environment of Ukraine. In fact, such transformations form a national economic environment that operates according to its own laws. This fact can be interpreted in two ways depending on the causes and results of such deviations: as a disadvantage or as a specific element and a potential competitive advantage.

JAPANESE FOREIGN POLICY AT THE END OF THE XX-TH CENTURY

The article shows the gap between the economic success of post-war Japan, associated with the organic combination of traditional elements of management and Western innovations, on the one hand, and its secondary role in world politics, due to its dependence on the United States, on the other. Special attention is paid to Japans foreign policy, in particular, the steps towards changing the Constitution, the desire for membership in the UN Security Council, all these facts indicate Japans desire to change its political image, to abandon unilateral Americanization, which has gone too far. However, a new acquisition of geopolitical independence of this country in the current global balance of power seems unlikely.

Features of Private Art Collecting in Ukraine in 1990s–2000s

The article analyzes private art collecting in 1990s–2000s in Ukraine. It is important to mention that collecting works of art in Ukraine of the time indicated in the article does not have comprehensive coverage. The complexity of the study of this issue is also due to the closeness and limitation of access to private collections. The collapse of the USSR, the transition from a totalitarian regime to democracy and the establishment of a market economy in Ukraine contributed to the formation and creation of private collections of artistic works. At this time, three main branches of non-state collecting begin to form: private collections, corporate collections of institutions (banks, insurance companies) and foundations. In the early 1990s the practice of collecting works by banks came to Ukraine from the West. Ukrincombank, Southern Bank, Gradobank, etc. were involved in that work. The interest of private individuals in forming their own collections also begins with Ukraine’s acquisition of Independence, but gains momentum in the early 2000s. The art collections were represented by E. Dymshyts, L. Bereznitsky, A. Adamovsky, I. Voronov, V. Pinchuk and others. One of the most important collections began to be initiated by Boris and Tatiana Hrynyov family of in 1996. Their idea of the collection arose from the concept of Kharkiv artists. In the circle of their interests — the art of Soviet nonconformists and Ukrainian contemporary art. Foundations of art appeared in Ukraine after the proclamation of Independence in 1991. These are non-governmental and non-profit organizations, established by private or corporate enti- ties. Important foundations in Ukraine, that have their own collections of art, are Soviart, Alexander Feldman Foundation, Stedley Art Foundation etc. The collections of the 1990s and 2000s are very important for the history of Ukrainian art and collecting. The collectors of this period have played a key role in preserving the artistic heritage of Independent Ukraine.

Kashmir after August 5th Decision and its Implications for South Asia

After World War II, Great Britain's loss of power in the international system had a great impact on the start of the decolonization process (the beginning of the independence movements in colonial geographies and the acquisition of peoples' independence) and expansion of it. India, one of the most important colonies of the British Empire which is known as the empire on which the sun never sets, was also the most important representative and perhaps even the trigger of this process. The Republic of India (hereafter referred to as India) which gained independence from Britain in 1947, also witnessed the birth of another state from its territory. The newly established state of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (hereinafter referred to as Pakistan) has maintained a high-tension relationship with India since the foundation. The main cause of this tension has been the dispute over the Jammu and Kashmir region. The controversial region has again become a conflictual geography with the decision of the Indian Parliament on the 5th of August 2019. By this, the autonomous status of the J&K was abolished and Pakistan and India came to the edge of confrontation. The measures and precautions of the Indian government regarding the region has increased the tension not only in J&K but also in India and in Pakistan. This study tries to analyze the Kashmir dispute in line with the recent developments and how the issue effects the regional political dynamics. In the first part of the paper; there will be a short history of the dispute, the claims of the parties, and the place of this dispute in the international system. In the second part, the current situation will be tried to investigate from the foreign policy and regional policies aspect. The general conclusion of the author is that the recent decision on autonomy of Kashmir will have cumulative negative impacts on the stability of the region in coming years.

Kashmir as the center of conflict in the novel “Midnight's Children” by Salman Rushdie

