Acid Value Research Articles

Reduction of oxidative rancidification of fungal melanin-coated films in pork lard preservation in trading.

Storage of meat has always been challenging due to its deterioration caused by oxidative rancidity and microbial activity, especially in trading. The melanin-coated film acts as a potent antioxidant, prevents the oxidation of fatty acids, and neutralizes the reactive oxygen species (ROS) helping to withstand or perpetuate the oxidative stress of meat. This study emphasizes the production of fungal melanin extracted from Curvularia lunata and the preparation of two different melanin film combinations of gelatin/melanin and agar/melanin at 0.1% and 0.5% formulation for rancidity stability of coated pork lard. Interpretations revealed the delayed rancidity in both peroxide and acid values with 5.76% in 0.5% agar-coated melanin up to the 11th day which was supported by arithmetical analysis showing p < 0.05 are statistically significant. Further, upon testing the brine shrimp assay for melanin toxicity, 7% were in a mortal state at 1000 µg/mL concentration, considered zero lethality. This result implies that modified coatings, particularly when trading meats, that include fungal melanin can effectively prevent the oxidation of pork lard.

Building microbial consortia to enhance straw degradation, phosphorus solubilization, and soil fertility for rice growth

Straw pollution and the increasing scarcity of phosphorus resources in many regions of China have had severe impacts on the growing conditions for crop plants. Using microbial methods to enhance straw decomposition rate and phosphorus utilization offers effective solutions to address these problems. In this study, a microbial consortium 6 + 1 (consisting of a straw-degrading bacterium and a phosphate-solubilizing bacterium) was formulated based on their performance in straw degradation and phosphorus solubilization. The degradation rate of straw by 6 + 1 microbial consortium reached 48.3% within 7 days (The degradation ability was 7% higher than that of single bacteria), and the phosphorus dissolution rate of insoluble phosphorus reached 117.54 mg·L− 1 (The phosphorus solubilization ability was 29.81% higher than that of single bacteria). In addition, the activity of lignocellulosic degrading enzyme system was significantly increased, the activities of endoglucanase, β-glucosidase and xylanase in the microbial consortium were significantly higher than those in the single strain (23.16%, 28.02% and 28.86%, respectively). Then the microbial consortium was processed into microbial agents and tested in rice pots. The results showed that the microbial agent significantly increased the content of organic matter, available phosphorus and available nitrogen in the soil. Ongoing research focuses on the determination of the effects and mechanisms of a functional hybrid system of straw degradation and phosphorus removal. The characteristics of the two strains are as follows: Straw-degrading bacteria can efficiently degrade straw to produce glucose-based carbon sources when only straw is used as a carbon source. Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria can efficiently use glucose as a carbon source, produce organic acids to dissolve insoluble phosphorus and consume glucose at an extremely fast rate. The analysis suggests that the microbial consortium 6 + 1 outperformed individual strains in terms of both performance and application effects. The two strains within the microbial consortium promote each other during their growth processes, resulting in a significantly higher rate of carbon source consumption compared to the individual strains in isolation. This increased demand for carbon sources within the growth system facilitates the degradation of straw by the strains. At the same time, the substantial carbon consumption during the metabolic process generated a large number of organic acids, leading to the solubilization of insoluble phosphorus. It also provides a basis for the construction of this type of microbial consortium.

Kinetic characterization of two neuraminic acid synthases and evaluation of their application potential

Neuraminic acid synthases are an important yet underexplored group of enzymes. Thus, in this research, we performed a detailed kinetic and stability analysis and a comparison of previously known neuraminic acid synthase from Neisseria meningitidis, and a novel enzyme, PNH5, obtained from a metagenomic library. A systematic analysis revealed a high level of similarity of PNH5 to other known neuraminic acid synthases, except for its pH optimum, which was found to be at 5.5 for the novel enzyme. This is the first reported enzyme from this family that prefers an acidic pH value. The effect of different metal cofactors on enzyme activity, i.e. Co2+, Mn2+ and Mg2+, was studied systematically. The kinetics of neuraminic acid synthesis was completely elucidated, and an appropriate kinetic model was proposed. Enzyme stability study revealed that the purified enzyme exhibits changes in its structure during time as observed by differential light scattering, which cause a drop in its activity and protein concentration. The operational enzyme stability for the neuraminic acid synthase from N. meningitidis is excellent, where no activity drop was observed during the batch reactor experiments. In the case of PNH5, some activity drop was observed at higher concentration of substrates. The obtained results present a solid platform for the future application of these enzymes in the synthesis of sialic acids.Key points• A novel neuraminic acid synthase was characterized.• The effect of cofactors on NeuS activity was elucidated.• Kinetic and stability characterization of two neuraminic acid synthases was performed.Graphical

Liquefaction optimization of grape pulp using response surface methodology for biopolyol production and bio-based polyurethane foam synthesis.

