Acne-causing Bacteria Research Articles

Antibacterial Activities of Caspir (Capsicum Frutescens L.) Leaves Gele Extrac Against Propionibacterium Acnes Causes of Acne

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the spray gel preparation of cayenne pepper leaf extract (Capsicum frutesens L) in inhibiting the growth of Propionibacterium acnes bacteria and to determine the best concentration of the spray gel preparation of cayenne pepper leaf extract (Capsicum frutesens L) tested on acne-causing bacteria.
 The method in this study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments based on preparations with three concentrations, positive control and negative control. The treatments were: P1 (25% cayenne pepper leaf extract preparation), P2 (50% cayenne pepper leaf extract preparation), P3 (75% cayenne pepper leaf extract preparation), P4 (Control +), and P5 (Control -) .
 The results showed that the results of phytochemical screening for flavonoid compounds were positive and for the results of the inhibition zone testing of the extract preparations there was an average inhibition zone in the preparation with a concentration of 50% cayenne pepper leaf extract of 11 mm and 75% of 12 mm. While the results of statistical data analysis using One Way Anova get results > 0.05, which is 0.945, which means that H0 is accepted.

The Effectiveness of Mugwort Leaf Extract and Gotu Kola Leaf Extract against Acne Bacterial Activity

Acne is a problem among teenagers generally caused by bacterial infections such as Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris L.) and Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica L.) extracts have antibacterial activity formulated in anti-acne gel preparations. The purpose of this study was to test and obtain a gel formula of mugwort leaf extract and gotu kola leaf extract which effectively kills and controls the growth of acne-causing bacteria. The methods used in this study include simplicity making, leaf extraction, making anti-acne gel preparations, testing pH, homogeneity, inhibition, and data analysis. The extract obtained by maceration was made in three concentrations, namely 2.50; 5.00; and 10.00%. The results showed that the pH value of the gel preparations obtained was in the range of 8.08-9.96. Mugwort leaf extract, gotu kola leaf, and mugwort-gotu kola have a distinctive smells with a thick texture at a concentration of 2.50% and a liquid texture at a concentration of 10.00%. Inhibition tests showed that the mugwort extract sample had a value of 16-18 mm, while the gotu kola extract and mugwort-gotu kola had a value of 14 mm. Mugwort leaf extract is able to inhibit the growth of acne-causing bacteria. This success was obtained because the extracts of mugwort and gotu kola leaves contain flavonoids that can inhibit the growth of bacteria that cause acne. Mugwort leaf extract gel with a concentration of 2.50 and 5.00% had the largest zone of inhibition in inhibiting P. acnes bacteria compared to other concentrations.

The Anticancer Agent 3,3'-Diindolylmethane Inhibits Multispecies Biofilm Formation by Acne-Causing Bacteria and Candida albicans.

ABSTRACTThe Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium Cutibacterium acnes is a major inhabitant of human skin and has been implicated in acne vulgaris formation and in the formation of multispecies biofilms with other skin-inhabiting organisms like Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Indoles are widespread in nature (even in human skin) and function as important signaling molecules in diverse prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In the present study, we investigated the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of 20 indoles against C. acnes. Of the indoles tested, indole-3-carbinol at 0.1 mM significantly inhibited biofilm formation by C. acnes without affecting planktonic cell growth, and the anticancer drug 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM) at 0.1 mM (32 μg/mL) also significantly inhibited planktonic cell growth and biofilm formation by C. acnes, whereas the other indoles and indole itself were less effective. Also, DIM at 0.1 mM successfully inhibited multispecies biofilm formation by C. acnes, S. aureus, and C. albicans. Transcriptional analyses showed that DIM inhibited the expressions of several biofilm-related genes in C. acnes, and at 0.05 mM, DIM inhibited hyphal formation and cell aggregation by C. albicans. These results suggest that DIM and other indoles inhibit biofilm formation by C. acnes and have potential use for treating C. acnes associated diseases.IMPORTANCE Since indoles are widespread in nature (even in human skin), we hypothesized that indole and its derivatives might control biofilm formation of acne-causing bacteria (Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus) and fungal Candida albicans. The present study reports for the first time the antibiofilm and antimicrobial activities of several indoles on C. acnes. Of the indoles tested, two anticancer agents, indole-3-carbinol and 3,3′-diindolylmethane found in cruciferous vegetables, significantly inhibited biofilm formation by C. acnes. Furthermore, the most active 3,3′-diindolylmethane successfully inhibited multispecies biofilm formation by C. acnes, S. aureus, and C. albicans. Transcriptional analyses showed that 3,3′-diindolylmethane inhibited the expressions of several biofilm-related genes including lipase, hyaluronate lyase, and virulence-related genes in C. acnes, and 3,3′-diindolylmethane inhibited hyphal formation and cell aggregation by C. albicans. Our findings show that 3,3′-diindolylmethane offers a potential means of controlling acne vulgaris and multispecies biofilm-associated infections due to its antibiofilm and antibiotic properties.

AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN DARI TUMBUHAN PEPAYA (Carica papaya L.)

Pepper elder is a weed plant whose leaves contain anti-bacterial compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids, and saponins that can be used as acne treatment therapy. Pepper elder leaves can be made into anti-acne gel preparations by formulating the right gelling agent. This study aims to obtain a gel with good physical stability from variations in the gelling agent base and its activity against acne-causing bacteria. Formulation of Pepper elder leaf extract gel is made with variations in the base of Na.CMC, Carbopol, and HPMC, further stability evaluation includes organoleptic, homogentias, pH, viscosity, scattering power, and testing of antibacterial activity against the growth of Propionibacterium acne and Staphylococcus aureus . The results obtained from the stability test obtained by the Carbopol base and HPMC have good standards for organoleptics, homogenity, pH, viscosity, and scattering power. Antibacterial testing showed clear zone diameters formed against Propionibaceterium acne in naCMC, Carbopol, and HPMC variations of 17.7 mm, 16.3 mm, and 21.3 mm and staphylococcus aureus of 13.3 mm, 15.3 mm, and 14.3 mm, respectively. Based on the results obtained, HPMC gel has the best gel stability and can all formulas inhibit the growth of acne-causing bacteria Propionibacterium acne and Staphylococcus aureus evidenced by the diameter of the bland zone formed into the strong category.

Formulation of Herbal Soap against Acne Causing Bacteria

Formulation of Herbal Soap against Acne Causing Bacteria

Antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants and antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus and Mammaliicoccus sciuri isolated from acne

Background: Acne vulgaris is a distressing condition that affects most adolescents, causing scarring and reducing the quality of life. Among all the available therapeutic options, antibiotics are routinely used to treat moderate acne. In some cases, the clinical symptoms temporarily disappear after applying the prescribed medications, but its reoccurrence along with the misuse and overuse of the prescribed antibiotics may result in the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. Methods: The present study aims to isolate and identify acne-causing bacteria from two individuals, who developed chronic or recurrent papules or pustules on their face and neck. The effect of different physiological factors on the growth of these bacteria was evaluated, followed by an evaluation of microbial adhesion, biofilm formation, hemolytic activity, extracellular enzyme production, and antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants and antibiotics. Results: The predominant bacteria in acne samples were Gram-positive cocci, which were identified as Staphylococcus aureus strain GCC20_MS and Mammaliicoccus sciuri strain GCC20_MS. Both the isolates showed maximum viability at pH 7.0 and significant growth up to 10% NaCl concentration. A decreased viable count with the increase in Lysozyme concentration was also observed. The cell-surface hydrophobicity and auto-aggregation of both the tested isolates were very low; however, the strains were moderate biofilm producers. S. aureus strain GCC_20MS exhibited β-hemolysis, whereas M. sciuri strain GCC_20RS showed γ-hemolytic activity (no-hemolysis). Antibiotic-sensitivity test showed resistance of both the strains toward penicillin and sensitivity toward tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, co-Trimoxazole, gentamicin, and ofloxacin. The aqueous extracts of Citrus limon and Psidium guajava significantly inhibit the growth of the isolated strains. Moderate growth inhibition was observed by the aqueous extracts of Mentha sachalinensis and Punica granatum. Conclusion: The study suggests the efficacy of topical anti-acne formulations using plant extracts that may target the early processes of acne development and combat the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains.