The subject of this research is the conflicts generated by mythological and historical space in Kashmir Valley, which is one of the central artistic images in the novel “Midnight's Children” by the British writer of Indo-Pakistani descent Salman Rushdie. Conflict situation within the framework of Kashmir’s topos is sense-making, as it is associated with the problem of choice and acquisition of cultural wholeness by the character of the novel. The historically substantiated propensity towards conflict of the actual geographical region, which became the cause for interethnic hostility between Pakistan and India, is complicated by the conflict of Western and Eastern cultures. The "East – West" opposition implies the conflict between the conservatory intentions of the Eastern autochthonous culture and the attempts of it suppression by pro-Western migrants. The author applies historical and literary, hermeneutical and mythopoetic methods. It is determined that involvement of Kashmir’s topos in the artistic world of the novel is substantiated by the historical and interethnic conflicts in the region related to acquisition of independence by India. On the mythological level, Kashmir manifests as a space that synthesizes the ambivalent forces of destruction and creation, which reveals the latent propensity towards conflict that underlies the world. The clash of cultures and worldviews is described in the novel through the symbolic pair of characters – Indian Westerner Adam Aziz and the local boatman Tai. Relations between the characters actualize the stratified systemic conflict (interpersonal, internal, religious-mythological, problem of choice). Subsequently, this conflict propels to the ontological level, reflecting the problem of heroes of finding their place in postcolonial world

Identification of Deregulated Pathways, Key Regulators, and Novel miRNA-mRNA Interactions in HPV-Mediated Transformation.

Next to a persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV), molecular changes are required for the development of cervical cancer. To identify which molecular alterations drive carcinogenesis, we performed a comprehensive and longitudinal molecular characterization of HPV-transformed keratinocyte cell lines. Comparative genomic hybridization, mRNA, and miRNA expression analysis of four HPV-containing keratinocyte cell lines at eight different time points was performed. Data was analyzed using unsupervised hierarchical clustering, integrated longitudinal expression analysis, and pathway enrichment analysis. Biological relevance of identified key regulatory genes was evaluated in vitro and dual-luciferase assays were used to confirm predicted miRNA-mRNA interactions. We show that the acquisition of anchorage independence of HPV-containing keratinocyte cell lines is particularly associated with copy number alterations. Approximately one third of differentially expressed mRNAs and miRNAs was directly attributable to copy number alterations. Focal adhesion, TGF-beta signaling, and mTOR signaling pathways were enriched among these genes. PITX2 was identified as key regulator of TGF-beta signaling and inhibited cell growth in vitro, most likely by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Predicted miRNA-mRNA interactions miR-221-3p_BRWD3, miR-221-3p_FOS, and miR-138-5p_PLXNB2 were confirmed in vitro. Integrated longitudinal analysis of our HPV-induced carcinogenesis model pinpointed relevant interconnected molecular changes and crucial signaling pathways in HPV-mediated transformation.

Музичний серіал: на перетині кіно і телебачення

It is difficult to overestimate the role of television as the primary way of human communication with the outside world. One of the most established function of the "small screen" is its entertainment appointment, representative of which for the average viewer are TV-series. The article analyzes the phenomenon of a musical series, investigates its characteristic functions as a musical-screen forms, traces the causality of enlargement and functioning of a musical series abroad and inUkraine.The foreign media market is characterized by widespread competition between the production studios, by the enlargement of streaming platforms and by longer period of existence of the TV-series as a format of the media. These reasons are encouraging foreign producers to diversify the genres of TV- or web series, meanwhile Ukrainian producers still treat content production fairly one-sided. The foreign TV-series have become familiar to Ukrainian viewers mainly with the acquisition of independence. However, production of the authentic Ukrainian TV-series was not relevant until the 2014 year, after which the Verkhovna Rada adopted two laws that stimulate television production.Thus, TV-series production inUkrainehas only just begun to develop: a few examples, which could be called musical, are actually more exotic backgrounds for the development of melodrama. Nevertheless, musical TV-series from abroad have already won their audience among the Ukrainian viewers. Therefore, we assume that the phenomenon of the musical series will be adapted by Ukrainian productions.It may seem like a series are identical to a motion picture at first sight, but TV-series may also have their advantages over a feature-length movie, like a more detailed description of the protagonist, exploitation of hypertext and deeper disclosure of minor characters. But one of the biggest benefits of TV/web series is the ability to experiment, for example, to introduce into the music basis of project such modern trends as lip sync or mashup.Lip sync is synchronization of audio and video by the method of getting into the articulation of the song’s lyrics. In addition to appearing in the new Netflix’s series “Soundtrack” (2019), lip sync is one of the main ways of expression of such classical movies as “Singing Detective” (2003), “Love and Cigarettes” (2005), and Paul Thomas Anderson's “Magnolia” (1999). We would like to emphasize that one of the first occurrences of the lip sync in narrative screen arts is the serial trilogy by Dennis Porter (“Singing Detective” (1986), “Lipstick on Your Collar” (1993), “Pennies from Heaven” (1978)). However, the creators of the “Soundtrack” were not limited on using the one interesting technique: they offered a vocal solution of each episode in a mash-up way (combining two songs into one laying on each other).Thus, musical cinema saturated the musical series with cinematic ways of expression, and music television gave filmmakers the opportunity to open up from unpredictable side. Musical series’ format has a very few analogues on Ukrainian TV, but television production in our country is developing, and we hope that soon there will be available domestic material for analysis. Musical series inspire the usage of atypical and experimental creative gestures into the cinematic canvas, and also remains open to creative searching, thus developing a filling palette of music-screen forms.

