Acidity Content Research Articles

라이보좀 RNA 염기서열 분석을 이용한 집식배양된 식물추출물발효음료의 미생물 다양성

A beverage was produced by the fermentation of mixed extracts from the various fruits, vegetables, algae, and medical herbs. The physicochemical properties of the fermented beverage of plant extracts (FBPE) and microbial diversity were analyzed in cultures enriched from FBPE using 16S and 26S rRNA gene sequence analyses. The pH, acidity, °brix, reducing sugar, and alcohol contents of the FBPE were determined to be the 3.48, 1.68%, 70.0, 1,026 g/L, and 3.5%, respectively. The most abundant free sugar and organic acid in the FBPE were glucose (567.83 g/L) and tartaric acid (93.68 mg/L), respectively. Lactobacillus homohiochii was the predominant species in all enriched culture samples: 100% of the species in 0B (0% sugar) and 40B (40% sugar) libraries and 95.6% of 20B library (20% sugar). Lactobacillus fructivorans was detected in the 20B library. The predominant species in the samples of enrichment cultures collected from FBPE with three different sugar concentrations were: Candida zeylanoides (45.2%) in the 0Y library (0% sugar), Candida lactis-condensi (35.7%) and C. zeylanoides (35.7%) in the 20Y library (20% sugar), and C. lactis-condensi (38.1%) in the 40Y library (40% sugar). This result may provide a useful frame of reference for further analyses of microbial population dynamics in FBPE.

백김치 유래 유산균을 이용한 요구르트의 Anti-Helicobacter pylori 활성

ATCC 43504, of yogurt fermented with the lactic acid bacteria from Baikkimchi kept under cold storage. The viable cell counts, titratable acidity, viscosity, and total solid content of the yogurt were different according to the bacterial strains used for fermentation. There was no significant change (

Potentials of steel slag and copper mine tailings as construction materials

The present rate of utilisation of mine waste in a country like Malaysia is rather below expectation compared with some advanced countries. Many studies concentrate on a better way to increase the usage of industrial byproducts in order to ease disposal problems. Enormous quantities of steel slag and copper mine tailings are deposited in yards, polluting the environment. Researchers need to pay attention to the effective use of industrial byproducts in construction to address economic and environmental concerns. The potential uses of copper mine tailings and steel slag need to be explored and the negative impact of mine tailings should be reduced by exploring potential uses of these waste materials in the construction industry. Although copper tailings have negative effects on the environment owing to their acidic content, they also have some great economic value in terms of valuable metal contents. The engineering properties of steel slag and copper mine tailings were reviewed and their various areas of application are highlighted.

A New Method of Fermenting Northeast Sauerkraut Rapidly by Lactic Acid Bacteria

The paper is concerned with changes of acidity and the amount of microorganism in China Northeast sauerkraut fermentationin.It studies the effect of lactic acid bacteria, culture temperature and the concentration of sodium chloride on sauerkraut acidity ,microbial number, vitamin C and nitrite content .Methods of natural traditional fermentation sauerkraut and artificial inoculating lactic acid bacteria fermentation sauerkraut are compared,the results show artificial inoculating fermentation sauerkraut can effectively prevent the growth of harmful bacteria and inhibit formation of carcinogens such as nitrite,avoid some shortcomings in Chinese cabbage natural fermentation process.

The clinical effects of Synsepalum dulcificum: a review.

Synsepalum dulcificum or the "miracle fruit" is well known for its taste-modifying ability. The aim of this review was to assess the published medically beneficial as well as potential characteristics of this fruit. A search in three databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, was made with appropriate keywords. The resulting articles were screened in different stages based on the title, abstract, and content. A total of nine articles were included in this review. This review summarized the findings of previously published studies on the effects of miracle fruit. The main studied characteristic of the fruit was its effect on the taste receptors, resulting in the sweet sensation when substances with acidic content were ingested. This effect was shown to be related to a glycoprotein called "miraculin." Other beneficial characteristics of this fruit were its antioxidant and anticancer abilities that are due to the various amides existing in the miracle fruit. Apart from the above, the other observed effect of this fruit was its antidiabetic effect that was tested in rats. Further studies should be conducted to establish the findings. The miracle fruit can be a healthy additive due to its unique characteristics, including sour taste sensation modification as well as its antioxidant and antidiabetic effects.

UTILIZATION SWEET WHEY IN PRODUCTION OF WHEY GUAVA BEVERAGES.

