Acquisition Of Independence Research Articles

THE HISTORY OF THE FIRST OFFICIAL VISIT OF THE KYRGYZ DELEGATION TO THE USA AND THE FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOREIGN POLICY OF THE YOUNG REPUBLIC

The article, based on newly opened archival sources, highlights the first visit of the official Kyrgyz delegation to America. During early 1990s, with the USSR collapse the world became unipolar, with the United States beginning to play a significant geopolitical role. The acquisition of independence and sovereignty set Kyrgyzstan in search of its own path of development; the country faced the challenge of joining the world community. The visit of the state delegation of Kyrgyzstan to the USA was of great historical and political significance for the development of the country. High-level meetings and promises to move the country along the path of democracy and market relations played an important role in American support to the young republic. Kyrgyzstan's desire to follow a democratic course was an important message behind the republic's entry into the UN and other international organizations. Diplomatic relations also developed progressively with the opening of a number of embassies in Bishkek and embassies of Kyrgyzstan abroad. foreign policy doctrine, concept.

MODERN FRENCH AND AZERBAİJANİ POETRY AT THE LEVEL OF COMPARATİVİSTİCS

In the article, the stages of development of Azerbaijani poetry from the 19th century to the 20th–21st centuries, which were accompanied by fundamental changes, were reviewed. It has been noted that the wars that took place at the beginning of the 20th century and the strict rules and regulations applied by the Soviet regime had an undeniable influence on our literature. It was at that time, during the years of Repression, prominent representatives of Azerbaijani poetry were subjected to political oppression and persecution, exiled and shot. The names of the poets who played a special role in the development of Azerbaijani poetic thought during the Soviet period were mentioned, and at the same time, the genre and form innovations they brought to our poetry were shown. Starting from the 60s, poets and writers began to deepen their view of man and his spiritual world. This movement, which began in literature for the sake of freedom of speech and thought, political thought, pluralism, national independence, and social justice, was continued in the 70s and 90s, and finally achieved its prospective goals with the acquisition of political sovereignty and state independence of Azerbaijan. The trend of critical realism that prevailed in Azerbaijani poetry in the 19th century was replaced by socialism- realism in the 20th century. The names of the leading representatives of this current have been mentioned. The article compares the similarities and differences of both French and Azerbaijani poetry of the 20th century in terms of literary trends, form, content, and genre, citing the names of poets and showing examples. In particular, the poems of the French surrealist poet Jacques Préver are compared to the poems of Rasul Rza and Huseyn Javid and Adil Mirseyid. The article also examines the form and content of the newest poets distinguished by their innovation in 21st century Azerbaijani poetry.

Features of the Islamic revival in the Republic of Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan is a predominantly Muslim country, where, according to estimates, 70 % of the population identify themselves as Muslims. However, the Muslim population was not always satisfied with the country's religious policy, especially during the Soviet era, when religious practice was severely restricted, and many religious places and mosques were destroyed or stopped their activities. With the acquisition of independence in Kazakhstan, a process is observed, which is called the “revival” of Islam. The revival of Islam in Kazakhstan can be traced back to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Since then, there has been a growing interest in Islam among the population, and many new mosques and Islamic institutes have been established. Despite the growth of Islamic practice in Kazakhstan, the country has preserved a secular political system with a strong emphasis on the separation of religion from the state. In this article we will consider the features of the “Islamic” revival in the years of independence of our country, as well as the policy of our country to address this problem.

ONECUT2 is a druggable driver of luminal to basal breast cancer plasticity.

Tumor heterogeneity complicates patient treatment and can be due to transitioning of cancer cells across phenotypic cell states. This process is associated with the acquisition of independence from an oncogenic driver, such as the estrogen receptor (ER) in breast cancer (BC), resulting in tumor progression, therapeutic failure and metastatic spread. The transcription factor ONECUT2 (OC2) has been shown to be a master regulator protein of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) tumors that promotes lineage plasticity to a drug-resistant neuroendocrine (NEPC) phenotype. Here, we investigate the role of OC2 in the dynamic conversion between different molecular subtypes in BC. We analyze OC2 expression and clinical significance in BC using public databases and immunohistochemical staining. In vitro, we perform RNA-Seq, RT-qPCR and western-blot after OC2 enforced expression. We also assess cellular effects of OC2 silencing and inhibition with a drug-like small molecule in vitro and in vivo. OC2 is highly expressed in a substantial subset of hormone receptor negative human BC tumors and tamoxifen-resistant models, and is associated with poor clinical outcome, lymph node metastasis and heightened clinical stage. OC2 inhibits ER expression and activity, suppresses a gene expression program associated with luminal differentiation and activates a basal-like state at the gene expression level. We also show that OC2 is required for cell growth and survival in metastatic BC models and that it can be targeted with a small molecule inhibitor providing a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with OC2 active tumors. The transcription factor OC2 is a driver of BC heterogeneity and a potential drug target in distinct cell states within the breast tumors.

