Acid Sulfate Research Articles

Development of an advanced machine learning model to predict the pH of groundwater in permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) located in acidic terrain

This paper presents a comprehensive study of various Random Forest (RF) models for predicting increments of pH in groundwater treated by permeable reactive barriers (PRBs). This study uses data collected over 16 years from two PRBs installed in acid sulfate soils. The hyperparameters of the Random Forest have been optimised using three powerful optimisation algorithms: the Whale Optimisation Algorithm, the Tunicate Swarm Algorithm, and the Jellyfish Search Optimizer. The results show that the RF-Jellyfish Search Optimiser was the most accurate model for predicting pH increment in the downgradient. This model could predict pH increments for 80 data points as well as another PRB with a different reactive material. The model was also compared with a finite difference flow model from literature. The results showed that the RF-Jellyfish Search Optimizer was more accurate with the coefficient of determination and root mean square error values of 0.954 and 7.04, compared to 0.942 and 10.27 obtained from the finite difference model. Overall, the novel intelligent technique introduced in this study effectively predicts pH increments in treated groundwater and can also be applied to different PRBs.

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells response on collagen/hyaluronan/chondroitin scaffold enriched with gentamicin -loaded gelatin microparticles for skin tissue engineering.

The repair and functional reconstruction of large skin defects caused by burn remains an intractable clinical problem. Collagen type I (ColI) was extracted from carp scales and confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ultraviolet adsorption spectra and automatic amino acid analyzer. Then the scaffolds containing the purified ColI, hyaluronic acid (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) were constructed and examined. The results showed that the scaffold (ColI:CS:HA=9:1:1) had larger pore diameter, porosity, water absorption, degradation rate and tensile strength. gentamycin sulphate (GS) - gelatin microspheres (GMSs) were prepared by emulsion cross-linking method. The drug release study of the ColI-CS-HA-GS/GMSs scaffold with antibacterial property showed a prolonged, continuous, and sustained release of GS. The bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were extracted from rat and inoculated into the ColI-HA-CS-GS/GMSs scaffold. The results performed that the scaffold could accelerate proliferation of the BMSCs and wound healing.

Durability performance of low calcium Flyash-Based geopolymer concrete

This investigation aims to systematically evaluate the durability performance of 30 MPa grade of low calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. The geopolymer concrete with fly ash as binder is manufactured using an alkaline activator solution (of 14 Molar and Na2Sio3/NaOH ratio of 2.5). The results were also compared with the Portland cement concrete of similar grade. The concrete samples were subjected to water absorption, water permeability, sorptivity, acid resistance, sulphate resistance, and rapid chloride penetration tests. Water absorption study findings revealed less water absorption by low calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete than Portland cement concrete. Also, the water permeability tests on geopolymer concrete indicated lower water penetration depth compared to Portland cement concrete. Sorptivity test results depict lower sorptivity by geopolymer concrete over ordinary Portland cement concrete. Geopolymer concrete shows better acid resistance and sulphate resistance performance than Portland cement concrete in terms of residual compressive strength. Rapid chloride penetration test results indicated moderate chloride penetrability of geopolymer concrete and low chloride penetrability by Portland cement concrete. In general, low calcium fly ash based geopolymer concrete outperformed Portland cement concrete in most durability indices, which led to the conclusion that low calcium fly ash based geopolymer concrete durability performance was superior to that of concrete of a similar grade made of Portland cement concrete.