Whey and juice of guava (Pisdium guajava) were utilized at various combinations (85:15, 80:20, 75:25 and 70:30) for preparation of nutritious beverages and evaluated for various chemicals, microbial and sensory attributes during storage. The study revealed that the beverage prepared with 75% whey and 25% guava juice scored maximum for almost all sensorial quality attributes such as appearance, color, flavor, taste and over all acceptability. As well as the juice was high content of ascorbic acid (18.87mg/100g). A reducing trend was observed in total sugars and ascorbic acid and increasing trend was observed in reducing sugars and acidity content during the storage of beverage at refrigeration temperature over a period of 30 days. The Total Counts (TC) was high ranging from 1120 - 2500 CFU/mL. Mould and yeast count varied between 0.0 -18 CFU/mL. This research is aimed at production of whey/guava beverage. At later stages of the project, whey will be introduced into whey guava beverage (75% whey and 25%guava juice).

Drying Kinetics and Product Quality for Convective Drying of Apples (cvs. Golden Delicious and Granny Smith)

The convective drying of apples from two different cultivars, Golden Delicious and Granny Smith, in a range of temperatures from 30 to 60°C is studied. Some chemical and physical properties were determined fresh after drying: moisture, acidity and sugar content, color, and textural attributes, in order to evaluate the effect of drying and drying temperature on these properties. Furthermore, the drying kinetics were studied in terms of thin layer models and also by means of the Fick’s equation of diffusion, and some mass transfer properties were evaluated, such as effective moisture diffusivity and convective mass transfer coefficient. It was concluded that drying decreased both acidity and sugar content for both apple cultivars. Color was significantly affected by drying, resulting in high values of the total color difference, between 19.43 and 25.04. Drying turned the products less hard and less cohesive. Furthermore, it was found that mass diffusivity increased with temperature following an Arrhenius type function, where De0 was 5.4621 × 10−4 and 1.8401 × 10−4 m2/s, and E was 35.3 and 32.8 kJ/mol, respectively, for cultivars Golden Delicious and Granny Smith.

Effects of Torrefaction on the Pyrolysis Behavior and Bio-Oil Properties of Rice Husk by Using TG-FTIR and Py-GC/MS

The properties of biomass directly result in the quality of bio-oil. Torrefaction pretreatment is an alternative and promising approach for biomass updating to produce high-quality bio-oil. The effects of torrefaction on the pyrolysis of rice husk were investigated using thermogravimetry–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR), a pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), and a fast pyrolysis device. The results show that with increasing torrefaction temperature, the weight loss decreases and the shoulder peaks of torrefied rice husk in DTG curves fade away. The pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics analysis of torrefied rice husk at 290 °C are unique. Three-dimensional FTIR analysis of the evolved gases clearly shows the generation properties of individual volatile components. Fast pyrolysis of torrefied rice husk produces improved bio-oil low moisture content and high heat value. Py-GC/MS analysis shows that the acidic content does not increase, while the content of many highly valued products (e.g., levoglucose) increases greatly.

INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF TRAITS AND PATH ANALYSIS OF YIELD IN STRAWBERRY (FRAGARIA × ANANASSA DUCH.)

A field trial was carried out on 20 cultivars of strawberry (‘Queen Elisa’, ‘Pajaro’, ‘Paros’, ‘Camarosa’, ‘Gaviota’, ‘Mrak’, ‘Selva’, ‘Classica’, ‘Missionary’, ‘Fresno’, ‘Kurdistan’, ‘Blakemore’, ‘Macdonance’, ‘Aliso’, ‘Catskill’, ‘Yalova’, ‘Chandler’, ‘Sequoia’, ‘Tennessee beauty’ and ‘Tioga’) in a RCBD with 3 replicates at the agricultural research center of Kurdistan, Iran during 2008-2010. Morphophysiological and phenological parameters consisting of total leaves of plant, petiol length, leaf area, chlorophyll content, crop production habit, number of crowns per plant, number of inflorescences per plant, number of flowers per inflorescence, inflorescence length, number of frosted flowers, blooming date, flowering period, date of first ripen fruit, fruiting period, runnering start date, number of runners per plant, number of total fruits per plant, fruit size, fruit weight, total yield per plant, TSS, titratable acidity (TA) and anthocyanin pigments content were measured. In order to determine relationships among traits, some multivariate statistical analyses were calculated. According to the combined analysis of variance for two years cultivation of strawberry cultivars, there were high and significant differences (p≤0.01) among cultivars related to all measured parameters. Positive significant correlations were among yield with total leaves, number of crowns, number of inflorescences, number of total flowers, number of total fruits and fruiting period. Based upon the path analysis of yield components, total fruit number has the highest direct effect on yield. Fruit number in conjunction with fruit weight, runnering start date, fruiting start date and fruiting period were the most important factors contributing to yield among morphological traits and were the main yield components (adjusted R-square = 0.918).

