Acid Corn Oil Research Articles

Valores de energia metabolizável e coeficientes de metabolizabilidade do extrato etéreo de diferentes tipos de óleo de milho para frangos de corte

Abstract This study aims to determine and compare the metabolizable energy values and metabolizability coefficients of three types of corn oil (crude, semi-refined, and acid) for broiler chickens. 240 Cobb500™ chickens were randomly allocated into metabolic cages, resulting in four treatments, ten replicates, and six birds per experimental unit. The birds fed on diets specific to each treatment. Total excreta was collected from the day 23rd to the 27th. Gross energy (GE), apparent metabolizable energy (AME), and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) were calculated for each oil type. The metabolizability coefficient values of ether extracts (MCEE) were also determined. Statistical analysis was performed using Tukey test at a 5% probability. There was a significant difference in AME and MCEE values (P<0.05). Crude corn oil showed higher AME and MCEE values than acid corn oil. The findings are crude corn oil - GE: 9,330 kcal/kg, AME: 8,916.84 kcal/kg, AMEn: 8,905.60 kcal/kg, MCEE: 97.14%; semi-refined corn oil - GE: 9,480 kcal/kg, AME: 8,547.99 kcal/kg, AMEn: 8,303.46 kcal/kg, MCEE: 96.64%; acid corn oil - GE: 9,114 kcal/kg, AME: 7,197.73 kcal/kg, AMEn: 7,515.68 kcal/kg, MCEE: 96.17%.

Supplementing branched-chain volatile fatty acids in dual-flow cultures varying in dietary forage and corn oil concentrations. III: Protein metabolism and incorporation into bacterial protein

Some cellulolytic bacteria cannot transport branched-chain AA (BCAA) and do not express complete synthesis pathways, thus depending on cross-feeding for branched-chain volatile fatty acid (BCVFA) precursors for membrane lipids or for reductive carboxylation to BCAA. Our objective was to assess BCVFA uptake for BCAA synthesis in continuous cultures administered high forage (HF) and low forage (LF) diets without or with corn oil (CO). We hypothesized that BCVFA would be used for BCAA synthesis more in the HF than in LF diets. To help overcome bacterial inhibition by polyunsaturated fatty acids in CO, BCVFA usage for bacterial BCAA synthesis was hypothesized to decrease when CO was added to HF diets. The study was an incomplete block design with 8 dual-flow fermenters used in 4 periods with 8 treatments (n = 4) arranged as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial. The factors were: HF or LF (67 or 33% forage, 33:67 alfalfa:orchardgrass pellets), without or with supplemental CO (3% of dry matter), and without or with 2.15 mmol/d (5 mg/d 13C) each of isovalerate, isobutyrate, and 2-methylbutyrate for one combined BCVFA treatment. The flow of bacterial BCAA increased by 10.7% by supplementing BCVFA and 9.14% with LF versus HF; similarly, dosing BCVFA versus without BCVFA increased BCAA by 1.98% in total bacterial AA, whereas LF increased BCAA by 1.92% versus HF. Additionally, BCVFA supplementation increased bacterial AA flow by 16.6% when supplemented in HF - CO and 12.4% in LF + CO diets, but not in the HF + CO (-1.5%) or LF - CO (+6.7%) diets (Diet × CO × BCVFA interaction). The recovery of 13C in bacterial AA flow was 31% lower with LF than with HF. Of the total 13C recovered in bacteria, 13.8, 17.3, and 30.2% were recovered in Val, Ile, and Leu, respectively; negligible 13C was recovered in other AA. When fermenters were dosed with BCVFA, nonbacterial and total effluent flows of AA, particularly of alanine and proline, suggest decreased peptidolysis. Increased ruminal outflow of bacterial AA, especially BCAA, but also nonbacterial AA could potentially support postabsorptive responses from BCVFA supplementation to dairy cattle.

Pickering emulsions stabilized by aminated gelatin nanoparticles: Are gelatin nanoparticles acting as genuine Pickering stabilizers or structuring agents?