Both environmental and economic disadvantages of using petroleum-based products have been forcing researchers to work on environmentally friendly, sustainable, and economical alternatives. The purpose of this study is to optimize the solvothermal liquefaction process of grape pomace using response surface methodology coupled with a central composite design. After investigating the physicochemical properties of the liquified products (biopolyol) in detail, a bio-based rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) was synthesized and characterized. The hydroxyl and acid numbers and viscosity values of all the biopolyols were analyzed. According to variance analysis results (%95 confidence range), both the reaction temperature and catalyst loading were determined as significant parameters on the liquefaction yield (LY). The model was validated experimentally in the following reaction conditions: 4.25% catalyst loading, 50 min reaction time, and 165 °C reaction temperature, which yields an LY of 81.3%. The biopolyols produced by the validation experiment display similar characteristics (hydroxyl number: 470.5 mg KOH/g; acid number: 2.31 mg KOH/g; viscosity: 1785 cP at 25 °C) to those of commercial polyols widely preferred in the production of polyurethane foam. The physicochemical properties of bio-based foam obtained from the biopolyol were determined and the thermal conductivity, closed-cell content, apparent density, and compressive strength values of bio-based RPUF were 31.3 mW/m·K, 71.1%, 33.4 kg/m3, and 105.3 kPa, respectively.

Examining the Importance of Hydrogen Bonding and Proton Transfer in Iron Porphyrin-Mediated Carbon Dioxide Upconversion.

ConspectusThe title should give a sense of the "big picture" of this Account, but what is it really about? An unexpected change in research direction? A series of courageous and creative students? A team taking on challenging problems in chemistry? The answer is a definite "yes" to all of the above. More specifically, the problem in which we are interested is the upconversion or valorization of carbon dioxide. This problem has captured the attention of a great many chemists in earnest following the gas crisis of the 1970s and more recently galvanized due to climate concerns arising from the ongoing release of anthropogenic carbon. Addressing the problem of atmospheric carbon accumulation requires effort in two very broad areas: capture and conversion. Storage is an alternative to conversion, but this eliminates the opportunity to use what might be otherwise a waste product. Our group has investigated a series of modified versions of iron(III)-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (FeTPP) that can convert CO2 to carbon monoxide, which is a versatile and useful precursor for other syntheses. Following pioneering work from Savéant and his colleagues in the 1990s and thereafter, we started with a simple question: how many pendent ancillary groups that can donate H-bonds or protons are needed to support efficient CO2-to-CO conversion? Using a molecule with only one 2-hydroxylphenyl group, we demonstrated that the single prepositioned -OH group gave rise to efficient turnover, but only when experiments were carried out in a weakly H-bond-accepting solvent system. In other words, the ability of a solvent to accept H-bonds can impede CO2 reduction. We followed up with a deeper investigation of the influence of H-bonding interactions with external acids in FeTPP-mediated CO2 reduction. Savéant's framework mechanism appears to be independent of solvent, and rate differences can be approximated by considering H-bonding equilibria. Following that work, we sought to better understand the minimum catalyst design requirements with respect to internal H-bond/proton donors. To that end, we produced all possible isomers of tetraarylpoprhyrins with 2,6-dihydroxyphenyl + phenyl groups. All else being equal, the complexes with a formally trans orientation of the 2,6-dihydroxyphenyl groups performed the best. Most recently, we surveyed the roles of internal and external Brønsted acids with different pKa values. Surprisingly, the best-performing catalysts have more weakly acidic internal groups. Overall, our work has demonstrated that CO2 reduction mediated by porphyrin catalysts can be improved by considering solvent H-bonding, the orientation of internal H-bonding groups, and the balance of the pKa values of internal and external acids. The future for molecular electrocatalysts is promising as more ideas emerge about how to design molecules and conditions for CO2 reduction.