Physicochemical Characteristics of Saudi Arabian Locally Produced Raw and Diluted Honeys and Their Relations to Antimicrobial Activity

The physicochemical characteristics and antibacterial activity of Saudi Arabia honeys were studied for the first time. The levels of free and total acidity, pH, ash and moisture content were in the range 1.6 ±0.17 - 15.1 ±0.1 meq/kg, 2.77 ± 0.06 - 5.37 ±0.04, 1.1 ±0.02 – 1.7 ±0.03 % and < 18.0 %, respectively. Lovibond comparator color scale (P, mm) of samples was ranged from water white (P=0.0-1.3), extra light Amber (P=38.14-46.57), light Amber (P=60.39-75.54), Amber (P=86.72-110.08), dark (P=142.39-348.44) and very dark shade (P= 541.84). Dark honeys showed excellent inhibitory effects against bacterial growth. Excellent correlation between color of raw and diluted (>10.0%m/v) honey and antimicrobial activity was noticed. Honey species from different floral sources posses’ strong antioxidant and anti bacterial activities and are scavengers of active oxygen species.

Geochemical processes in compacted clay in contact with an acid landfill leachate: laboratory experiments and modelling results

AbstractClays are commonly used as liners in urban landfills. However, the reactive processes with landfill leachates, and in particular the role of accessory minerals is poorly known. The aim of this work is to evaluate the diffusion of a synthetic urban landfill leachate through compacted natural smectite-illitic clays containing carbonates and sulfates and to predict the functioning of the clay liner for different minor mineral proportions. The leachate, characterized by acidic pH conditions and high organic matter content, is a typical aqueous solution formed in the acetogenic phase of organic matter degradation in urban landfill areas. Medium-scale (11 cm) laboratory diffusion tests were performed over 77 days. Chloride diffusion coefficients, porosity changes, cation exchange constants and the sulfate reduction rate were quantitatively assessed by means of reactive transport modelling. The exchange capacity of the clays is responsible for NH4+retention. However, the presence or absence of gypsum in the initial clay rock controls the functioning of the liner. Gypsum dissolution ensures a high sulfate concentration in the porewater and enhances the acetate consumption via sulfate reduction. Gypsum dissolution and the concomitant calcite precipitation do not significantly alter the porosity of the clay rock.

Occurrence and Leave Extractable Essential Oil of Lippia multiflora M. (Verbenaceae) as Affected by Soil Acidity, Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Contents in North Cote d’Ivoire

For generating a strategy of quantitative and qualitative productions of invasive Lippia multiflora, influence of soil pH and the contents of organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (Nt), total (Pt) and available (Pa) phosphorus were explored via dominant-abundance (DAI) and aggregation (AI) index of the species as well as the leave extractable essential oil. In three sites (Labelekaha, Taoura and Zievogo) of L. multiflora ecosystem in north Cote d’Ivoire (Sudan savanna), corresponding DAI and AI were recorded coupled with soil and leave sampling at different topographic sections. Soil pH and the contents of C, Nt, Pt and Pa were determined as well as the concentrations of essential oils. Occurrence of L. multiflora was highest in the down slope position of the landscapes with significant influence of Pa also noticed for essential oils mainly characterized by highest concentrations of Geranial, Neral, a-Phellandrene, Para-Cymene, Limonene+B-Phellandrene and a-Humulene. The effect of soil organic C, and Nt were accounting for hydromorphic condition as occurred at Zievogo. The cultivation of L. multiflora may be possible in down slope position applying P for high yields of leaves and essential oils mainly composed of terpenoid derivatives. Further applications of organic C and N are required for hydromorphic soil.

Development of Semi-Static Steam Process for the Production of Sludge-Based Adsorbents

In this study, a specially developed unique process was used to prepare sludge-based activated adsorbents (SBAs) from municipal sewage sludge collected from a wastewater treatment plant in Sharjah. A reaction chamber is designed to allow the carbonization and activation of sewage sludge in a saturated steam environment generated inside the chamber (semi-static). The semi-static steam process is carried out in the absence of any external gas flow into the reaction chamber. The activated sample is subjected to acid treatment. Other SBA samples are also prepared at the same temperatures using a conventional method in the presence of external flow of nitrogen gas. The surface chemistry for the SBA samples is characterized using Boehm titrations, pH measurement, ash content and scanning electron microscope integrated with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDAX). The semi-static steam method results in the formation of an SBA sample with acidic surface and higher carbon content as compared with the samples prepar...