Herein, gelatin was modified with ethylenediamine and processed into nanoparticles, named aminated gelatin nanoparticles (AGNPs). They had higher surface charge and were more hydrophobic compared with native gelatin nanoparticles (GNPs). The freely extending outer polymer layer of AGNPs is easy to be protonated or deprotonated at various pH conditions, giving AGNPs a remarkable size change of 63.23 nm and highly deformable property. AGNPs were then used as stabilizers to fabricate stable oil-in-water (O/W) Pickering emulsions using different edible oils (MCT oil and corn oil) as internal phase with volume fraction up to 85%. Most of AGNPs tended to irreversibly adsorb at oil−water interface to form independent droplets, whereas GNPs favored accumulating in aqueous phase, trapping oil droplets to form three-dimensional networks. The droplet size of AGNPs-stabilized emulsions could outstrip 150 μm and the emulsions still exerted stability against 10 months, centrifugation up to 10000 g, and pH changes. Increasing oil fraction led to form compact packing of oil droplets and in turn improve creaming stability, centrifugation stability, rheology, oxidation stability, as well as retention of encapsulated β-carotene of the emulsions. AGNPs-stabilized emulsions were generally more stable than GNPs-stabilized emulsions and could provide stronger protective features for lipid oxidation or entrapped β-carotene, especially for the cases in corn oil emulsions. Owing to the viscoelastic absorbed AGNPs layers, the surface-active long-chain fatty acids in corn oil and the incorporated β-carotene displayed very limited effect on the stability and microstructure of the emulsions. The findings in this work provided a perspective about ultra-stable Pickering emulsions with independent droplets merely stabilized by protein nanoparticle adsorbed layers, which had potential in encapsulating and protecting easily-oxidized functional ingredients in food and pharmaceutical applications.

Physiochemical properties of short-term frying oil for chicken wing and its oxidative stability in an oil-in-water emulsion.

In this study, the physiochemical properties of corn oil and its oxidative stability in an O/W emulsion were studied following short‐term (120 min) deep‐frying of chicken wing. The results showed that the levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids in corn oil decreased after frying. Furthermore, total polar compound content in frying oil was significantly increased to 11.3%. Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) indicated that hydrolysis and oxidation reactions involving triglycerides occurred after frying. Additionally, the increased a* and b* values demonstrated that deep‐frying greatly enhanced the intensity of the red and yellow colors of corn oil. Frying reduced the oxidative stability of corn oil in an O/W emulsion as determined by the peroxide value and acid value. These findings indicated that short‐term deep‐frying of chicken wing deteriorated the quality of corn oil and decreased its oxidative stability in an O/W emulsion. Consumers should consider the potential hazards of food containing short‐term deep‐frying oil.

Supplementation of corn oil Ω-6 fatty acids in feed for reproduction performance of threadfin rainbowfish Iriatherina werneri Meinken, 1974

Rainbow fish (Iriatherina werneri) is a type of partial spawner fish with the little number of eggs production. The high contain of essential fatty acid (Linoleic acid 18:2 Ω-6) in corn oil was widely used as a source of fatty acid in the broodstock feed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the additional of LA fatty acid in feed for reproduction performance of rainbow fish. This study used a complete random design consists of three treatments and six replicates with different doses of corn oil LA in feed, Ω-6 0%, Ω-6 1%, and Ω-6 2%. Rainbow fish broodstock as sampel test with body weight 0.10-0.18g for females 0.21 ± 0.001 g, were kept separately in each tanks (size 30 cm x 30 cm x 30 cm) with density 15 fish per tanks. Broodstock were given diet three times daily at 08:00 am, 12:00 am and 17:00 pm by at satiation. The trial feed was administrated for 30 days before conducted the mass spawning for seven days with ratio of the male and female broodstock was 1:3. The results showed that treatment without supplementation of Ω-6 corn oil performed highest number of eggs 290 ± 125, hatching rate 55,99 ± 14,80%, survival rate 8,43% and the proportion of vitellogenic cell was more dominant, but the best of larval performance was observed in tretament of Ω-6 1% of highest larval length 3.00 mm and 100% percentage of normal larvae. It can be concluded that the supplementation of 1 % the Ω-6 fatty acid corn oil in the feed to produce reproductive performance was supported by the results of the histology of the eggs and larvae of the best performance in rainbowfish.