Enabling Modular Click Chemistry Library through Sequential Ligations of Carboxylic Acids and Amines.

High-throughput synthesis and screening of chemical libraries play pivotal roles in drug discovery. Click chemistry has emerged as a powerful strategy for constructing highly modular chemical libraries. However, the development of new click reactions and unlocking new clickable building blocks remain exceedingly challenging. Herein, we describe a double-click strategy that enables the sequential ligations of widely available carboxylic acids and amines with fluorosulfuryl isocyanate (FSO2NCO) via a modular amidation/SuFEx (sulfur-fluoride exchange) process. This method provides facile access to chemical libraries of N-fluorosulfonyl amides (RCONHSO2F) and N-acylsulfamides (RCONHSO2NR'R'') in near-quantitative yields under simple and practical conditions. The robustness and efficiency of this double click strategy is showcased by the facile construction of chemical libraries in 96-well microtiter plates from a large number of carboxylic acids and amines. Preliminary biological activity screening reveals that some compounds exhibit high antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacterium S. aureus and drug-resistant MRSA (MIC up to 6.25 μg ⋅ mL-1). These results provide compelling evidence for the potential application of modular click chemistry library as an enabling technology in high-throughput medicinal chemistry.

Enabling Modular Click Chemistry Library through Sequential Ligations of Carboxylic Acids and Amines

AbstractHigh‐throughput synthesis and screening of chemical libraries play pivotal roles in drug discovery. Click chemistry has emerged as a powerful strategy for constructing highly modular chemical libraries. However, the development of new click reactions and unlocking new clickable building blocks remain exceedingly challenging. Herein, we describe a double‐click strategy that enables the sequential ligations of widely available carboxylic acids and amines with fluorosulfuryl isocyanate (FSO2NCO) via a modular amidation/SuFEx (sulfur‐fluoride exchange) process. This method provides facile access to chemical libraries of N‐fluorosulfonyl amides (RCONHSO2F) and N‐acylsulfamides (RCONHSO2NR′R′′) in near‐quantitative yields under simple and practical conditions. The robustness and efficiency of this double click strategy is showcased by the facile construction of chemical libraries in 96‐well microtiter plates from a large number of carboxylic acids and amines. Preliminary biological activity screening reveals that some compounds exhibit high antimicrobial activities against Gram‐positive bacterium S. aureus and drug‐resistant MRSA (MIC up to 6.25 μg ⋅ mL−1). These results provide compelling evidence for the potential application of modular click chemistry library as an enabling technology in high‐throughput medicinal chemistry.

Influence of temperature and heating duration on the thermal stability and flow characteristics of oil extracted from undersized crawfish (Procambarus clarkii) using non‐solvent method

AbstractUndersized crawfish (UC) have less economic value for sale in live or processed tail meat markets. Therefore, this study's objectives were to extract crawfish oil (CO) from UC and determine the impact of temperature and heating duration on CO's thermal stability and flow properties. However, extracting oil from these undersized specimens could potentially add value to the crawfish industry. Crawfish minced meat (CMM) was obtained by passing cooked and chilled UC through a pilot scale deboning machine. CO was extracted by agitating CMM at 70°C for 30 min, followed by centrifugation at 10,000×g. CO was analyzed for inherent physicochemical characteristics, heating time (0–8 h), temperature (45–85°C) effects on peroxide value (PV) and astaxanthin (ASX) content, and flow properties at 5–35°C. ASX content, PV, water activity, bulk density, specific gravity, and free fatty acid values in CO were found to be 1.52 ± 0.06 mg/g oil, 0.22 ± 0.07 meq/kg, 0.56 ± 0.02, 0.88 ± 0.00, 0.90 ± 0.00 g/mL, and 0.11 ± 0.04%, respectively. ASX content in CO showed no significant change within or between same‐temperature and different‐temperature heated samples after 8 h. PV increased significantly from 0 to 8 h of heating at all tested temperatures (45, 65, and 85°C; Δ = 0.31, 0.51, and 10.76 meq/kg, respectively). CO had pseudoplastic characteristics below 30°C and Newtonian flow from 30 to 35°C. The Arrhenius equation suitably described the relationship between temperature and apparent viscosity of CO. This study characterized a seldom‐researched oil (CO containing ASX) and provided insight into its ability to resist thermal degradation.