Postcolonial Africa: problems and prospects

The article considers the problems of transition of African states to the south of Sahara from the position of the “hopeless continent” to the economic rise and raises the questions of conformity with these changes. The author gives special attention to the consequences of decolonization, the functioning of modern political institutions, the actions of the elite, the migration issues, labor discrimination of African migrants in Europe, and the aftereffect of economic presence of China in African countries. The author draws attention to the fact that the so-called raise had already been experienced by the Africal continent. Since the acquisition of independence, many texts have been published including scientific articles, describing Africa “on the rise”. However, in unfavorable conditions resulting from the policies of colonial powers, African states can’t overcome the lingering crisis due to internal reasons. Political elites are pursuing their policies for the convenience of former colonial powers rather than of their own state. The author’s personal attendance at the economic forum within the Russia-Africa summit helped collect unique materials and expert opinions of political and public leaders of African States about topical problems. The author analyzes the consequences of decolonization and the activities of modern “partners” and concludes that, in a time of resource shortage experienced by many countries, African states to the South of Sahara will face even more serious economic, ecological and social problems. Based on its past, Africa should find its own development path and protect its own interests and values. During the development of state and national strategies, a special role should be given to the issues of education, as it is the basis for the formation of human values and worldview for the future.   

Some issues of antiradon protection in Kazakhstan

The article is devoted to the issues of legal enforceability of antiradon protection in Kazakhstan. Compared with developed countries, the problem of radon in Kazakhstan only looms. It is obvious that anti-radon protection should be considered in context with the general issues of ensuring radiation 25 З.М. Бияшева и др. protection of the population. Kazakhstan is among the countries with a tense radioecological situation, which is due to two main reasons. Firstly, the Republic of Kazakhstan has one of the world’s largest raw materials base for natural uranium and, secondly, for 40 years it was the main testing ground of the Soviet Union for conducting nuclear tests, which resulted in negative environmental changes. Kazakhstan is the only country in the world in whose territory, starting in August 1949, 659 atomic explosions were carried out, representing more than 92% of all explosions carried out in the USSR. The total power of all charges blown up in the air at the Semipalatinsk test site (this is not counting underground explosions) is equal to 2.5 thousand Hiroshima bombs. However, the issues of radiation protection, including radon protection, were practically ignored. There was no legislative base aimed at protecting the population from radiation. Only with the acquisition of independence, the country, using international experience, began to create the necessary regulations to ensure radiation protection. Studies have shown that the regulatory framework of Kazakhstan in the field of anti-radon protection meets the requirements of the International Committee on Radiation Protection, but the reality is negative, in general, there is no information on the distribution of radon radiation in Kazakhstan, and fragmentary studies of specialists at obviously dangerous areas near the developed uranium deposits showed that citizens live in areas where doses of radon radiation are many times higher than the permissible, however, the measures have not been taken by state bodies, citizens are not aware of their rights. The purpose of the study is to establish the effectiveness and adequacy of legal enforceability for activities to reduce the risk of exposure of radon and its daughter products to people and the environment, to justify recommendations for improving the legal mechanism for ensuring the radon safety of the population. Key words: radiation, radiation doses, radon, antiradon protection, radiation monitoring, radiation protection, nuclear and radiation safety, laws, regulations, international organizations, International Commission on Radiation Protection.

Giovani a bassa generatività: la transizione alla vita adulta tra crisi, paura e progettualità

The author investigates the universe of the young people in the Italian context, starting from the political impediments which affect the job placement and, consequently, delay the acquisition of economic independence and housing autonomy, and considering the cultural conditions of a society that "holds" children in their maternal houses and inhibits their transition to adult life and the formation of their own family. The portrait of a community with a low birth rate emerges as an unequivocal sign of a personal and social crisis. But still in young people survives and persists a hidden desire for family which is a yearning for planning as an ontological category of human beings. Therefore, the hope and commitment at the same time are the definition of adult education pathways, focused on parenting, birth and care education.