The good intentions of federalism

The article is devoted to substantiating the controversial thesis that federalism is not an autonomous type of political structure. Federations are interpreted as a set of specific failures of different origins in the course of following the basic modern scenario of the formation of a unitary nation-state with a consolidated (civil) political identity. The article has for theoretical basis the actor approach, which interprets the political form of the federation as a derivative result of a conflict pact between the central and peripheral elites. In this methodological perspective, the history of the concept of federalism is examined and a comparative historical analysis of the world federal experience is carried out. As a result, a number of interrelated author's conclusions were formulated. First, it is shown that the original Kantian project of a world federation of states has little in common with federalism, which refers to the description of the internal structure of individual societies. Secondly, the conclusion is substantiated by the fact that in the modern theory of federalism a harmful mainstream tradition has developed, which scales as a normative successful experience the centralizing federalism in the United States. Thirdly, the cultural and historical features of the formation of two families of federations are highlighted and analyzed, one of which is associated with the acquisition of independence by offshoots of the West, and the other was formed by the later processes of the collapse of the colonial empires of the West and the liberation of colonies in Africa and Eurasia. Fourthly, it is argued that the federal political structure at the theoretical level was intended to reconcile, at the basis of the political project of Modernity, the liberal utopia of a universal and culturally homogeneous civil nation and the actual cultural diversity of any modern states, which is a permanent source of erosion of its political sovereignty and differentiation of collective identities. Fifthly, it is proved that all derived political, legal, economic and other signs of federalism are due to one initial problem - the legitimation and subsequent institutionalization of the conflict between the central elite and regional elites, challenging the indivisibility of political sovereignty and demanding political autonomy. Sixth, federalism as a changeable pact of elites in specific historical societies does not provide convincing grounds for its qualification as an autonomous political form compared to a unitary nation-state. The final conclusion is that the political format of federalism in most states is a long-term way of formalizing the political divorce of cultural communities that could not create a common political nation.

Data collection on health care and its implications for child and adolescent development

This work arose from the need detected during a visit to the Basic Health Unit in the São João neighborhood in the municipality of Votuporanga/SP. Based on the information extracted, proposals were made for health promotion actions at school with high school students, the themes of which exposed the need for data collection in the area in question, which led to the development of this project. The transition from childhood to adolescence is an extremely important stage that requires special care, fundamental to the acquisition of autonomy and independence, essential for biopsychosocial development. Considering all the aspects mentioned, the importance of effective care and the strengthening of a comprehensive support and care network, involving various agents in a multidisciplinary way, is emphasized. Food is one of the main factors responsible for healthy growth and development during the transformations experienced by the individual. Another important aspect that influences an individual's development is a suitable environment that allows them to grow and develop without psychological limitations that hinder their integration into society. In addition, puberty is a phenomenon that generates physical and behavioural changes, which indicates the transition between childhood and adolescence, and can become precocious with the influence of various factors such as genetics, psychology, sexualization and diet. Results: Three meetings were held on different themes: Healthy eating, personal hygiene and puberty, with 72 children on alternate days and with different fun activities. The proposed objectives were successfully achieved, as the students' adherence to and understanding of the topics were satisfactory.

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 controls a lipid droplet-peroxisome axis and is a vulnerability of endocrine-resistant ER+ breast cancer.

Targeting aromatase deprives ER+ breast cancers of estrogens and is an effective therapeutic approach for these tumors. However, drug resistance is an unmet clinical need. Lipidomic analysis of long-term estrogen-deprived (LTED) ER+ breast cancer cells, a model of aromatase inhibitor resistance, revealed enhanced intracellular lipid storage. Functional metabolic analysis showed that lipid droplets together with peroxisomes, which we showed to be enriched and active in the LTED cells, controlled redox homeostasis and conferred metabolic adaptability to the resistant tumors. This reprogramming was controlled by acetyl-CoA-carboxylase-1 (ACC1), whose targeting selectively impaired LTED survival. However, the addition of branched- and very long-chain fatty acids reverted ACC1 inhibition, a process that was mediated by peroxisome function and redox homeostasis. The therapeutic relevance of these findings was validated in aromatase inhibitor-treated patient-derived samples. Last, targeting ACC1 reduced tumor growth of resistant patient-derived xenografts, thus identifying a targetable hub to combat the acquisition of estrogen independence in ER+ breast cancers.