Improved biochemical and neurodevelopmental profiles with high-dose hydroxocobalamin therapy in cobalamin C defect.

Cobalamin C (Cbl-C) defect causes methylmalonic acidemia, homocystinuria, intellectual disability and visual impairment, despite treatment adherence. While international guidelines recommend parenteral hydroxocobalamin (OH-Cbl) as effective treatment, dose adjustments remain unclear. We assessed OH-Cbl therapy impact on biochemical, neurocognitive and visual outcomes in early-onset Cbl-C patients treated with different OH-Cbl doses over 3 years. Group A (n = 5), diagnosed via newborn screening (NBS), received high-dose OH-Cbl (median 0.55 mg/kg/day); Group B1 (n = 3), NBS-diagnosed, received low-dose OH-Cbl (median 0.09 mg/kg/day); Group B2 (n = 12), diagnosed on clinical bases, received low-dose OH-Cbl (median 0.06 mg/kg/day). Biochemical analyses revealed better values of homocysteine, methionine and methylmalonic acid in Group A compared to Group B1 (p < 0.01, p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively) and B2 (p < 0.001, p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). Neurodevelopmental assessment showed better outcome in Group A compared to low-dose treated Groups B1 and B2, especially in Developmental Quotient, Hearing and Speech and Performance subscales without significant differences between Group B2 and Group B1. Maculopathy was detected in 100%, 66% and 83% of patients in the three groups, respectively. This study showed that "high-dose" OH-Cbl treatment in NBS-diagnosed children with severe early-onset Cbl-C defect led to a significant improvement in the metabolic profile and in neurocognitive outcome, compared to age-matched patients treated with a "low-dose" regimen. Effects on maculopathy seem unaffected by OH-Cbl dosage. Our findings, although observed in a limited number of patients, may contribute to improve the long-term outcome of Cbl-C patients.

Sodium ampicillin release from biocompatible hydrogel with enhanced antibacterial characteristics

The goal of this research is to develop an intelligent carrier that can control the release of medications in response to particular triggers. A novel carrier was created by combining different amounts of chitosan and polyvinylalcohal along with specific amount of cinnamon extract to enhance the antibacterial response of the prepared hydrogels. A non-hazardous crosslinker 3-Aminopropyl(diethoxy)methylsilane (3-APDEMS) was used to study its effect on the physical and chemical properties of the produced injectable hydrogels as well as the controlled drug release behaviour. The hydrogels swelling behaviour was assessed in a range of solvent environments and the results indicated that the swelling ratio decreased as the concentration of 3-APDEMS rose. The hydrogels showed the most swelling at acidic pH values and the least swelling at basic and neutral pH values. They are appropriate for use in injectable controlled medication delivery systems due to their unique pH-sensitive characteristic at pH 7.To evaluate its release profile in this particular setting, ampicillin sodium salt was effectively added to the best hydrogel formulation (which contained 100 μL cinnamon extract and 150 μL 3-APDEMS).The results showed that the release of ampicillin sodium (AMS) was regulated in PBS (7.4), reached up to 98.236 % release over 90 min.The utilisation of these hydrogels as a cutting-edge material for physiological pH-controlled injectable medication delivery and other biological applications is supported by these results.

Assessment of Changes in the Fat Profile of House Cricket Flour during 12 Months of Storage in Various Conditions.

Considering Acheta domecticus flour's growing importance and utilization as an ingredient in many food products, research on its storage is essential. The objective of this study was to determine the chemical and nutritional fat profile of house cricket (Acheta domesticus) flour during storage for 12 months under different storage temperatures (-18 °C, +4 °C, and +20 °C in two variants, with and without access to light). Insect flour was studied using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The fatty acids content was determined, and dietary indicators were calculated. The acid value, peroxide value, and anisidine value were also determined, and differential scanning calorimetry was performed. The results obtained from spectroscopic analysis of Acheta domesticus flour were consistent with the biochemical data. During the 12-month period of flour storage, the storage temperature significantly influenced the percentage composition of identified groups of fatty acids and the values of all presented ratios and dietary indices. During storage at refrigerated temperatures (-18 °C and +4 °C), no changes were observed in the fatty acid content and dietary indices, indicating that refrigerated temperatures provide oxidative stability to flour during 12 months of storage. Samples stored at 20 °C had higher acid values (AV), peroxide values (PV), and anisidine values (p-AV) compared to samples stored at lower temperatures (4 °C and -18 °C). Simultaneously, an increase in SFA and MUFA, as well as a decrease in PUFA and UFA, was noted in samples stored at room temperature. Storing cricket flour at lower temperatures when the storage period will be more than 12 months is essential to restrict the occurrence of fat oxidation. Elevated temperatures and exposure to light have a notable effect in hastening oxidation mechanisms, reducing thermal resilience, and inducing more pronounced alterations in the quality of fats.