The role of the iodide/iodine couple as a redox mediator in the dissolution of chalcopyrite in sulfate media. An electrochemical study

A detailed study has been made of the effect of the addition of iodine/iodide on the electrochemistry of the dissolution of chalcopyrite in acidic sulfate media containing iron(III). Mixed potential measurements have revealed that the potential is higher with iodine as an oxidant compared to iron(III) although the solution potentials are similar. Potentiostatic measurements in the absence of the oxidants at the measured mixed potentials have shown that chalcopyrite should dissolve some five times faster with iodine as the oxidant. Linear sweep voltammetry has confirmed the much higher reversibility of the iodine/iodide couple on a chalcopyrite surface than that of the iron(III)/iron(II) couple. Limited dissolution tests have confirmed that chalcopyrite dissolves more rapidly with iodine as the oxidant at rates similar to those predicted from the electrochemical measurements. A preliminary spectrophotometric study of the kinetics of the oxidation of iodide by iron(III) in sulfate media has shown that the rate is significantly slower than previously assumed and that the reaction occurs in two stages with tri-iodide as the initial product that is slowly oxidised to iodine. At the low concentrations necessary for economic application, iodide ions do not effect the rate of oxidation of iron(II) by dissolved oxygen in chloride solutions. It is suggested that the use of iodide as a redox mediator during heap leaching of chalcopyrite ores by acidic ferric sulfate lixiviants is unlikely to change current problems with the slow rate of dissolution under ambient conditions.

Bone-china ceramic powder and granite industrial by-product waste in self-compacting concrete: A durability assessment with statistical validation

Due to continuous stockpiling of industrial by-products, waste management and disposal has become an underlying problem. Utilization of these industrial wastes as a substitution to concrete components can be a promising solution towards conservation of energy and curtailment of CO2 emission. The present study is an initiative to explore the durability behaviour of self-compacting concrete containing bone-china ceramic powder waste (BCPW) and granite cutting waste (GCW). The aim of this study is to investigate the use of bone-china ceramic powder waste (BCPW) and granite cutting waste (GCW) as substitutes for cement and natural fine aggregates in self-compacting concrete. The replacement ratios of BCPW were taken as 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% for cement and of GCW were taken as 0%, 20%, 30%, and 40% for NFA to prepare the SCC mixes. The self-compacting concrete mixes were tested for acid attack, sulphate attack, sorptivity, and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Statistical analysis was used to validate the findings. The results show that the use of BCPW and GCW as substitutes in self-compacting concrete improves its durability. The ceramic granite modified concrete shows less weight and compressive strength loss compared to conventional concrete, up to an optimum replacement level. This improvement is attributed to the pozzolanic property of BCPW and the better filling property of GCW. However, adverse impacts were observed beyond this limit. The study provides insight into the potential of using industrial by-products in self-compacting concrete, offering a sustainable solution to waste management, and contributing to the reduction of CO2 emissions. The statistical analysis used to validate the results adds rigor to the study and further supports the findings. The use of bone-china ceramic powder waste and granite cutting waste in self-compacting concrete is a novel approach, which can improve the durability and sustainability of concrete structures.

Effect of Foliar Application of Humic Acid and Zinc Sulfate on Vegetative, Physiological, and Biochemical Characteristics of Physalis alkekengi L. Under Soilless Culture

Effect of Foliar Application of Humic Acid and Zinc Sulfate on Vegetative, Physiological, and Biochemical Characteristics of Physalis alkekengi L. Under Soilless Culture

Hydraulic analysis of rainfall utilization on acid sulphate soil leaching in lowland irrigation Area of Unit Tamban Central Kalimantan

Unit Tamban is one of the tidal swamp irrigation areas located in the ex-PLG area, precisely in Block D of Central Kalimantan. The productivity of Unit Tamban is very low, with only one planting every year due to the low water quality in the canal and the unfinished land reclamation process. The volume of freshwater from the tide is only 229,788 m3, while the leaching of acidic sulphate soils requires 248,000 m3. Unit Tamban has a dominant hydro-topography of types B and C, so some agricultural land uses rainwater as an irrigation water supply. The study aimed to examine the effect of rain discharge on the existing irrigation network as an additional water supply in the leaching of acidic sulphate soils in the swamp irrigation area of Unit Tamban. This study used dependable rainfall for calculating rain discharge and one-dimensional hydraulic modelling using HEC-RAS. The water volume in rainy conditions can meet the needs of acid sulphate soil leaching, while there is a deficit of 7% in existing conditions. The availability of dependable rain can meet the need for acid sulphate soil leaching so that the reclamation process can run well.