CONTENT OF FATTY ACIDS IN CORN (ZEA MAYS L.) OIL FROM ECUADOR

Objective: The aim of this work was to determine the fatty acids content in corn seeds oil (Zea mays) sample cultivated in Ecuador.Methods: Corn oil was obtained from corn oil seeds using the cold pressing method. Methyl esters fatty acids analysis were carried out using the gas chromatography (GC) method with a mass selective detector and using the database library NIST 14.L to identify the compounds present in the corn seed oil.Results: Methyl esters fatty acids were identified from corn (Z. mays) seeds using the GC mass spectrometer (GC-MS) analytical method. Fatty acids were analyzed as methyl esters on a capillary column DB-WAX 122-7062 with a good separation of palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, linoleic acid, arachidic acid, and linolenic acid. The structure of methyl esters fatty acids was determined using the GS-MS method. Corn oil has a high content of linoleic acid (omega 6) with a value of 52.68% of the total content of fatty acids in corn oil and 29.70% of oleic acid (omega 9) of the total content of fatty acids in corn oil. The sample presented a value of 12.57% of palmitic acid.Conclusions: Corn oil shows a good content of fatty acids omega 6 and 9. The higher value was of omega 6 with 52.68% content. Corn oil has a good proportion of polyunsaturated of lipids (53.80%) and 14.86% of saturated lipids.

수삼튀김 시 튀김유 종류에 따른 수삼 및 유지의 이화학 특성

To increase the consumption of frying ginseng, we investigated the physicochemical properties of frying ginseng and different edible oils processed through frying ginseng: soybean oil (SO), corn oil (CO), olive oil (OO), and grape seed oil (GO). We tested various parameters, including temperature (130, 160, 180, and 200℃), frying time (2.0, 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5 min), and frying amount (up to 30 times). The physicochemical properties of the fried ginseng and oils were evaluated for changes in acid value, peroxide value, free fatty acid content, acrylamide formation, color, and viscosity of oils. The acid value and peroxide value of the oils increased with frying temperature and amount. Saturated fatty acids increased and unsaturated fatty acids decreased with the amount of frying, but oleic acid in CO and GO and linoleic acid in OO increased. The concentration of acrylamide in fried ginseng increased as the frying temperature and amount increased and was the lowest in OO. The lightness and redness of the frying oil color decreased and its yellowness increased in SO and CO, but the lightness increased (redness and yellowness decreased) in OO. In particular, CO was significantly browned with increasing frying amounts. The viscosity of the frying oils increased with frying amount, with CO showing the lowest increases in viscosity of the oils. As a result, the optimal ginseng frying condition found was 2 min 30 sec at 180℃, regardless the type of oils.

Food-derived peroxidized fatty acids may trigger hepatic inflammation: A novel hypothesis to explain steatohepatitis

Obesity and hepatic steatosis are frequently associated with the development of a non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The mechanisms driving progression of a non-inflamed steatosis to NASH are largely unknown. Here, we investigated whether ingestion of peroxidized lipids, as being present in Western style diet, triggers the development of hepatic inflammation. Corn oil containing peroxidized fatty acids was administered to rats by gavage for 6 days. In a separate approach, hepatocytes (HC), endothelial (EC) and Kupffer cells (KC) were isolated from untreated livers, cultured, and incubated with peroxidized linoleic acid (LOOH; linoleic acid (LH) being the main fatty acid in corn oil). Samples obtained from in vivo and in vitro studies were mainly investigated by qRT-PCR and biochemical determinations of lipid peroxidation products. Rat treatment with peroxidized corn oil resulted in increased hepatic lipid peroxidation, upregulation of nitric oxide synthetase-2 (NOS-2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), elevation of total nitric oxides, and increase in cd68-, cd163-, TNFα-, and/or COX-2 positive immune cells in the liver. When investigating liver cell types, LOOH elevated the secretion of TNFα, p38MAPK phosphorylation, and mRNA levels of NOS-2, COX-2, and TNFα, mainly in KC. The elevation of gene expression could be abrogated by inhibiting p38MAPK, which indicates that p38MAPK activation is involved in the pro-inflammatory effects of LOOH. These data show for the first time that ingestion of peroxidized fatty acids carries a considerable pro-inflammatory stimulus into the body which reaches the liver and may trigger the development of hepatic inflammation.

Analysis and Formation of trans Fatty Acids in Corn Oil During the Heating Process

AbstractFormation and composition of trans fatty acids (TFA) in corn oil during the frying process at different temperatures was investigated using an improved analytical gas chromatography (GC) method. At temperatures above 180 °C and heating times over 2 h there was a significantly increased TFA content, which increased further at higher temperatures. The amounts of trans C18:1 and trans C18:2 increased from 0.64 and 9.0 to 7.86 and 65.48 mg/g after heating at 260 °C for 12 h, while the total amount of TFA increased from 9.64 to 73.34 mg/g. However, the contents of linoleic acid and α‐linolenic acid under the same conditions reduced from 460.3 and 7.4 to 209.8 and 1.8 mg/g, respectively. These results show that heating can significantly induce cis to trans isomerization of unsaturated triglycerides, particularly at high temperatures.

