Acid Sodium Salt Research Articles

Development and validation of an effective and sensitive technique for nitrate determination in fruits and vegetables using HPLC/PDA.

This study aims to develop an effective and sensitive HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) method to determine the nitrate concentration in fruits and vegetables (F & V) using a C18 column (ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C18, 80Å, 250 × 4.6mm, 5μm (Agilent Technologies)) maintained at 40 0C, a mobile phase made up of methanol and buffer (pentane sulfonic acid sodium salt solution), and a Photo Diode Array Detector (PDA) at 225nm. The developed method is validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, suitability, the limit of detection (LOD), and the limit of quantification (LOQ) according to the European Union Decision 2002/657/EC. The result revealed that a ratio of 30: 70 of the organic modifier methanol and buffer with pH 2.8 shows the highest efficiency. The calibration curve shows linearity with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9985. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 2.26mg/kg and 7.46mg/kg. The recovery was in the range of 98.96-100.21%. Moreover, the greenness assessment scores of different approaches (eco-scale score of 76, AGREE score of 0.71, and few red shades in GAPI portray) were at a very excellent level. Thus, our developed method is fully validated and can determine the nitrate content in F & V.

1H NMR-based metabolomics of cacao pod husk: profile comparison of three drying treatments

Aim: The aim of this study is to apply untargeted proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and chemometric analysis to obtain the cacao pod husk (CPH) fingerprint and evaluate the effect of dehydration in the CPH metabolome. Methods: Phosphate buffer extracts (pH 6.5) were obtained and measured using a one-dimension (1D) 1H NMR spectrometry. The 1D 1H NMR spectra were recorded without spinning and using the presaturation (PRESAT) pulse sequence to suppress the residual H2O signal. The 3-(trimethylsilyl) propionic-2,2,3,3-d4 acid sodium salt (TSP) was used as an internal reference. Analysis of processed data, applying an orthogonal projection on latent structure-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) model was used to highlight significant differences between the three dehydration treatments. Signal assignment of CPH metabolites was carried out based on the coupling constant, software simulation prediction, published data comparison, and metabolomics databases. Results: A total of 25 compounds were detected by 1H NMR, methylxanthines, sugars, some amino acids, fatty acids, and organic acids were found among the identified compounds. The fingerprint spectra of the three dehydration methods were clustered separately discriminating the metabolome profile of each of the dehydration treatments, finding that metabolome remarkably differed in theanine, myristic acid, fumaric acid, and aspartic acid composition. Conclusions: An untargeted metabolomics to obtain the fingerprint of CPH was successfully established. A 1H NMR spectra with a detailed signal assignment aided to identify 25 metabolites present in CPH fresh and dried by different methods. The results complement the information about CPH composition and how it is affected by the temperature used during the dehydration process. The multivariate analysis points out that freeze drying (FD) preserves the metabolites better than microwave drying (MWD) or hot air drying (HAD). FD and MWD are similar in composition maintaining most of the compounds after drying.

Analysis of the Anti-corrosion Performance of Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid Sodium Salt on Various Heat-Treated Dual-Phase EN8 Steel in an Acidic Environment

This work focuses on the investigation of the corrosion inhibition of heat-treated EN8 steel in the presence of sodium salt of dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid in 0.5 M H2SO4 using the Gravimetric and Electrochemical methods. Austenitizing is performed at 700, 750, 790, and 900 °C for 2 h followed by quenching in water. When the heat-treated metal is exposed to 0.5 M H2SO4 at the temperature of 30, 40, 50, and 60 °C in the presence of dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid sodium salt inhibitor, the corrosion inhibition increased with different heat treatment conditions depending on the phase change. This work investigates the activation and adsorption isotherm parameters. The adsorption isotherms were used to estimate Gibb's free energy change. The inhibition efficiency increased with inhibitor concentration and decreased with temperatures. Out of all the isotherms examined, the Langmuir adsorption isotherm produced the best-fit results, according to the adsorption study. Corrosion and inhibition on the metal's surface were confirmed by surface characterization.