«Myagkaya sila» i publichnaya diplomatiya Brazilii: opyt dlya Rossii?

The article is devoted to the analysis of soft power and public diplomacy of the Federal Republic of Brazil. The object of the study is the resources, instruments and technologies of Brazil's soft power and public diplomacy, the subject is the policy implementation of soft power and public diplomacy of this country. The chronological framework of the study covers the period from Brazil's acquisition of independence in 1822 to L.I. Lula da Silva's winning the elections in 2022. The authors consider the policy of soft power during the periods of the Empire, the First and Second Republics, the era of military dictatorship, as well as during the subsequent democratization up to the current period.

Innovative Paths to Character: Online Learning's Role in Instilling Independence and Responsibility in Islamic Education

Every youth in the digital world must exhibit the attributes of independence and responsibility. Equipped with the qualities of autonomy and accountability, youngsters residing in the digital age will possess the ability to endure. The objective of this study is to ascertain the impact of online learning on the assimilation of the qualities of self-reliance and accountability among high school (SMA) students. This study employed a quantitative methodology utilizing random sampling procedures. A total of 179 students were included in the sample. The data were gathered through the use of a questionnaire and examined using a basic linear regression analysis. The findings indicate a substantial impact of 47.9% of online learning on the acquisition of independence and 31% on the development of responsibility. The qualities of autonomy and accountability can be absorbed through the process of habituation and the influence of exemplary educators, both within and outside the confines of the classroom. The study's findings emphasize the necessity of a comprehensive approach to education in the digital age, recognizing the substantial influence of online learning on the development of students' personality. By considering these consequences, it is possible to develop purposeful and efficient character education approaches in the changing realm of digital education.

ПУБЛІЧНЕ УПРАВЛІННЯ:СТАНОВЛЕННЯ ТА РОЗВИТОК В УКРАЇНІ

The article examines the concepts of "management", "public", "public management" through the prism of their characteristics, as well as the process of establishment and development of public management in Ukraine. An important place in such management is occupied by government and politics. The representation of the interests of various groups of persons is transformed into the representation of public interests. The people delegate authority to the state to regulate processes in various spheres of life. This is how management activity is formed, which scales with the development of social relations, acquires new features and becomes a specialized activity. The acquisition of independence by Ukraine was an important impetus for the birth and development of public administration on the territory of our state. 1991 was a turning point for the entire nation and for each of us in particular. The institution of the state acquires a new meaning. Attempts and failures, contradictions and reforms - the path to the new is not easy, but persistent and destined for success. Civil service is an extremely important area in the establishment and development of public management activity. Proper personnel training, organizational and legal foundations in work have become a strategic vector for the development of public management. The Laws of Ukraine "On Civil Service", "On Prevention of Corruption" defined the principles, legal and organizational principles of ensuring a public, professional, politically impartial, effective, citizen-oriented public service that functions in the interests of the state and society, and the functioning of the corruption prevention system in Ukraine , the content and procedure for applying preventive anti-corruption mechanisms, rules for eliminating the consequences of corruption offenses.

TO THE 60TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF UKRAINE. Part 1. Historical outline of the development of natural sciences from the founding of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine to the establishment of the Department of Earth and Space Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1918–1962)

The history of the formation and development of Earth sciences since the founding of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences (UAS) contains a significant amount of factual material. Taking into account the limitation of the volume of the journal publication, the authors divided the chronological review of the history of natural sciences in the system of the Academy dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the Department of Earth Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine into three parts. In the first part, the main historical events in dates, facts and personalities of the formation and development of the natural sciences of Ukraine from the founding of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences in 1918 to the organizational and structural formation of the Department of Earth and Space Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR in 1963 are listed in chronological order. In the second and third parts, the formation and development of scientific institutions of the Department of Earth Sciences are considered in accordance with (1963–1990) and after (1991–2023), i.e., the acquisition of independence by Ukraine, as well as brief information about the achievements of the members of the Academy. Scientists-naturalists from the moment of establishment of UAS and during its first 45 years passed all stages of its formation and development. Among the outstanding achievements, which became a unique contribution to the development of natural sciences during this period, the following should be included: (a) the substantiation of a new theoretical direction in geological science – tectoorogeny, the doctrine of the Earth's tectonosphere, (b) the beginning of the creation of the concept of the abiogenic (inorganic) origin of oil and gas at extremely high temperatures and pressures in the Earth's upper mantle, (c) studying the deep structure of the Earth’s crust and the upper mantle of the territory of Ukraine by geophysical methods. The above list of key achievements includes only breakthrough ideas and theories. In the text of the article, the content and significance of the main achievements of natural scientists of the Academy are considered in the given biographical references about their authors.