Effect of Co-Fertilizer Application and Dolomite Amendments on Yield and Grain Quality of Rice Grown on Post-Active Acid Sulfate Soil

Improving the grain yield of rice and increasing the availability of nutrients in cultivated soils are important goals of sustainable agriculture. This study was aimed to determine the effects of different fertilizer applications and dolomite amendments on rice yield, quality, and soil fertility after plantation in post-active acid sulfate soil in the Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya province, Thailand. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with six treatments and three replications was employed, i.e. T1 (no fertilizer); T2 (fertilizer at the rate of the farmers’ practice, CFFMP); T3 (fertilizer at the rate of site-specific nutrient management, SSNM); T4 (SSNM+organic fertilizer, OF); T5 (SSNM+dolomite, DM); and T6 (SSNM+OF0.5+DM0.5). Our results indicated that the treatment of SSNM+DM provided the highest grain yield (6,171 kg/ha). For the quality of rice grain, the highest protein level was found in the treatment of CFFMP (80.2 g/kg). Application of fertilizer according to the SSNM+OF treatment resulted in higher soil organic matter, available phosphorus, and exchangeable potassium in the soil after rice cultivation than in other treatments. The results suggested that the application of SSNM+DM and SSNM +OF0.5+DM0.5 was the best options for improving rice yield in this area.

Resistance to Sulphate and Acid Attack of Rice Husk Ash and Fly Ash Based Composite Cement

The current exploration work contains the preparation and examination of the properties of cement-based composite materials. Two kinds of composite materials specifically, Rice Husk Ash Composite Cement and Fly Ash Composite Cement were examined. Rice Husk Ash Composite Cement and Fly Ash Composite Cement was treated with Na2SO4 and HCl solution to check the resistance towards sulphate and acid attack respectively. Sulfate attack has been resolved in this work by estimating weight loss/gain of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and the Composite Cements created from FA and RHA when plunged into 0.5 M and 0.75 M Na2SO4 solution. A loss in weight has been seen at the underlying stage i.e. Following 7 and 14 days when OPC is immersed in sulfate media, however, in the long run there was gain in weight of the composite made with OPC. The loss of weight occurred when the entire test sample is treated with 1.0 M HCl. Results on acid resistance and sulphate attack revealed that Composite cements are better acid resistant but more susceptible to sulphate attack. It was also observed that FAC composite is more susceptible to sulphate attack than RHAC composite. The Ca(OH)2 leaching tests indicate that Composite Cements are effective in reducing the amount of Ca(OH)2 leaching compared to pristine OPC. Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 71(1): 49-55, 2023 (Jan)

1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol as a synergistic additive for improving throwing power of through hole copper electronic electroplating

In this work, we develop a novel 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN)-based acidic sulfate copper electronic electroplating process for compact, homogeneous and conformal copper thickening of through hole (TH). The adsorption characteristics, electrochemical properties and the interaction mechanisms of three additives (PEG, SPS and PAN) are studied in detail. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and optical microscope (OM) reveal that PAN can make the copper coating in fine grains and high throwing power of 90.35% in TH without an overhang phenomenon. Theoretical calculations illustrate that the binding energies between additive molecules and copper surface decrease in the order: PAN > SPS > PEG. Cyclic voltammetry experiments at rotating rates of 1200 and 200 r/min prove that PAN itself can accelerate and weakly suppress copper electrodeposition at the center and mouth of TH, respectively. PAN behaves respectively the synergistic and antagonistic effects with PEG at the mouth and center of TH, and the weakly synergistic effects with SPS both at the mouth and center of TH. The addition of PAN to the virgin make-up solution (VMS) containing PEG and SPS causes decreasing the relative electric charge (ΔQ) at high and low rotating rates from 18.52 ± 0.08% to 8.25 ± 0.05%, which satisfies the closer copper electronic electroplating rate at the center and mouth of TH. The effective and complicated synergistic effects of the additives PEG, SPS and PAN can achieve compact, homogeneous and conformal copper thickening of TH.