Effect of graphite on the self-sensing properties of cement and alkali-activated fly ash/slag based composite cementitious materials

This study investigated the self-sensing performances of cement and alkali-activated fly ash/slag (AAFS) systems with graphite powders as a conductive filler. Graphite powders must be evenly dispersed through the cement-based and AAFS matrices to obtain an adequate electrical response. The effects of graphite fineness on the fluidity, mechanical, rheological behavior, and cement hydration of cement paste were investigated. The finer graphite was found to have less effect on the mechanical property but seriously damaged the workability. Therefore, this research explored using four surfactants including sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), sodium salt of polynaphthalene sulphonic acid (NNO), and Triton X-100 (TX100) as dispersing agents for fine graphite in cement. The combination of NNO and TX100 was found to be the ideal admixture for improving the fluidity of graphite-containing cementitious materials. Furthermore, cement- and AAFS-based composites were produced with the graphite dispersions, and several tests such as electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX) map analysis, mercury intrusion Porosimeter (MIP), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to investigate their intrinsic characteristic. The results concluded that AAFS had a better conductivity than cement due to the higher porosity in the range of very small pores (<6 nm) and the higher ion concentration contribution. Finally, the self-sensing behavior of the mortars was investigated under cyclic loading, and the self-sensing mechanism was proposed. The sensing properties of graphite composite mortars under compression load can be attributed to the combination of ionic, contact, and tunneling conduction.

Monitoring the salt stability and solvent swelling behavior of PAH‐based polyelectrolyte multilayers by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation

AbstractThis contribution is aimed to examine the layer stability and solvent swelling behavior of polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) obtained from poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH), poly(styrene sulfonic acid sodium salt) (PSS), and poly(acrylic acid) against different salt solutions using Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation in terms of the solution concentration, charge type of the top layer, and PEM structure. In general, all multilayers remain stable against MgCl2 and NaCl, phosphate buffer saline, ionic liquid, and solvents, namely methanol and heptane, while 4.5‐bilayered PAH‐PSS film displays partial layer decomposition against 1 M NaOCl. Additionally, it is found that the stability of Layer‐by‐Layer (LbL) films remains unaffected by the surface charge type, although variations in the adsorbed and desorbed amounts, as well as the viscoelastic properties, occur during the salt passage and rinsing steps. Along the salt exposure, changes in dissipation (ΔD) significantly increase because of the fast diffusion of ions through the multilayers but return to their initial value after washing. Especially high and reversible ΔD values of the PEMs against methanol are evaluated as swelling in methanol without chemical disintegration. This behavior can be attractive for solvent‐induced release behavior for the LbL‐assembled films or microcapsules.Highlights Multilayer stability and solvent swelling of PEMs are discussed using QCM‐D. PAH‐PSS films have the highest stability against salt solutions. PAH‐PAA films exhibited significant changes in dissipation values. PEMs did not show multilayer stability against NaOCl solution. (PAH‐PSS)5 film was stable and had swelling/de‐swelling capability against methanol.

Synergistic passivation of high stability CsPb(Br/I)3 perovskite quantum dots with double ligands for WLEDs

The all-inorganic perovskite CsPbI3 quantum dots are difficult to achieve pure red stable luminescence due to their poor lattice thermodynamic stability and non-radiative recombination loss caused by surface halide vacancies. Therefore, the pure red perovskites are usually achieved by mixing the composition of halides (Br and I). In this work, CsPb(Br/I)3 quantum dots (QDs) were synthesized by the hot-injection method under the synergistic effect of homophthalic acid (HA), 2-bromoethanesulphonic acid sodium salt (SBES), and oleylamine (OAm). By adjusting the molar ratio of passivates, the synergistic effect of multiple ligands can not only passivate the unliganded Pb2+-related defects on the surface of NCs, but also increase the formation energy of halide vacancies. Meanwhile, due to the bidentate structure of HA, smaller size of perovskites nanocrystals were obtained. Eventually, synergistic boost in device performance is achieved for color-by-blue white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) with CIE coordinates of (0.3319, 0.3297) and have an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 10.13%. This strategy paves an efficient way for improving the efficiency and stability of CsPb(Br/I)3 NCs.