Peculiarities of the formation and development of Ukrainian political and legal thought in Galicia after March 14, 1923

The development of Ukrainian political and legal thought in the western Ukrainian lands after March 14, 1923 is considered. Attention is paid to the peculiarities of formation, the contribution of thinkers and politicians to its content is analyzed. It is emphasized that the activities of such scientists as K. Levytskyi, S. Dnistryanskyi, V. Starosolskyi, S. Tomashivskyi, V. Kuchabskyi, S. Rudnytskyi and others are decisive for the legal opinion of the Ukrainian people, whose scientific works were fundamental for its development from in view of the fact that they formed legal awareness and political culture in Western Ukrainian society, awakened Ukrainians to an active political life, and, therefore, influenced the national development of Galicia in its daily dimension.
 It is noted that after the fall of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic and the introduction of Polish administration in Galicia, significant changes took place in Ukrainian political and legal thought, which on the one hand led to the formation of new right-wing organizations, and on the other - to the spread of communist ideology. It is argued that the most massive and organized was the national- democratic direction, whose representatives in their scientific works formulated the concepts of the Ukrainian national state based on the idea of unconditional recognition of the right of state self-determination of Ukrainians on their ethnic territory on the basis of national democratic traditions and the theory of the right of peoples to self-determination .
 It is emphasized that the theoretical works of Ukrainian thinkers were the methodological base on which Ukrainian political and legal thought developed in Galicia during the period under study. According to Academician S. Dnistryanskyi, the dominant factor in the process of national creation should be the formation of the national consciousness of the Ukrainian people in the way of creating effective public institutions, and only then - the logical and natural acquisition of state independence. It was a legal and most realistic plan of the struggle for the restoration of Ukrainian statehood, because the legislation of the Second Commonwealth did not prohibit the activities of public structures.
 In view of this, the article highlights the role of scientific, cultural and educational, pedagogical, sports, cooperative societies and unions, the clergy and socio-political organizations as leaders of the national state and law-making in Galicia, which de facto replaced the functions of national state bodies and helped Ukrainians to feel like nationally conscious citizens and to choose the right to their own statehood.

Canonical Kaiso target genes define a functional signature that associates with breast cancer survival and the invasive lobular carcinoma histological type.

Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) is a low- to intermediate-grade histological breast cancer type caused by mutational inactivation of E-cadherin function, resulting in the acquisition of anchorage independence (anoikis resistance). Most ILC cases express estrogen receptors, but options are limited in relapsed endocrine-refractory disease as ILC tends to be less responsive to standard chemotherapy. Moreover, ILC can relapse after >15 years, an event that currently cannot be predicted. E-cadherin inactivation leads to p120-catenin-dependent relief of the transcriptional repressor Kaiso (ZBTB33) and activation of canonical Kaiso target genes. Here, we examined whether an anchorage-independent and ILC-specific transcriptional program correlated with clinical parameters in breast cancer. Based on the presence of a canonical Kaiso-binding consensus sequence (cKBS) in the promoters of genes that are upregulated under anchorage-independent conditions, we defined an ILC-specific anoikis resistance transcriptome (ART). Converting the ART genes into human orthologs and adding published Kaiso target genes resulted in the Kaiso-specific ART (KART) 33-gene signature, used subsequently to study correlations with histological and clinical variables in primary breast cancer. Using publicly available data for ERPOS Her2NEG breast cancer, we found that expression of KART was positively associated with the histological ILC breast cancer type (p < 2.7E-07). KART expression associated with younger patients in all invasive breast cancers and smaller tumors in invasive ductal carcinoma of no special type (IDC-NST) (<2 cm, p < 6.3E-10). We observed associations with favorable long-term prognosis in both ILC (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.29-0.91, p < 3.4E-02) and IDC-NST (HR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.66-0.93, p < 1.2E-04). Our analysis thus defines a new mRNA expression signature for human breast cancer based on canonical Kaiso target genes that are upregulated in E-cadherin deficient ILC. The KART signature may enable a deeper understanding of ILC biology and etiology. © 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