Influence of Ultrasonication and UV-C Processing on the Functional Characteristics and Anticarcinogenic Activity of Blackthorn Vinegar.

In recent years, consumer trends have been changing toward fresh food products such as fruit juice, vinegar, etc. that are a good source of bioactive components, high nutritional characteristics, and beneficial microorganisms. Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa L.) vinegar (BV) is one of these nutritious foods. The study aims to examine the efficacy of ultraviolet-C (UV-C) light applied by a modified reactor and ultrasonication on bioactive compounds (total phenolic, total flavonoid, ascorbic acid content, and antioxidant activity) of traditionally produced BV. Furthermore, the volatile organic compound (VOC) profile, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content, cytotoxicity properties, and color were assessed. UV-C light and ultrasonication processes enriched most bioactive components, but these methods did not significantly improve ascorbic acid (p > 0.05) compared to pasteurization. Twenty-seven volatile compounds were analyzed in order to determine the VOC profile. As a result, thermal and nonthermal methods were found to affect the profile significantly (p < 0.05). No significant differences were detected in total soluble solids (4.70-4.77), titratable acidity (3.81-3.87), and pH (3.39-3.41) values. The anticarcinogenic activities of UV-C-treated BVs were more significant than others. Nonthermal treatments were generally better than pasteurization in maintaining and enriching the quality of BV. In this study, UV-C light and ultrasonication technology can be used as an alternative to traditional thermal techniques to improve the quality of BV.

Large-scale analysis of the PAC domain structure of arogenate dehydratases reveals their evolutionary patterns in angiosperms

Arogenate dehydratase (ADT) is the key limiting enzyme of plant phenylalanine biosynthesis, but some ADTs display a prephenate decarboxylase/dehydratase activity-conferring (PAC) domain. The genome resources of 70 species were employed to identify genes and outline their characteristics, especially the number and type of PAC domain structures. We obtained 522 ADTs, and their size, exon number, amino acid number and putative protein isoelectric point greatly varied from 306 to 2520 bp, 1 to 15, 101 to 839 and 4.37 to 11.18, respectively. We classified the ADTs into Class α (without a PAC domain) (115, 22.0 %), β (with a type I PAC domain) (244, 46.7 %) and γ (with a type II PAC domain) (163, 31.2 %), and their distribution frequencies exhibited large differences among various branches of angiosperms. We found that Class γ members are more conserved than Class β members, although they commonly experienced multiple duplication events and strong purifying selection, which resulted in a small number, and the putative origin order was from Class α to β and then to γ. In addition, the co-occurrence of both Class β and γ members could ensure the survival of angiosperms, while their optimized composition and strategically intertwined regulation may facilitate core eudicot success.

Optimization of soya enriched burfi by using response surface methodology and its impact on biochemical parameters in albino rats

Increasing interest in soya based dairy products is growing due to their health benefits. This study aims to formulate soya-enriched burfi by varying levels of milk fat, soya cake powder (SCP), and sugar based on sensory and textural characteristics using response surface methodology. The optimised formulation consisting of 4.59 % milk fat, 19.24 % SCP, and 26.93 % sugar. Burfi formulations were developed with 10 % SCP (G3), 20 % SCP (G4), and control burfi (G2) which undergo analysis for chemical parameters (moisture, fat, protein, ash, total carbohydrate, free fatty acid, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, thiobarbituric acid, and peroxide value), microbiological counts (total plate count, coliform, yeast & mold), growth metrics (FI, BWG & FE) and biochemical impact on albino rats fed with burfi (G3 and G4). Results showed that the soya-fed groups (G3 and G4) experienced less weight gain and an increase in albumin (4.05 %), globulin (5.33 %), and total protein (4.05 %), while levels of total cholesterol (5.36 %), triglycerides (5.17 %), creatinine (2.78 %), glucose (2.70 %), aspartate aminotransferase (8.15 %), and alanine transaminase (15.71 %) were reduced as compared to the control burfi group (G2). The study demonstrated that incorporating soya into burfi significantly enhances its nutritional and functional attributes, making it a promising functional food.