Equimolar Polyampholyte Hydrogel Synthesis Strategies with Adaptable Properties.

Polyampholyte hydrogels exhibit great antibacterial and antifouling properties, which make them attractive for biomedical applications, such as drug delivery, wound healing, and tissue engineering. They also have potential applications in food safety, wastewater treatment, and desalination. Since they are based on ionic interactions, polyampholytes are known to require lower amounts of chemical cross-linkers as compared with traditional gels. However, the effects of both chemical and physical interactions on the material's performance are yet to be fully understood and were examined in the present work. Here, four series of equimolar polyampholyte hydrogels were synthesized with anionic (acrylamidomethylpropane sulfonic acid sodium salt) and cationic monomers (acrylamidopropyl-trimethylammonium chloride) along with a cross-linker (N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide). The mechanical and rheological properties of the gels were characterized following changes to the initial monomer concentration and crosslinker ratios, which led to gels with different toughness, stretchability, and compressibility. The direct correlation of the cross-linking degree with the initial monomer concentration showed that the chemical crosslinker could be further reduced at a high monomer concentration of 30% by weight, which creates an inter-chain network at a minimal crosslinker concentration of 0.25%. Lastly, N'N-dimethylacrylamide was added, which resulted in an increase in the number of H-bonds in the structure, noticeably raising material performance.

Hollow particles synthesized by water-soluble and oil-soluble initiators and the mechanism of incorporating an oil-soluble initiator

Monodisperse polystyrene particles were first synthesized by soap-free emulsion polymerization to enhance the monodispersity of hollow particles. Thereafter, the polystyrene particles were immersed in an aqueous solution of 2,2′-azobis(2-methylbutyronitrile) (V-59) to allow the particles to absorb V-59 while maintaining their monodispersity. Thermogravimetric measurements using p-styrenesulfonic acid sodium salt revealed that this absorption occurred not through electrostatic interactions but through hydrophobic ones. Subsequently, the TEOS sol-gel reaction was performed on the polystyrene particle surface to create a silica shell with the help of N-vinyl acetoamide. Finally, the synthesized particles were heated to induce the decomposition reaction of V-59 (which emits nitrogen gas) in the particles, thereby creating a hollow structure as the gas stayed in the particle. These procedures enabled the synthesis of monodisperse hollow particles.

Study on the adsorption mechanism of the sodium lignosulphonate on the surface of the selected plastics as a potential solution for plastics waste management

Separating different components of a plastic mixture is crucial in its recycling. Among the different separation techniques, flotation was selected as a cheap, non-toxic, and efficient process. Basis of the technique refers to the selective adsorption of a depressant on the plastics surface which cause the alteration in the surface energy of the plastic. Adsorption of the lignosulfonic acid sodium salt (SL) on the surface of the selected available plastics in the waste stream was studied. Plastics used in this study were Polyvinylchloride (PVC), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene polymer (ABS), polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP), polyoxymethylene (POM), and polycarbonate PC. It results showed that SL adsorbed on the surface of the selected plastics considerably. It was evidenced by the measured equilibrium adsorption capacities ( [Formula: see text] ) of the SL and also, the SEM and AFM images. SL adsorbed on the plastic surface in the sequence of [Formula: see text]. Also, the parameters of the Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption models were derived. Experimental data fit with the mentioned models appropriately. However, for the most studied plastics, the Freundlich model was more suitable. As important conclusion, PP separated from plastics mix using the flotation separation technique with the aid of SL as a depressant.