Phytochemical Analysis of Traditional Medicine Herbs from Betel Leaf (Piper betle)L. to Treating Acne

Betel leaf (Piper betleL.) has been widely used for traditional medicine from generation to generation by the community, one of which is useful for treating acne. Betel leaf extract has antibacterial activity so that it can inhibit acne-causing bacteria. This study aims to determine the phytochemical compounds qualitatively and quantitatively. The herbs is made by boiling 8 betel leaves in 400 mL of water until it boils. The results showed that traditional medicinal herbs from betel leaf contain chemical compounds of flavonoids, tannins and phenols. Determination of the levels of phytochemical compounds using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry showed that the total flavonoid content was 35.941% ± 0.997, total tannin was 5.444% ± 1.357, and total phenol was 2.905% ± 0.295. Flavonoid compounds are known to have antibacterial activity so they are thought to play a role in treating acne

Optimasi Konsentrasi VCO Terhadap Stabilitas Fisik Facewash dan Uji Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Kelapa Sawit (Eleais Guineensis Jacq.) pada Bakteri Penyebab Jerawat

Palm oil leaves (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a waste from oil palm plantations which contain flavonoid, steroid, and alkaloid compounds that function as an antibacterial that causes acne. The purpose of this research was to identify determine the concentration of ethanolic extract of oil palm leaves which is effective in inhibiting acne-causing bacteria and to determine the best formulation that can produce a facewash base that fulfill the requirements for stability of the preparation according to SNI. Antibacterial test of oil palm leaf extract was using the pitting method against acne-causing bacteria. The results of the antibacterial test showed that the extract concentration of 75% had antibacterial activity against the growth of acne-causing bacteria. The facewash base was obtained by varying the VCO with concentrations of 17.5%, 20%, and 22.5%. The results of the evaluation of the facewash base formula for 28 days, namely F2 (20%) produced good characteristics and stability, namely a distinctive aroma, cream color, semi-solid form, pH 6,25 – 6,37, viscosity 0,904 -2,700 Pa.s, high foam stability. 89% - 100% and good homogeneity. The three base formulas have fulfill requirements for facewash according to SNI.

인삼 사포닌 효능 연구에 대한 리뷰

Ginseng is widely used for its promising medicinal properties as well as for its possible tonic effect in traditional medicine. These days, many studies focus on finding new ginsenosides and their specific mechanisms of action. To date, more than 150 ginsenosides have been identified and still being discovered today. Major ginsenosides are Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf and Rg1, which are the most abundant ingredients in ginseng. Although there are many reports on the molecular mechanisms and medical applications of those ginsenosides, many concerns still exist for their application in industries. Especially, compound K, which can be mass-produced by bio-conversion, has been shown that there is a selective antibacterial effect against acne-causing bacteria. Ginsenosides such as compound K can be very good materials for the development of cosmetics with new functional properties.

Effects of Prednisolone Derivative and Panaxydol: Biosurfactants on Cell Wall Integrity of Acne-Causing Resistant Bacteria.

Acne is one of the most common dermatological skin problem caused due to inflammation of the skin, leading to unfavorable growth of Propionibacterium acnes. It is a slow growing anaerobic, gram-positive bacterium that releases chemotactic factors and leads to the complex pathogenicity of acne. There are several acne treatments/therapies available, but topical therapy is usually the first choice for mild to moderate acne, and as the severity of the acne increases, the treatment modalities fail. There are many acne treatment options available, but topical therapy is best suited for mild - to - moderate skin problems, and then as the seriousness of the acne grows, the therapeutic approaches fall short. Biosurfactants are surfactants produced from plants or animals; Saponins are plant derived non-ionic biosurfactants which have steroidal and triterpenic glycosides distributed largely in plant kingdom. Numerous studies conducted by scientists have established the antimicrobial activity of and are considered more advantageous over synthetic precursors as they are eco-friendly, cheap and non-toxic. The present study was undertaken to investigate the antibacterial activity of saponins (bio-surfactants) characterized using mass spectroscopy against acne-causing bacteria. The discharge of cellular components including protein and UV-sensitive materials in the cell-free supernatant was provoked by saponin, confirming the cellular and membrane disturbances.. Furthermore, various morphological changes on the bacterial cell surface structure by Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed the disruption of the cell integrity leading to death. Results confirmed presence of non-ionic surfactants primarily affecting the disruption and destruction to the bacteria which indicates that saponins are efficient components with great potential applications in various pharmaceutical preparations. Effects of Prednisolone derivative and Panaxydol: Biosurfactants on cell wall integrity of Acne-Causing Resistant Bacteria.