OIL CONTENT IN WINTER RAPE SEEDS DEPENDING ON MICRONUTRIENT NUTRITION

The article is devoted to the study of the role of micronutrients in their application in the form of foliar fertilization in view of their influence on the quality indicators of the formed crop, in particular on the oil content of seeds as a basic indicator that determines the value of winter rape as a crop for multipurpose use. The effectiveness of monocomponent application of the main physiologically active microelements in two phenological critical phases of growth and flowering of winter rape plants with different dominance of growth and growth-reproductive processes of plant organism differentiation - in the phenological phases of stemming and flowering - was investigated. The effectiveness of the influence of single-component microelements selected by the typological composition of modern multicomponent chelated microfertilizers in the form of sulfate salts, boric acid and ammonium sulfate at a physiological concentration of 0.2 %, taking into account the regulation of concentrations of physiologically active agrochemicals in the format of foliar feeding with aqueous salt solutions, was determined. It was found that the use of each of the studied microelements was effective and significant in terms of increasing the oil content of seeds in comparison with the control variant of water treatment. Individual peculiarities of seed oil content formation for two high-intensity varieties of winter rape for each of the studied microelements were established both from the standpoint of the increase in oil content to the control and from the standpoint of assessing the variability of its value, taking into account the two-year cycle of study and variation within the general set of the obtained accounting values within the replications of the experiment. On the basis of the data obtained, the expediency of the timing of foliar fertilization with microfertilizers of winter rape hybrids was determined and the role of the genotypic component in the effectiveness of the use of corrective foliar fertilization with various microelements was noted. It was established on the basis of a two-year research cycle for a guaranteed increase of oil content in seeds of intensive winter rape hybrids by at least 0.6-1, 8 % under the condition of one-component use of trace elements in the form of foliar feeding, they should be used in the following order of increasing expediency and validity of Co>Zn>B>Cu>Mn>Mo in the form of a solution of salt sulfates, boric acid and ammonium molybdate at 0.2 % concentration of the working solution for foliar feeding. Prospects for further research in the field of optimization of fertilization of intensive hybrids of winter rape with microfertilizers are formulated.

Insights into the synergistic effects of safranine in an acidic copper bath on through-hole void-free filling for high-quality electronics interconnection

In this work, we develop a novel safranine (SA)-based acidic sulfate copper electronic plating process for through-hole copper void-free filling for high-quality electronics interconnection, and both the molecule actions and synergistic effects of safranine (SA) are carefully explored. Cyclic voltammetry experiments at rotating rates of 200 r/min and 1200 r/min demonstrate that SA itself can accelerate the electro-reduction of copper ion, heighten the inhibiting effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and acceleration effect of bis-(3-sulfopropyl) disulfide (SPS). The addition of SA to the virgin make-up solution (VMS) containing PEG and SPS makes the relative electric charge (∆Q) between the low and high rotating rates be increased from 1.27 ± 0.04–22.53% ± 0.05, indicating the higher copper electronic plating amount at the center than that at the mouth of through-hole. In situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy together with theoretical calculations further illustrate that the molecule SA is adsorbed on the copper surface through the N atom in the aromatic ring, PEG and SPS can heighten the adsorption of SA on the Cu surface, and both PEG and SPS both synergistically influence with SA to achieve the void-free copper filling of through-hole.

Foliar Application of Salicylic Acid and Zinc Sulphate Levels on Growth and Yield of Squash under Net House Condition