Gross Motor Skills in Early Grade Students: A Bibliometric Study

Gross motor skills refer to fundamental motor skills such as running, walking, crawling, jumping and catching. This domain requires adequate coordination of muscular, skeletal and nervous system activity. The objective was to perform a bibliometric analysis of the literature indexed in Scopus on gross motor skills in students of the initial level, between 2003 and 2023. Methodologically, it was a quantitative bibliometric study. The scientific production indicators were generated from 498 documents selected from Scopus using keywords in English ("gossip", "motor", "skills", "childhood"). From 2016 to 2022, published papers increased (66.1%), indicating a growing interest in the subject of study. The United States is the country with the most scientific production (21.3%; n=157), and the University of Wollongong in Australia, has the most publications (n=21). The International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health published 24 papers, while the most cited was Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology with 707 citations, with author Goodway, J.D. (n=10 papers) being the most cited (n=682). From the studies analyzed, it is concluded that the early stages of a child's life are vital for the growth of gross motor skills, which in turn fosters the acquisition of knowledge, independence and confidence. Consequently, early learners can benefit from physical activity, as it helps them refine their motor skills by giving them the opportunity to work on balance, control and coordination.

Specificity of the formation of modern social housing in Ukraine as a consequence of the russian invasion

The Soviet Union, among other states, was distinguished by the construction of housing at a great pace and volume, which was included in the programs of future social development for every 5 years. It was believed that the scale of Soviet construction should testify to the advantages of the Soviet system of government (and in fact the ruling political regime was formed by a one-party system) and the socialist system of management. Housing construction was carried out for the people under conditions of equality and equal distribution by state bodies of living space per person. The liberation of Ukraine from the Russian Communist Party dictate led to a prolonged Russian invasion of Ukrainian land due to the Russian Federation's inadmissibility of such "arbitrariness" on the part of Ukraine as choosing a pro-European path and democratization. With the acquisition of Independence in Ukraine, there was a reassessment of the values previously declared by the communist authorities, when the dictatorship of the proletariat and the hegemony of the poorest sections of the population were proclaimed. Mass housing construction, as an industry that had to serve as communist propaganda, actually met the minimum needs of the people. This is especially evident when comparing the Soviet heritage and the modern construction of social housing in other countries. The state of war in our country has given us an understanding that the problem of creating social housing is growing in our difficult conditions, covers a huge number of the population that lost their homes as a result of hostilities and takes various forms that need to be identified.

ЎЗБЕКИСТОН РЕСПУБЛИКАСИДА ДАВЛАТ БЮДЖЕТИ ТАҚЧИЛЛИГИНИ МОЛИЯЛАШТИРИШНИНГЗАМОНАВИЙ ҲОЛАТИНИНГ ХУСУСИЯТЛАРИ

This article reveals the essence of the state budget deficit and its methods of its financing and the stages of development are being considered. In Uzbekistan, since the acquisition of independence and to the present day there is a problem of state budget deficit. In our country at present, to finance the state budget deficit, mainly the public external debt is used. In this direction domestic opportunities are little used. This article, using the method of comparative analysis was given the author’s (assessment) evolution of the current state of reducing the state budget deficit of country.

Из историята на Националния природонаучен музей при БАН: Трудното възстановяване. Музеят под ръководството на чл.-кор. проф. д-р Александър Вълканов (1965 – 1971 г.)

The study presents the main changes, problems and achievements on the eve of the acquisition of institutional independence of the National Museum of Natural History at the BAS in the period 1965 – 1971, when it was part of the Zoological Institute at the BAS and was led by Corr.-member Prof. Alexander Vulkanov.

Downregulation of miR-193a/b-3p during HPV-induced cervical carcinogenesis contributes to anchorage-independent growth through PI3K-AKT pathway regulators.