FORMULASI, EVALUASI DAN UJI ANTIBAKTERI SEDIAAN GEL EKSTRAK ETANOL DUAN JAMBU BIJI (Psidium guajava L.) SEBAGAI ANTI JERAWAT

Acne is skin problems that can be overcome by using herbal plants, one of which is guava leaves. Guava leaves (Psidium guajava L.) contains tannins, saponins, polyphenols and flavonoids that can inhibit the growth of acne-causing bacteria. This study aims to formulate guava leaf extract (Psidium guajava L.) and evaluate the results of antibacterial tests on gel preparations as anti-acne. The ethanol extract was extracted and formulated using Na-CMC. Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of guava leaf extracts and preparations using Staphylococcus aureus and Eschericia coli bacteria. The results showed that the ethanol extract of guava leaves (Psidium guajava L.) with a concentration of 15% had antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with an inhibition area of ​​6.75 cm, and the gel preparation of guava leaf ethanol extract (Psidium guajava L.) resistance 0.2 mm. The evaluation found that the gel preparation of ethanol extract of guava leaves (Psidium guajava L.) can be used as an anti-acne gel.

28585 A topical antioxidant serum containing silymarin prevents sebum peroxidation in oily, blemish-prone skin

Introduction: Acneic skin is known to have higher levels of oxidative stress and lower levels of antioxidants than healthy skin. Research suggests that lipid peroxidation contributes to inflammation and creates a favorable environment for acne-causing bacteria. Therefore, an opportunity exists for topical antioxidant treatment to help disrupt this pathogenesis. We evaluated the propensity for a serum containing 0.5% silymarin, 15% vitamin C, 0.5% ferulic acid, and 0.5% salicylic acid to prevent sebum peroxidation both ex vivo and in blemish-prone skin.

FORMULASI SEDIAAN KRIM EKSTRAK ETANOL BUNGA KAMBOJA (Plumeria acuminata L.) DAN UJI AKTIVITAS ANTI ACNE

Cambodian flower (Plumeria acuminata L.) contains antioxidant and antibacterial properties, namely flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, steroids and glycosides. Kanboja flower ethanol extract (EEBK) was formulated into cream preparations because it tends to be more desirable and more efficient in its use. The research objectives were to formulate frangipani flower ethanol extract as cream soap and to test its activity against acne-causing bacteria. The research methods included: phytochemical screening, simplicia characterization of frangipani flowers, maceration of ethanol extract of frangipani flowers with 96% ethanol solvent, test activity of extracts against acne-causing bacteria by agar diffusion, formulation of cream preparations, test activity of preparations against acne-causing bacteria by diffusion agar. , and evaluation of preparations included: organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test, physical stability test, emulsion type test, viscosity test, and irritation test on volunteers. Based on the research results, phytochemical screening of EEBK and frangipani flower simplicia powder has active compounds such as: alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids and glycosides. The results of the simplicia characterization of frangipani flowers have a water content of 7.99%, a water-soluble extract content of 26.22%, and an ethanol-soluble extract content of 10.57%. The cream evaluation results in the pH test ranged from 6.0 to 6.1, the viscosity test was between 208-226 mPas, and the physical stability test for 35 days did not change in color, smell, and shape. while the test results of antibacterial activity of the cream on the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes formula I with a concentration of 5% did not produce an inhibition zone, formula II with a concentration of 10% produced an inhibition zone of 8.95 mm -+ 3.79 and formula III with a concentration of 15% produced an inhibition zone of 15, 35 mm -+ 2.59. The conclusion of all the evaluation test results above meet the requirements according to the Indonesian National Standard (1994)

Formulation and Evaluation of Anti-Acne Cream Using the Extracts of Oscillatoria sp: Investigating its Bio compatibility and Toxicity by Skin irritation test and Brine Shrimp Lethality assay

Acne by definition is a multifactorial continual inflammatory ailment of pilosebaceous units. Although antibiotics play an essential role in acne control, the development of drug resistance among acne-causing bacteria (Propionibacterium acne and Streptococcus sp)had created a need for the development of novel antimicrobial agents. Therefore, the present study focuses on the development of anti-acne cream using extracts of Oscillatoria sp. Oscillatoria extracts were used as a major constituent for acne cream with paraffin wax as the cream base. The Oscillatoria extracts and developed cream were investigated for antibacterial activity against acne-causing bacteria. The biocompatibility of the acne cream was evaluated by a patch test and Brine shrimp lethality assay was performed to determine the toxicity of the developed cream. The extract and acne-cream showed 14mm and 15mm; and 13mm and 11mm against Propioni bacterium acnes and Streptococcus sp. The cream showed no irritation endpoints and it was found to be non-toxic. Thus the developed anti-acne cream can be developed as a product for the treatment of acne.