A field experiment was conducted at Horticulture Farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka during November, 2020 to February, 2021. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The experiment had two factors (Different levels of salicylic acid, S0= No salicylic acid (control), S1= 60 ppm of salicylic acid, S2= 90 ppm of salicylic acid and different levels of zinc, Z0= No zinc sulphate (control), Z1= 25 ppm of zinc sulphate, Z2= 50 ppm of zinc sulphate. Different levels of salicylic, zinc sulphate and also their combinations showed significant influence on different growth, yield contributing parameters and yield of squash. The treatment, S2 showed highest results in fruit yield per plant (2422.7 g), fruit yield per plot (9.68 kg) and fruit yield per ha (37.83 t) compared to control. In case of zinc treatments, the highest results in fruit yield per plant (2597.1 g), highest fruit yield per plot (10.38 kg) and highest fruit yield per ha (31.74 t) were found from Z1 compared to control. Likewise, the treatment combination of S2Z1 (90 ppm of salicylic acid and 25 ppm of zinc sulphate) gave the highest fruit yield per plant (3045.4 g) fruit yield per plot (12.18 kg) and highest yield per ha (47.57 t) where the lowest results were found from the treatment combination of S0Z0 (control). The highest gross return (BDT 1189425), net return (BDT 881669) and BCR (3.86) were obtained from the treatment combination of S2Z1 where the lowest was obtained from S0Z0. It can be concluded that from economic point of view, S2Z1 (90 ppm of salicylic acid and 25 ppm of zinc sulphate) treatment combination is suitable for squash cultivation than other treatment combinations.

18 - A multicentre pilot study on intravesical hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphate administration in the refractory Bacillus Calmette Guerin-induced chemical cystitis

18 - A multicentre pilot study on intravesical hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphate administration in the refractory Bacillus Calmette Guerin-induced chemical cystitis

Modelling biogeochemical clogging affecting piezometers in acid sulfate soil terrain

This study offers an analytical solution for radial consolidation that captures the biogeochemical clogging effect in acid sulfate soils. Field sites and personal communication with industry practitioners have provided evidence of piezometers exhibiting retarded pore pressure readings that do not follow conventional soil consolidation and seepage principles when installed in coastal acidic floodplains. This retarded response together with a variation in pH, ion concentrations, and piezometric heads provided evidence of clogging at and around the piezometers. This paper uses the proposed biogeochemical clogging model, which is an analytically derived system of equations to estimate the excess pore water pressure dissipation of piezometers installed in clogging-prone acid sulfate soils. The inclusion of the total porosity reduction attributed to biological and geochemical clogging improves the predictions of the retarded dissipation of excess pore pressure, especially after about 1 year. This method is validated for two previously identified acidic field sites in coastal Australia, where piezometers measured a very slow rate of dissipation. It is concluded that this model has potential to accurately monitor the performance of critical infrastructure, such as dams and embankment foundations built on acidic terrain.

Secondary organic aerosols in PM2.5 on a coastal island in southeastern China: Impact of atmospheric process and biomass burning

To better understand the formation and characteristics of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in coastal areas, a four-season observation of PM2.5-bound SOA tracers was conducted on a coastal island in southeastern China. Typical organic tracers, including the tracer for biomass burning (levoglucosan) and tracers from isoprene (SOAI), α/β pinene (SOAM), β-caryophyllene (SOAC), and toluene (SOAA), were analyzed by GC-MS. The total concentrations of SOA tracers were found to be higher in the fall and summer compared to spring and winter. The highest concentration among the SOA tracers was observed for SOAI (12.96 ± 17.89 ng m−3), followed by SOAM (6.66 ± 6.03 ng m−3), SOAA (1.76 ± 1.73 ng m−3), and SOAC (1.52 ± 1.11 ng m−3). The study revealed that the production of SOAI was significantly influenced by the HO2 channel. Compared with the first generation products and the later generation products of α/β-pinene, we found the aerosols in the study area were relatively fresh. In summer, the majority of SOA tracers showed strong positive correlations with SO42−, H+, and Ox (O3+NO2), indicating the influence of acid sulfate and photochemical oxidation. However, based on the LEV/K+ ratio, it was concluded that crop residue burning has a substantial influence on SOA in winter and mostly comes from regional transportation. During biomass burning transport episodes, the concentration of β-caryophyllenic acid (CPA) increased along with LEV and K+. The average concentration of total secondary organic carbon (SOC) estimated from the SOA-tracer method was found to be 0.399 μg C m−3, with SOCA constituting the majority (0.220 ± 0.216 μg C m−3). Isoprene contributed the most to biogenic SOA (BSOA) in summer (42.1%), whereas sesquiterpene had the largest contribution (66.8%) in winter. This study provides valuable insights into the characteristics and formation mechanisms of SOA in coastal areas with low anthropogenic emissions.