Cervical cancer is caused by a persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus(HPV) and an accumulation of (epi)genetic alterations in the host cell. Acquisition of anchorage-independent growth represents a critical hallmark during HPV-induced carcinogenesis, thereby yielding the most valuable biomarkers for early diagnosis and therapeutic targets. In a previous study, we found that miR-193a-3p and miR-193b-3p were involved in anchorage-independent growth. This study aimed to delineate the role of miR-193a/b-3p in HPV-induced carcinogenesis and to identify their target genes related to anchorage-independent growth. Cell viability and colony formation were assessed in SiHa cancer cells and HPV-16 and -18 immortalized keratinocytes upon miR-193a/b-3p overexpression. Both microRNAsreduced cell growth of all three cell lines in low-attachment conditions and showed a minor effect in adherent conditions. Online target-predicting programs and publicly available expression data were used to find candidate messenger RNA(mRNA) targets of miR-193a/b-3p. Seven targets showed reduced mRNA expression upon miR-193a/b-3p overexpression. For three targets, Western blot analysis was also performed, all showing a reduced protein expression. A direct interaction was confirmed using luciferase assays for six genes: LAMC1, PTK2, STMN1, KRAS, SOS2, and PPP2R5C, which are phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K-AKT) regulators. All six targets were overexpressed in cervical cancers and/or precursor lesions. Together with an observed downregulation of phosphorylated-AKT upon miR-193a/b-3p overexpression, this underlines the biological relevance of miR-193a/b-3p downregulation during HPV-induced cervical carcinogenesis. In conclusion, the downregulation of miR-193a-3p and miR-193b-3p is functionally involved in the acquisition of HPV-induced anchorage independence by targeting regulators of the PI3K-AKT pathway.

STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF STEEL GRADE 7ХНМФБ FOR MANUFACTURING WOOD CUTTING SAWS

The article covers issues related to the development of a new domestic tool alloy steel of the 7ХНМФБ brand for the manufacture of wood-cutting saws. It is noted that the aforementioned saws were previously made from alloyed tool steels of the 9ХФ and 9ХФМ grades, which were smelted in the Russian Federation (RF), and wood-cutting saws were also made from them in the Russian Federation. With the acquisition of independence, these saws became scarce, and the question arose of developing domestic tool alloy steel for the manufacture of these saws. The purpose of the research is to determine the structure and properties of steel grade 7ХНМФБ. Well-known alloyed tool steels were taken as a basis and such elements as niobium, calcium, aluminum and rare earth elements were added to their chemical composition. We received a new domestic alloyed tool steel of the 7ХНМФБ brand, which, in comparison with known steels, has a number of significant advantages. These include a significant reduction in the content of harmful sulfur and phosphorus impurities, which is achieved both by smelting technology and by introducing additional elements into the steel composition. The introduction of aluminum leads to a change in the quality and shape of the distribution of non-metallic inclusions, which increases the plastic characteristics and increases the resistance to fracture viscosity. The steel of the new brand is distinguished by a higher value of impact strength (especially at negative temperatures), resistance to the occurrence and propagation of cracks. Steel 7ХНМФБ also surpasses the indicators of steels 9ХФ and 9ХФМ in terms of fracture toughness and durability during cyclic bending with rotation. The choice of the alloying scheme ensures that the new brand of steel, with the same hardness, has almost the same strength and yield strength as 9ХФ and 9ХФМ steels.

ДАЛЕКОСХІДНІ АМБІЦІЇ ДЕРЖАВНОГО ЦЕНТРУ УНР В ЕКЗИЛІ У КОНТЕКСТІ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ «СТАМБУЛЬСЬКОЇ ПЛАТФОРМИ» ( 30-ті рр. ХХ ст.)

The article analyzes the Far Eastern plans and ambitions of the State Center of the UNR in exile in the 1930s of the XX century. in the context of the activities of the «Istanbul Platform». Also shown is the process of establishing cooperation with Japanese intelligence or further support from the offi cial Tokyo side of the project of creating the Ukrainian Far Eastern Republic (a buff er state entity and a bridgehead for the deployment of a full-scale struggle on the territory of greater Ukraine occupied by the Soviet authorities for the further acquisition of Ukrainian independence). The scientifi c novelty of the obtained results is that, for the fi rst time in an academic context, an attempt is made to investigate the radicalization of the views and intentions of the UNR SC in exile in the 1930s of the 20th century, a general comparison of the activities of the leaders of the UNR SC in exile and representatives of the «Istanbul Platform» with the leaders and representatives of the OUN and illustrated their parallel movement in the direc-tion of realizing Ukrainian Far Eastern ambitions, establishing cooperation with Japanese intelligence, diplomatic circles of Japan and offi cial Tokyo