Fatty-Acid composition of free-choice starter broiler diets

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the inclusion of vegetable oils with different fatty acid content in starter and pre-starter broiler diets. In Experiment I 480 1- to 9-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were fed diets containing corn oil (CO), acid corn oil (ACO), linseed oil (LO) or coconut fat (CoF). Chicks were distributed according to a factorial 2x2x2arrangement (2 free fatty acids - FFA ) x (2 n6:n3 ratios) x (2 medium-chain fatty acids levels - AGMC). Performance responses and dry matter (DMM), crude protein (CPM), and crude fat (CFM) metabolizability were evaluated. In Experiment II, 480 1- to 20-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were offered the free choice of 2 different diets: with no fat addition, or with 10% addition of the following fat sources: CO, LO, CoF, soybean soapstock (SBS), acid soybean oil (ASO), or acid cottonseed oil (ACtO). Performance responses and diet selection were evaluated. In experiment I, there were no significant effects of the diets on performance, DMM, or CPM; however, the inclusion of FFA depressed CFM. In experiment II, there was a marked preference of birds of the diets with fat inclusion, leading to the selection of diets with more than 3100 kcal/kg ME in the period of 1 to 20 days, independently of fat source. The broilers selected the high fat and energy diets since the first days of age, which resulted in better bird performance.

Trichloroacetic acid: studies on uptake and effects on hepatic DNA and liver growth in mouse

Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) was tested in mice for its ability to cause single-strand breaks (SSBs) in hepatic DNA in the presence and absence of liver growth induction. Male B6C3F1 mice were given 1, 2 or 3 daily doses of TCA (500 mg/kg p.o.) as a neutralized solution (sodium salt) and killed 1 h after the final dose. Some mice were given a single dose of TCA (500 mg/kg p.o.) as the acid or as a neutralized solution and killed 24 h after. Liver nuclei were prepared and the induction of DNA SSBs assayed. TCA gave no significant response. Absorption and distribution studies were conducted with radiolabelled trichloro[2-14C]acetic acid, which was administered by gavage (500 mg/kg) as aqueous free acid, neutral aqueous solution (sodium salt) or free acid in corn oil. The absorption and distribution of TCA was similar in all cases: the chemical was absorbed rapidly after dosing, maximum plasma and liver concentrations of free radiolabel being achieved in less than 1 h. Within the first 4 h following dosing there was no evidence of binding to DNA or other macromolecules in plasma and very little 'covalent' binding was detected in liver, indicating that at times when maximum DNA single-strand breakage has been reported there was no significant binding to liver cells. Studies on liver growth parameters (hyperplasia and peroxisome proliferation) with TCA revealed that the chemical induced small but significant increases in both parameters. No SSB induction was detected in association with either liver growth phenomenon elicited by TCA. We have thus found no evidence that TCA causes SSBs in the hepatic DNA of treated mice, in contrast to previous observations by other investigators.

Reversal of Conjunctival Transdifferentiation by Topical Retinoic Acid

After resurfacing a total corneal epithelial defect extending 2-3 mm beyond the limbus, conjunctival epithelium gradually loses goblet cells and transforms into a corneal-like epithelium. We examined the effect of topical retinoic acid on the reversal of transdifferentiation on nonvascularized corneas. Four months after total denudation of corneal epithelium using n-heptanol, rabbit corneas without vascularization received topical drops of 0.1% (wt/vol) all-trans retinoic acid in corn oil 3 times a day. Before treatment, the transdifferentiation was complete, as evidenced by the absence of goblet cells on the corneal surface using a topographical assay and routine histology. After treatment for 15 days, goblet cells reappeared 3 mm into the peripheral cornea, and extended in a centripetal density to 4.5 mm after 32 days. To prove that retinoic acid was not angiogenic, retinoid-bearing Elvax-40 pellets were implanted into normal corneal stroma. Taken together, these data indicate that vitamin A or retinoids may be an important factor in the modulation of conjunctival epithelial transdifferentiation.