Nutritive value of tomato grown under covers with soil mulching

The experiment was carried out between 2010 and 2012 at the Experimental Station of Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities. The field experiment was established as a split-block design with three replicates. The effect of plant covering (without cover, under polypropylene non-woven and soil mulching with different kind of straw (rye, corn, rape, buckwheat) on the changes of selected nutrient components in ‘Polfast F1’ tomato was investigated. The effect of straw was compared to a control plot without mulch. The content of dry matter, ascorbic acid, total sugars and flash acidity of tomato depended to a higher degree on weather conditions. The most favourable for accumulation of these components was warm and moderately wet 2011. The application of polypropylene non-woven at beginning of growing period of plant did not cause changes in chemical composition of fruits. The influence of straw mulch on the nutritive value of tomato was differentiated. The most of dry matter and ascorbic acid contained tomato cultivated on the rye and buckwheat straw. A higher content of total sugars and monosaccharides was found in fruits from plant cultivated on the corn and rye straw, respectively. Tomato cultivated on the mulch with buckwheat straw was characterized by higher flesh acidity of fruits.

Does gamma irradiation affect physicochemical properties of honey?

Honey is a supersaturated solution of sugars, enriched with proteins, minerals, vitamins, organic acids and polyphenols. Gamma irradiation is a physical technique of food preservation which protects the honey from insects' and microbial contamination during storage. We investigated the effect of gamma irradiation on physicochemical properties in two types of Malaysian honey, Gelam and Nenas. Both honeys were irradiated at the dose 25 kGy in a cobalt-60 irradiator. The physicochemical properties pH, moisture, acidity, color, and sugar content as well as vitamins C and E, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and mineral contents, for the irradiated and non-irradiated honeys were assessed. The results revealed that pH, acidity, minerals and sugar contents in both types of honey were not affected significantly by gamma irradiation, while moisture, vitamin E contents and HMF level decreased significantly with gamma irradiation. However, significant increased in color intensity and vitamin C were observed after gamma irradiation for both types of honey. In summary, gamma irradiation treatment of honey (in the dose mentioned above) did not cause significant changes in the physicochemical and mineral contents, except for significant alterations in color intensity, moisture, vitamins (C and E), and HMF contents.

The effects of ethephon on the ripening of Vietnamese Latundan bananas<br>(Musa sapientum)

Nowadays, there are many types of chemicals that have the ability to mature and affect the quality of banana fruit. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of ethephon (2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid) on the ripening of Latundan bananas (Musa Sapientum). Latundan bananas are the most common fruit in Vietnam and other Asian countries; they have high protein and sugar levels. The samples were soaked into ethephon at different concentrations of 0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0% (v/v), it were stored in plastic crates covered with canvas, storage temperature at 31±2.3°C, humidity 71±11.37 %. The evaluation criteria used in this study were ripe ratio, weight loss, reducing sugar content, acidity, sensory evaluation and residual ethephon content of the Latundan bananas after ripening. The results showed that when Latundan bananas were soaked in ethephon at solution concentration of 2.5% (v/v) have the ability to ripen quickly, equally and have beautiful colors on the surface of the peel. In addition, the sensory qualities of bananas that are soaked in ethephon do not create discomfort for the consumers. Currently, in Vietnam, there is no regulation for the maximum content of ethephon permitted in bananas. We hope that the Ministry of public Health will issue the maximum amount of permitted ethephon residues in bananas.

Effect of Organic Manures and Amendments on Quality Attributes and Shelf Life of Banana cv. Grand Naine

Of late growing awareness on health makes consumer more concerned for food quality and safety. In banana Total soluble solids, acidity and sugar content mostly determine the degree of acceptability of fruit. An experiment was conducted during 2010-11 with 12 different treatment combinations of Farmyard manure, Vermicompost, Neem cake, Wood ash and green manures (organic sources) along with and without microbial inoculants (Arbuscular mycorrhizae, Azospirllium, Phosphate solubilising bacteria and Trichoderma harzianum) comparison with inorganic sources alone on quality attributes and shelf life of banana cv. Grand Naine (AAA). Results revealed that the treatment T10 (Farmyard manure @ 10 kg + Neem cake @ 1.25 kg + Vermicompost @ 5 kg and Wood ash @ 1.75 kg /plant + Triple green manuring with sunhemp + Double intercropping of Cow pea + biofertilizers viz., Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae @ 25 g, Azospirillum @ 50 g, Phosphate solubilizing bacteria @ 50 g and Trichoderma harzianum @ 50 g/plant) registered the maximum quality attributes (TSS – 23.23%, Acidity – 0.82%, Ascorbic acid – 12.92 mg. 100 g -1, Non-reducing and Total sugars - 6.06 and 14.92%) besides enhancing the shelf life of banana (14.03 days) and reduced physiological loss in weight (7.44%).