Processing and Characterization of Nano Silica and Iron Oxide Coated Silica Composites Extracted from Rice Hulls

This study examined the effects of adding iron to rice hulls samples (RHs) on the thermal degradation to prepare nano silica and iron oxide-silica mixtures. Iron is precipitated in different amounts within the RH fibers (as hydroxide) by dipping them in a solution of different concentrations of acidic ferrous sulfate and then immersing it in a dilute ammonia solution. The dry RHs were fired at temperatures between 400 °C and 700 °C in a static or limited air atmosphere. Both weight loss and residual weight are determined to follow its thermal degradation. The products of the RH degradation of silica or iron oxide-silica mixtures were characterized by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The surface area, average particle size, and pore diameter of both products were determined. The chemical treatment of RHs before firing accelerates their thermal degradation and leads to obtaining firing products of high purity. Firing RHs in a limited air atmosphere increases thermal degradation and, at the same time, accelerates the catalyst effect of iron on its degradation. Under these conditions, silica and iron oxide bonded silica with an average particle size of 1.31 and 0.07 μm were obtained by firing treated RHs at 600 °C and 500 °C, respectively. Firing in a limited air atmosphere encourages CO2 to react with burned C to form CO, and iron as an accelerator for this reaction completes its degradation. In contrast, iron oxide remained in the ferrous state. Therefore, the bonding between iron and silica was complete.

Evaluation of the selectivity of several OATP1B biomarkers using relative activity factor method.

In recent years, some endogenous substrates of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B (OATP1B) have been identified and characterized as potential biomarkers to assess OATP1B-mediated clinical drug-drug interactions (DDIs). However, quantitative determination of their selectivity to OATP1B are still limited. In this study, we developed a relative activity factor (RAF) method to determine the relative contribution of hepatic uptake transporters OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OATP2B1, and sodium-taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) on hepatic uptake of several OATP1B biomarkers, including coproporphyrins I (CPI), CPIII, sulfate conjugates of bile acids: glycochenodeoxycholic acid sulfate (GCDCA-S), glycodeoxycholic acid sulfate (GDCA-S), and taurochenodeoxycholic acid sulfate (TCDCA-S). RAF values for OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OATP2B1, and NTCP were determined in cryopreserved human hepatocytes and transporter transfected cells using pitavastatin, cholecystokinin, resveratrol-3-O-β-D-glucuronide, and taurocholic acid (TCA) as reference compounds, respectively. OATP1B1-specific pitavastatin uptake in hepatocytes was measured in the absence and presence of 1 µM estropipate, while NTCP-specific TCA uptake was measured in the presence of 10 µM rifampin. Our studies suggested that CPI was a more selective biomarker for OATP1B1 than CPIII, while GCDCA-S and TCDCA-S were more selective to OATP1B3. OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 equally contributed to hepatic uptake of GDCA-S. The mechanistic static model, incorporating the fraction transported (ft) of CPI/III estimated by RAF and in vivo elimination data, predicted several perpetrator interactions with CPI/III. Overall, RAF method combined with pharmacogenomic and DDI studies is a useful tool to determine the selectivity of transporter biomarkers and facilitate the selection of appropriate biomarkers for DDI evaluation. Significance Statement We developed a new RAF method to quantitatively determine the contribution of hepatic uptake transporters OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OATP2B1, and NTCP on several OATP1B biomarkers (CPI, CPIII, GCDCA-S, GDCA-S, and TCDCA-S) and evaluated their predictivity on perpetrator-biomarker interactions. Our studies suggest that RAF method is a useful tool to determine the selectivity of transporter biomarkers. This method combined with pharmacogenomic and DDI studies will facilitate mechanistic interpretation and modeling of biomarker data and the selection of appropriate biomarkers for DDI evaluation.