Comprehensive In Silico Analysis of Christinin Molecular Behaviour from Ziziphus spina-christi Leaves on Propionibacterium acnes

The role of in silico studies in the discovery of new drugs is very important and interesting in the recent years, where the results can be used as confirmation of the results of in vitro tests carried out experimentally in the laboratory. One of the herbal ingredients is Ziziphus spina-christi leaves with effective antibacterial activity, such as for acne-causing bacteria, namely Propionibacterium acnes. This is because it contains main secondary metabolites with saponins as the major components which contain christinin as its active compound. There are four known types of christinin, namely christinin-A, christinin-B, christinin-C, and christinin-D. In this study, the molecular interaction of the christinin compound was tested to predict its affinity for Propionibacterium acnes compared to clindamycin, as well as to determine the level of safety on the skin so that it can be applied as a topical anti-acne dosage form. In silico studies, including molecular docking and toxicity prediction, were used to assess the activity of four molecules of the christinin compound on c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) macromolecules. The christinin molecules form a strong and stable molecular interaction with the active site of the binding of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) macromolecules. Interestingly, the christinin compound molecules also has a fairly good level of safety based on the three identified parameters. Based on this results christinin compound molecules has potential to be developed as c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitors candidate to control of skin infections caused by Propionibacterium acnes which has potential as a topical anti-acne.

Pemanfaatan ekstrak daun jeruju (<i>Acanthus ilicifolius</i>) sebagai bahan aktif krim anti acne

Jeruju (Acanthus ilicifolius) is abundant in mangrove ecosystems in Indonesia and has high antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, the many uses of hazardous chemicals in anti-acne creams are the reason for the need of alternative natural ingredients for making anti-acne creams. So that in this study the use of jeruju leaf extract was added as an active ingredient of anti-acne cream. This research method was carried out by extracting the leaves of jeruju using ethanol solvent then made anti acne cream with extract concentrations of 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%. After that, sensory testing, TPC, antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity against acne-causing bacteria, namely Propionibacterium acne were carried out. The results of the antibacterial activity test of the four concentrations against P.acne produced inhibition zones with a range of values, namely 10.35-12.72 mm.. In testing the antioxidant activity, the best results were obtained at a concentration of 15% extract with an IC50 value of 98.80 ppm. From these results it can be concluded that jeruju is proven to inhibit P.acne bacteria, so that it has the potential to be used as an active ingredient in making anti-acne creams. Suggestions that can be given for further research are to make jeruju extract into a form that is more acceptable to consumers in terms of odor and color without reducing its content.

Combination Gel Formulation Extracts of Moringa Leaf and Red Betel Leaf as an Inhibitor of Acne-Causing Bacteria (Propionibacterium acne and Staphylococcus aureus)

The most common skin disorder is acne (Acne vulgaris) which is a chronic inflammatory disease that occurs in the pilosebaceous unit. Infection can be caused by Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus. Moringa leaves are known to inhibit acne growth. Piper crocatum leaves are also thought to have antibacterial activity. The study aims to determine the effect of the combination of the two extracts in inhibiting the growth of acne-causing bacteria, also tested the gel formula to meet physical and chemical parameters as well as stability to temperature and storage, also to test the acute dermal irritation against rabbit. Each extract with a concentration of 0.3%; 0.6%; 1.25%; 2.5%; 5%; 10%; 20%, incubated then measured the inhibition zone, then determined the minimum inhibition zone concentration of the two extracts to determine the lowest levels of the extracts which still gave antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria by the well diffusion method. The extract combination was formulated in a gel preparation with the excipients Carbopol 940, PG, Phenoxyethanol, TEA, CMC, and Aquadest. Antibacterial activity test for gel preparations used the well method with positive control Medi-Klin® gel. Then the formula evaluation includes physical, chemical, and microbiological evaluations. The results showed that the combination gel form had activity against P. acne and S. aureus at concentrations of 2.5% : 2.5%. The combination gel preparation of the two extracts also has synergistic effect in inhibiting acne bacteria. The formula can meet physical and chemical parameters and is stable to temperature and storage.