Activation of Catalase and Other Enzymes by Corn Oil Intake

The effects of linoleic acid intake on catalase and other enzymes were investigated by feeding 0, 1, 5 or 10% corn oil diet to rats previously fed a fat-free diet. Rats fed more than 1% corn oil for 2 weeks showed significant increases of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in liver cytosol when compared to the controls fed no corn oil. Peroxisomal catalase activity especially was increased. The catalase activity was markedly increased also by ethyl linoleate intubation. Thus, it was demonstrated that the peroxide elimination mechanisms were activated by linoleic acid intake. The elevation of peroxisomal catalase by linoleic acid intake might be related to the hypolipidemic effect, similar to the possible relation between peroxisome induction and the hypolipidemic effect of many hypolipidemic compounds, which has been reported.linoleic acid corn oil glutathione peroxidase superoxide dismutase P-450 catalase peroxisomes

Dietary Lipid Requirements of Adult Lobsters, Homarus americanus (M.E.)

The effects of several dietary lipids on adult American lobster (Homarus americanus) were assessed over a 10 month feeding period. Cod liver oil (CLO) resulted in greater precent weight gains, feed conversion, percent edible meat and higher serum protein and hemocyte counts than either corn oil (CO) or hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO). These differences were probably due to an essential fatty acid (EFA) requirement by the lobster for linolenic series omega3 or other fatty acids present in CLO. The linoleic or omega6 fatty acids of CO appeared to have some sparing effect on several of the EFA deficiency symptoms. It was found that 5% CLO was optimal for mean percent weight gain, molt incidence, feed conversion and hemocyte counts of lobsters. Further increases in dietary CLO to 10% and 15% resulted in no significant improvement of any of the condition indices used. There was a decrease in serum protein and calcium when lobsters were fed a non-saponifiable sterol deficient diet. The addition of 1% cholesterol to the diet raised the serum protein, but resulted in even a greater decrease in the serum calcium level.

Effect of Dietary Linoleic Acid on Fatty Acid Composition of Egg Yolk, Liver and Adipose Tissue

THE polyunsaturated fatty acids: linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acids were first recognized by Burr and Burr (1930) to possess biopotency in curing or preventing the fat-deficiency produced by the rigid exclusion of fat from the diet. More recent studies using vegetable oil as the source of dietary linoleic acid have shown that linoleic acid was essential for optimum performance of laying hens. Improved egg weight and rate of egg production by hens after the addition of corn oil to both practical and semi-purified diets were shown by Jensen et al. (1958). It was later referred to as the unidentified factor necessary for maximum egg weight by Schutze et al. (1962). Further investigations (Shutze and Jensen, 1963; Menge et al., 1965), suggested that the linoleic acid in corn oil was essential for maximum egg production, egg weight, fertility and hatchability. It was concluded, however, by Harms and Waldroup (1963) and Blamberg…

Corn oil and hypercholesteremic response in the cholesterol-fed chick.

SummaryDietary experiments in the cholesterol-fed chick have demonstrated that a higher level of serum cholesterol is achieved when cottonseed oil is fed instead of corn oil. Reconstituting the distilled fatty acids of cottonseed oil, and adding a small amount of my-ristic acid so that the proportions of the major fatty acids in corn oil were observed, did not make cottonseed oil fatty acids behave like corn oil in restricting the rise in serum cholesterol. Comparison of the whole corn germ with expressed and solvent extracted corn oil revealed that it was a much more potent agent for limiting the hypercholesteremia and subsequent atherosclerosis than the more refined products. It seems unlikely that this difference between corn oil and cottonseed oil in the effect on the hypercholesteremic response of the cholesterol fed bird could be explained by a difference in fatty acid composition.The authors are indebted to Irene Carr, Marianne Nijenhuis, and Michael Golden for technical assistance in this work.

Distribution of fatty acids in corn oil

SummaryThe oil content of 392 samples of corn ranged from 1.13% to 13.80%. As the percentage oil in the corn increased, the degree of unsaturation decreased. Iodine values ranged from 88.4 to 147.4, a range in degree of unsaturation greater than any previously reported for corn oils.The percentage of linoleic acid in the oils ranged from 15.7% to 67.6% and varied inversely with oil content (r=−.691). Oleic acid ranged from 16.5% to 75.9% and saturated acids from zero to 21.3%.The iodine value of the oil showed a high degree of correlation with the percentage of linoleic acid (r=−.951) and can be used as a basis for the accurate prediction of linoleic acid content.

Effect of Adrenalectomy on Rate of Fat Absorption

SummaryThe methyl esters of the fatty acids of corn oil are absorbed at the same rate as unaltered corn oil. Adrenalectomy has no significant effect on the absorption of either of these two fats. The rate of absorption of both methyl esters of corn oil fatty acids, and unaltered corn oil is the same for each hour up to 6 hours after feeding.