Characterization of Bile Acid Sulfate Conjugates as Substrates of Human Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides.

Drug interactions involving the inhibition of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) 1B1 and OATP1B3 are considered important. Therefore, we sought to study various sulfated bile acids (BA-S) as potential clinical OATP1B1/3 biomarkers. It was determined that BA-S [e.g., glycochenodeoxycholic acid 3-O-sulfate (GCDCA-S) and glycodeoxycholic acid 3-O-sulfate (GDCA-S)] are substrates of OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and sodium-dependent taurocholic acid cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) transfected into human embryonic kidney 293 cells, with minimal uptake evident for other solute carriers (SLCs) like OATP2B1, organic anion transporter 2, and organic cation transporter 1. It was also shown that BA-S uptake by plated human hepatocytes (PHH) was inhibited (≥96%) by a pan-SLC inhibitor (rifamycin SV), and there was greater inhibition (≥77% versus ≤12%) with rifampicin (OATP1B1/3-selective inhibitor) than a hepatitis B virus myristoylated-preS1 peptide (NTCP-selective inhibitor). Estrone 3-sulfate was also used as an OATP1B1-selective inhibitor. In this instance, greater inhibition was observed with GDCA-S (76%) than GCDCA-S (52%). The study was expanded to encompass the measurement of GCDCA-S and GDCA-S in plasma of SLCO1B1 genotyped subjects. The geometric mean GDCA-S concentration was 2.6-fold (90% confidence interval 1.6, 4.3; P = 2.1 × 10-4) and 1.3-fold (1.1, 1.7; P = 0.001) higher in individuals homozygous and heterozygous for the SLCO1B1 c.521T > C loss-of-function allele, respectively. For GCDCA-S, no significant difference was noted [1.2-fold (0.8, 1.7; P = 0.384) and 0.9-fold (0.8, 1.1; P = 0.190), respectively]. This supported the in vitro data indicating that GDCA-S is a more OATP1B1-selective substrate (versus GCDCA-S). It is concluded that GCDCA-S and GDCA-S are viable plasma-based OATP1B1/3 biomarkers, but they are both less OATP1B1-selective when compared to their corresponding 3-O-glucuronides (GCDCA-3G and GDCA-3G). Additional studies are needed to determine their utility versus more established biomarkers, such as coproporphyrin I, for assessing inhibitors with different OATP1B1 (versus OATP1B3) inhibition signatures.

Increasing productivity of acid sulphate soil for rice through application of ameliorant in Banyuasin South Sumatera

Soil acidity, high solubility of Al, Fe and S as well as low soil fertility are obstacles to rice production in acid sulphate soil. However, rice production can be increase by improving land quality through application of ameliorant. The study was carried out on acid sulphate soil in Banyu Urip Village, Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra during wet season of 2020. The study aimed to determine the effect of ameliorant to rice production in acid sulphate soil. The study used Randomized Block Design with 6 replications. The ameliorant tested were P1 = control (without ameliorant), P2 = Dolomite [CaMg(CO3)2] (2 t.ha−1), P3 = Agricultural lime/Calcium Carbonate [CaCO3] (2 t.ha−1), P4 = Manure (2 t.ha−1), P5 = Biochar (5 t.ha−1), P6 = dolomite + manure + biochar (1/3 of each dose) and P7 = agricultural lime + manure + biochar (1/3 of each dose); in which Swampland Soil Test Kit was used to determine the ameliorant doses. The ameliorant was spread across the soil surface two weeks before planting, then mixed using hoe at the same time with the second tillage. Parameters observed were agronomic characteristics including plant growth and yield components. Results showed that the provision of ameliorant was able to increase plant growth and productivity of rice in acid sulphate soil. The highest productivity was found in treatment P7 (3.96 t.ha−1 dry unhusked grain) which applied combination of agricultural lime, manure, and biochar.