Water-dispersible unadulterated α-mangostin particles for biomedical applications

α-Mangostin, the extract from pericarp of Garcinia mangostana L. or mangosteen fruit, has been applied in various biomedical products because of its minimal skin irritation, and prominent anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and immune-modulating activities. Owing to its low water solubility, the particle formulations are necessary for the applications of α-mangostin in aqueous media. The particle formulations are usually prepared using surfactants and/or polymers, usually at a larger amount of these auxiliaries than the amount of α-mangostin itself. Here, we show the self-assembly of α-mangostin molecules into water-dispersible particles without a need of any polymers/surfactants. Investigations on chemical structure, crystallinity and thermal properties of the obtained α-mangostin particles, in comparison to the conventional α-mangostin crystalline solid, confirm no formation of the new compound during the particle formation and suggest changes in intermolecular interactions among α-mangostin molecules and significantly more hydroxyl functionality positioned at the particles' surface. The ability of the water suspension of the α-mangostin to inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes, the acne-causing bacteria, is similar to that of the solution of the conventional α-mangostin in 5% dimethyl sulfoxide. Moreover, at 12.7 ppm in an aqueous environment of RAW 264.7 cell culture, α-mangostin suspension exhibits five times higher anti-inflammatory activity than the conventional α-mangostin solution, with the same acceptable cytotoxicity of less than 20% cell death.

Formulation development and evaluation of antiacne activity of ethosomal gel prepared using Plumbago zeylanica root extract

The objective of present research work is, to develop an ethosome, as a carrier system for Plumbago root extract, its incorporation into gel formulations and to characterize the developed gel formulations by estimation of plumbagin content and study of antiacne activity. Roots of Plumbago zeylanica L (Plumbaginaceae) contains Plumbagin and is used for skin infections and intestinal worms. Topical therapy for acne includes comedolytic agents, antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs. The excessive use of antibiotics has led to the increased resistance of acne-causing bacteria. In this research work, plumbago roots have been screened for their potential use for the treatment of acne and hydroalcoholic extract of the roots was found to be effective. Seven batches (EF1-EF7) of ethosomes were prepared using soya lecithin (1-3%) and ethanol (10-45%) and the hydroalcoholic extract. The range of entrapment efficiency varied from 17.12 to 80.82%. The ethosomes EF6 having highest entrapment efficiency was incorporated into gel formulation. Carbopol 934P (0.5 -2%) was used to prepare ethosomal gel and evaluated for physicochemical properties, drug content and diffusion characteristics. The pH of the gel was in the range of 6.87 to 7.03. Viscosity was between 5600 - 9800 centipoises. The % drug content was in the range of 95.91% to 100.7%. The ethosome, in their gel formulation, showed good physicochemical properties, drug content and diffusion pattern. The anti-acne activity of F3 showed good zones of inhibition comparable with standard Clindamycin. The present study suggested ethosomal gel as an efficient carrier for plumbago root extract for antiacne activity.

Anti Acne Vulgaris Topical Cream From Combination Extract of Gymnanthemum Amygdalinum Del. and Elaeis Guineensis Jacq. Leaves

Acne is one problem in adolescents and adults who can reduce self-confidence. This study aimed to formulate the combination cream of African leaf extract and palm oil leaves to determine the antibacterial activity of African leaf extract against several acne-causing bacteria (Propionibacterium acne and Staphylococcus epidermidis). Test antibacterial activity of extracts and cream with disc diffusion method. The cream is made with concentration of 5, 10 and 20% w/w. The evaluation results of cream with concentration of 5, 10 and 20% were physically stable for 4 weeks of storage at temperature room, homogeneous, pH and it did not cause irritation. Based on the test results, a combination of African leaf extract with concentration of 5% effectively inhibited bacterial growth with an average inhibition zone diameter of 12.06 mm for Propionibacterium acne bacteria and 13.63 mm for Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria. The result of this study suggest that combination of African leaf extract and palm leaves posses potent anti-bacterial activity against Propionibacterium acne and Staphylococcus epidermidis.