Intermittent Transfusion Independence Is Associated with Improved Overall Survival in Patients with Transfusion Dependent MDS

Intermittent Transfusion Independence Is Associated with Improved Overall Survival in Patients with Transfusion Dependent MDS

バージャー病を呈した両側大腿切断者に対し，義足装着と膝継手に工夫を行い，義足歩行が自立した治療経験

バージャー病を呈した両側大腿切断者に対し，義足装着と膝継手に工夫を行い，義足歩行が自立した治療経験

Modeling of Influence of Resourcing Factors on Gross Regional Product

The transformation processes occurring in the country, causing the uneven development of individual regions, are characterized by increased competition at the regional level. The consequence of the acquisition of economic independence by the regions of the Russian Federation is a reappraisal of its current position and basic functions, the implementation of which is aimed at asserting themselves and strengthening their reliable position in the market and socio-economic spaces of the country by increasing competitive advantages. The formation of competitive advantages of the regions based on the resource potential in the conditions of market relations is the main condition for increasing the efficiency of regional socio-economic systems, predetermining both the sustainable development of the region by ensuring a high level of economic performance and the life quality of the population, and further prospects for the development of environmental and institutional components. The purpose of the study is to assess the degree of influence of key components of the region’s resource potential on the gross regional product per capita as the main recognized indicator of regional development and regional competitiveness based on building an econometric model with the subsequent development of a projection of changes in the indicator of a specific region under the influence of quality and quantity resource potential.

PROBLEMS OF PRICING IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC AND WAYS OF SOLUTIONS

The pricing system was based on the budget and regulatory framework of 1984. August 31, 1991 with the acquisition of independence of the Kyrgyz Republic began a new countdown and its history. Independence also influenced the pricing policy of the Kyrgyz Republic, as the Kyrgyz currency – som was introduced on may 10, 1993. Was chosen course 1 som to 200 rubles. Prior to the development of the new regulatory framework, price coefficients and price indices were used to convert prices into current prices. In this regard, it was decided to develop a new budget and regulatory framework that meets modern realities.

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF UKRAINE: HISTORY OF BECOMING, SUCCESS, PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES

The article is devoted to the review and analysis of the formation and the 100-year activity of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, which was established on November 27, 2018. It should be noted that at different times the Academy changed its name somewhere, but its essence and significance did not change. The current name was obtained by the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine with the acquisition of independence by Ukraine on December 13, 1991. The whole historical path of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine with all development problems and successes is shown in direct connection with the historical events that took place in different periods of Ukrainian history - in the times of statehood, its losses, wars and revolutions.A whole galaxy of prominent Ukrainian scientists and statesmen who are often severely separated from each other, who played a decisive role or mission in the founding, establishment, and development of the National Academy of Sciences for the remainder of her 100 years of life and activity, are shown: M. S. Hrushevsky, V. I. Vernadsky, M. P. Vassilenko, P. P. Skoropadsky, A. Yu. Krymsky, O. I. Levytsky, V. I. Lipsky, V. O. Plotnikov, B. E. Paton, etc.It is noted that the forerunner of the academy was the Taras Shevchenko Scientific Society (SSSh), established in Lviv in 1873, in which outstanding intellectuals, cultural and scientific figures, including such worlds of science as A. Ainstein, D. Gilbert, M. Plank etc have self-identification.The critical assessments of the academy affairs current state, which stem from a lack of understanding of the importance of the National Academy of Sciences for the country’s economy, its defense capability, health care, ecology, and all other socially significant aspects that are expressed, in particular, in extremely low science funding and the scientist status.

WAYS OF REFORMING THE LAND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF AZERBAIJAN

WAYS OF REFORMING THE LAND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF AZERBAIJAN

Правовые проблемы применения судебного прецедента в правовой системе Республики Казахстан

In the article the legal research of judicial precedent which is the basic part of English law is carried out in historical aspect. The correlation of case (common) law, equity law and statutory law is considered.A unique phenomenon in the history of formation and development of Kazakhstan’s statehood is recognized by the Biy court, which formed the basis of legal proceedings for many centuries. The article substantiates the conclusion that the application of the Kazakh customary law in legal proceedings, based on justice, honesty, impartiality and had a precedent character, contributed to the socio-economic development of nomadic society for many centuries. In Soviet times, however, the Biy court was seen as an attribute of nationalist ideology and an instrument of class domination.A new stage in the development of the judicial system in Kazakhstan is associated with the acquisition of state independence and the establishment of our country as a full member of the world community. The Supreme Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan adopts regulatory decisions, which are the main regulatory legal acts and relate to the current law. In connection with the creation of the AIFC and the relevant Court, the need to study the judicial precedent in order to introduce in one form or another English law in the legal system of the Republic of Kazakhstan was actualized. The authors conclude that the implementation of judicial precedent in English law in the legal system, or rather in the proceedings of Kazakhstan is not possible, although some elements of judicial precedent can be implemented.