Catalytic pyrolysis of paddy husk in a drop type pyrolyzer for bio-oil production: The role of temperature and catalyst

The present research encompasses the impact of temperature and catalyst on the properties of bio-oils and on product yield for the pyrolysis of rice husk. Fast pyrolysis of paddy husks was conducted in a drop type pyrolyzer to study the influence of pyrolysis temperature 350–600°C on products yield and properties. In order to investigate the effect of catalyst, experiments were carried out for a wide range of ratios (0.5–2) of biomass at the pyrolysis temperature of 450°C. The presence of catalyst culminated in less bio-oil yield coupled with higher calorific values and high water contents in comparison to non-catalytic pyrolysis. Furthermore under dehydration and mild pyrolysis conditions the higher amount of catalyst resulted in bio-oil having high water and acidic contents. Oxygen removal degree was used to evaluate the oxygen content transferred from parent biomass to the obtained bio-oil. The ratio 0.5 showed the highest de-oxygenation degree (84.6%). The bio-oil produced at this ratio contained high phenol, phenolic compounds and less carbonyl and acidic contents. The bio-oil characterization (with and without catalyst) was evaluated and reported in terms of CHN/O and GC–MS (phenol, phenol derivatives, ketones, furans and aliphatic compounds).

Normal Hexane Hydroisomerization Over an Alumina and Yttria Promoted Pt/SO4 2−/ZrO2 Catalyst

Sulfated zirconia was promoted with alumina and yttria in order to improve catalyst isomerization behaviors. The n-hexane hydroisomerization reaction was carried out in a continuous flow fixed-bed reactor for 80 h on stream to evaluate catalyst reaction stability. The catalyst was characterized by XRD, TGA, H2-TPR, and NH3-TPD technologies in order to investigate the crystalline structure, sulfur content, reduction behavior, and acidity of the catalyst. It was proved that the addition of alumina and yttria obviously increased the sulfur content on the fresh catalyst and also markedly stabilized the sulfur species on the used catalysts. Thus, the modified catalyst possessed the better stable activity and selectivity although the addition of promoter could not enhance the isomerization activity. The crystalline structure of sulfated zirconia, acidity, and sulfur content only showed a limited influence on the isomerization activity of the catalyst. This work would have potential use to prepare an ideal catalyst for a commercial alkane hydroisomerization unit.

Ecophysiological and anatomical mechanisms behind the nurse effect: which are more important? A multivariate approach for cactus seedlings.

BackgroundCacti establish mostly occurs under the canopy of nurse plants which provide a less stressful micro-environment, although mechanisms underlying this process are unknown. The impact of the combination of light and watering treatments on Opuntia streptacantha (Cactaceae) seedlings was examined.Methods/Principal FindingsEcophysiological [titratable acidity, osmotic potential (‘solute potential’, Ψs), relative growth rate (RGR) and their components (NAR, SLA, and LWR)], anatomical (chloroplast density, chloroplast frequency, and cell area), and environmental [photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and air temperature] sets of variables were analyzed, assessing relationships between them and measuring the intensity of the relationships. Three harvests were carried out at days 15, 30, and 45. Ψs and acidity content were the most important responses for seedling establishment. The main anatomical and environmental variables were chloroplast density and water availability, respectively. Opuntia streptacantha seedlings establish better in the shade-watering treatment, due to higher Ψs and acidity, unaffected chloroplasts, and lower PPFD. In addition, the chloroplasts of cells under high-light and non-watering treatment were clumped closer to the center of the cytosol than those under shade-drought, to avoid photoinhibition and/or to better distribute or utilize the penetrating light in the green plant tissue.Conclusions Opuntia seedlings grow better under the shade, although they can tolerate drought in open spaces by increasing and moving chloroplasts and avoiding drastic decreases in their Ψs. This tolerance could have important implications for predicting the impact of climate change on natural desert regeneration, as well as for planning reforestation-afforestation practices, and rural land uses.