Enzymatic Deacidification and Aroma Characteristics Analysis of Rapeseed Oil Using Self-Made Immobilized Lipase CALB@MCM-41-C8.

Rapeseed oil is a widely consumed edible oil that contains varieties of beneficial micronutrients such as tocopherols and phytosterols; however, the high acid value due to increased free fatty acid can imperil the oil quality and safety. This paper proposed the enzymatic deacidification for high-acid rapeseed oil and simultaneous production of functional diacylglycerols (DAGs) catalyzed by self-made immobilized lipase CALB@MCM-41-C8. The results indicate that the carrier of molecular sieve MCM-41 exhibited a sufficient surface area of 1439.9 m2/g and a proper pore size of 3.5 nm, promoting the immobilization of lipase CLAB. Under the optimal reaction conditions, the acid value of rapeseed oil was largely decreased from 15.3 mg KOH/g to 1.7 mg KOH/g within 3 h, while DAG content was increased from 1.2% to 40.2%. The antioxidant stability of rapeseed oil was also increased from 4.3 h to 7.6 h after enzymatic deacidification. Besides, the deacidified rapeseed oil exhibited fatty, bitter almond aromas, compared to the picked-vegetable, spicy, and pungent aromas for high-acid oil. Finally, the catalytic stability and applicability of CALB@MCM-41-C8 was validated, thus demonstrating the great potential of CALB@MCM-41-C8 in green refining of edible oils and sustainable synthesis of functional lipids.

Comparative study on lubrication properties of biodiesel and bio-lubricant trans-esterified from desert seed oil with conventional lubricants

In recent years, there has been an increasing focus on renewable and biodegradable energy sources among lubricant manufacturers due to the environmental impacts and limited availability of fossil-based engine oils. Biomass sources present a cost-effective and eco-friendly alternative to traditional mineral oil sources. This study aims to produce and characterize biodiesel and biolubricant from desert date seed oil through transesterification. The result of the study was compared with the properties of conventional and commercial lubricants. The study employed transesterification to convert desert date seed oil into biodiesel and biolubricant. The produced biolubricant and biodiesel were characterized to determine their kinematic viscosity at 40°C, specific gravity, flash point, and pour point. These properties were then compared with those of other bio-lubricants and commercial base lubricants. For biodiesel, the yield was 56%, with a favorable acid value (0.98 mg KOH/g), iodine value (43.41 mg/g), and saponification value (197.4 mg KOH/g). Although, the specific gravity (1.876) was higher than ASTM standard. However, the flash point (112°C) and cloud point (11°C) were within acceptable ranges. The biolubricant produced from desert date oil showed promising results with a high kinematic viscosity of 67.54 mm2/s, a specific gravity of 1.876, a flash point of 120°C and a pour point (−5°C). These results obviously suggest the produced lubricant a suitable for automotive applications possessing good low-temperature performance. The flash point result and the physicochemical properties of the oil aligned well with industrial standards. The comparisons revealed that the produced biolubricant closely matched the properties of SAE VG 220 and SAE VG 40. The findings suggest that the biolubricant and biodiesel derived from desert date seed oil can serve as a viable substitute for petroleum-based lubricants in light gear applications and can be effectively used in two-stroke engines, providing a sustainable alternative to conventional lubricants.

Green biocatalytic synthesis of (hydroxy)cinnamic monoterpenyl esters in biomass solvent: Mechanism underlying different reaction efficiency

(Hydroxy)cinnamic acids (HCAs), a kind of prevalent phenolic acid compound, boast diverse biological activities. However, their limited liposolubility impedes their utilization in oil-based systems. Addressing this challenge, we presented an eco-friendly approach to synthesize (hydroxy)cinnamic monoterpenyl esters in biomass solvent 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF), grafting antibacterially active monoterpenyl onto phenolic acid compounds through esterification/transesterification. This green enzymatic catalytic strategy successfully synthesized a series of cinnamic monoterpenyl esters (yield >87.84%), p-coumaric monoterpenyl esters (yield >67.26%), and caffeic monoterpenyl esters (yield >10.55%). The mechanism difference in reaction efficiency of different hydroxyl cinnamic acids was revealed through kinetic calculation and molecular docking. As the number of hydroxyl group increased, the affinity between substrates and lipase decreased, which was reflected by the Km value, in which the Km value of cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid and caffeic acid were 23.72, 52.04 and 60.05, respectively. Furthermore, molecular docking results showed that the strong binding of the hydroxyl groups to the hydrophobic cavity of the lipase resulted in the need for more energy to twist the reaction site closer to the active center during the reaction. This research provided a green and feasible route for the synthesis of phenolic acid ester derivatives.

Simultaneous determination of Rosuvastatin calcium and Bempedoic acid in fixed-dose combination pharmaceutical dosage forms using RP-HPLC method

A precise, simple, and, accurate method for simultaneous estimation of Rosuvastatin calcium and Bempedoic acid was developed by Reversed phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic (RP-HPLC). The validation of the developed method is done as per ICH guidelines. The method was developed on Waters HPLC using a Kromasil 100-5-C18 (4.6 × 250 mm) column with a detection wavelength of 220 nm. The mobile phase consists of 0.1 % OPA in water: Acetonitrile (50:50 v/v). The retention time for Rosuvastatin calcium and Bempedoic acid was found as 5.4 and 10.7 min respectively. The linearity range was established between 10.0–100.0 µg/ml for Rosuvastatin calcium and 45.0–450.0 µg/ml for Bempedoic acid. The correlation coefficients (r2 values) for Rosuvastatin calcium and Bempedoic Acid were 0.9985 and 0.9988 respectively, indicating a strong concentration–response relationship. The method was found to be specific as there was no interference with the peak of Rosuvastatin calcium and Bempedoic acid in presence of excipients. The % Recovery of the method was found to be 98.64 %, 99.35 %, and 98.27 % for Rosuvastatin calcium and 99.11 %, 99.16 %, and 99.46 % for Bempedoic Acid. Therefore, the method has good trueness. Repeatability analysis of 6 samples revealed %RSD values of 0.92 % and 1.41 % for Rosuvastatin calcium and Bempedoic Acid respectively. The method is precise as the mean %RSD for Intraday studies of Rosuvastatin calcium and Bempedoic acid was 0.6064 % and 0.5289 % respectively while the Interday studies were 0.8763 % and 0.4955 % respectively. The LOD and LOQ for Rosuvastatin calcium are 0.054 µg/ml and 0.163 µg/ml and for Bempedoic acid are 0.127 µg/ml and 0.387 µg/ml respectively. Also, the method is robust as there was no significant change in result upon changing the method parameter. The developed method is environment friendly and is suitable for the quality control analysis of Rosuvastatin calcium and Bempedoic acid either alone or in combination.

The quality of indonesian brands of consumable cooking oils is reviewed by peroxide numbers and free fatty acid value

The quality of indonesian brands of consumable cooking oils is reviewed by peroxide numbers and free fatty acid value

Composition of sesame hull oil and its effects on flavour and quality of sesame oil

SummaryIn this study, sesame hull oil (SHO) was extracted to characterise its composition. SHO was heated to determine the volatiles and their effect on the quality of cold‐pressed dehulled sesame oil (SO). Seventeen fatty acids, four lignans (1088.65 mg/100 g), tocopherols (284.17 mg/100 g) mainly in the γ‐form, and sterol (1722.16 mg/100 g, 4.67 times more than in sesame kernel oil) were detected in SHO. After heating, the volatiles found in SHO were mainly aldehydes and acids, represented by hexanal (fatty, green aroma) and 3‐methyl‐butanoic acid (fatty, rancid aroma), respectively. The acid value, peroxide value, anisidine value, and turbidity of SO increased significantly after adding SHO, and the scavenging ability of 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was enhanced. The oxidation induction times of SO with the addition of SHO ranged from 8.93 to 9.53 h. The present study provides information about SHO and a new direction for the utilisation of sesame hulls.