Passive Solid Chemosensor as Saliva Point of Need Analysis for Ammonium Determination by Using a Smartphone

Point-of-need analysis is of great interest nowadays. It refers to the timely analysis or detection of a specific parameter or substance at the location or moment it is needed, often with the aim of providing rapid and on-site results for informed decision-making or immediate interventions. This approach has gained interest in various fields but has not been extensively explored in bioanalytical chemistry. In order to contribute in this way, the analysis of ammonium in saliva as a biological fluid is proposed here. For that purpose, a passive solid sensor of 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid sodium salt (NQS) embedded in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) doped with silica nanoparticles and an ionic liquid was proposed. The assay was developed by delivering ammonia from saliva in a confined atmosphere containing the sensor for 20 to 45 min. Measurements were carried out by absorbance from a benchtop diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer and a fiber optic miniaturized portable spectrometer coupled to a smartphone for point-of-need analysis. Another option for this kind of analysis was the use of the color intensity from digitalized images obtained by a smartphone by isolating the intensity in the color planes R (red), G (green), and B (blue). Good figures of merit were obtained for all three types of instruments, bearing in mind the ammonium content in saliva. Results for 30 samples of male and female volunteers (n = 30) demonstrated the usefulness of the assay, values of mg NH4+/mL saliva between 0.02 and 0.27 were found, and no matrix effect was present. Recoveries for spiked samples were around 100% for all methodologies. Selectivity was demonstrated from spectra obtained from benchtop instruments and the fiber optic mini spectrometer. Two applications were applied for directly determining the ammonium concentration in saliva.

Exogenous spraying of 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid sodium salt promotes growth and flavonoid biosynthesis of mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.).

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-023-01339-z.

Control of Bandgaps and Energy Levels in Water-Soluble Discontinuously Conjugated Polymers through Chemical Modification.

Bandgap and energy levels are crucial for developing new electronic and photonic devices because photoabsorption is highly dependent on the bandgap. Moreover, the transfer of electrons and holes between different materials depends on their respective bandgaps and energy levels. In this study, we demonstrate the preparation of a series of water-soluble discontinuously π-conjugated polymers through the addition-condensation polymerization of pyrrole (Pyr), 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene (THB) or 2,6-dihydroxytoluene (DHT), and aldehydes, including benzaldehyde-2-sulfonic acid sodium salt (BS) and 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzaldehyde (THBA). To control the energy levels of the polymers, varying amounts of phenols (THB or DHT) were introduced to alter the electronic properties of the polymer structure. The introduction of THB or DHT into the main chain results in discontinuous conjugation and enables the control of both the energy level and bandgap. Chemical modification (acetoxylation of phenols) of the polymers was employed to further tune the energy levels. The optical and electrochemical properties of the polymers were also investigated. The bandgaps of the polymers were controlled in the range of 0.5-1.95 eV, and their energy levels could also be effectively tuned.

Vitamin D(3) and methylenebisphosphonic acid in the correction of mineral metabolism disorders and bone remodeling associated with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis

The study was aimed at evaluating therapeutic efficacy of vitamin D3 (VD3, 1000 IU/kg of b.w., 30 days) and sodium salt of methylenebisphosphonic acid (MBPA, 17 mg/kg of b.w., 30 days) monotherapies as well as their effect in combination in preventing mineral metabolism and bone remodeling disturbances associated with glucocorticoid(GC)-induced osteoporosis. Osteoporosis in rats was induced by long-term (30 days) administration of the synthetic glucocorticoid prednisolone (5 mg/kg of b.w.). Calcium and inorganic phosphate levels, activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in serum, bone tissue and bone marrow were determined spectrophotometrically. The protein levels of VD3 receptor (VDR), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANK), its ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in bone tissue were determined by Western blotting. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) content was assayed by ELISA. It was shown that prednisolone caused the development of hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia, increased the alkaline phosphatase activity in the blood serum, while downregulating its activity in bone tissue and bone marrow. GC-induced osteoporosis was accompanied by a profound deficiency of VD3 and a decrease in the content of VDR. Evaluation of the NF-κB-associated cytokine axis RANK/RANKL/OPG, which regulates the balance of osteoblasts/osteoclasts, showed a simultaneous decrease in the RANK content and OPG/RANKL ratio. Vitamin D3 restored mineral metabolism and 25OHD3 level that led to the normalization of VDR-mediated signaling­ and RANK/RANKL/OPG functions in bone tissue. It has been shown that the administration of MBPA had a corrective effect on the content of mineral components in the blood serum and bone tissue, as well as on the activity­ of alkaline phosphatase only in combination with vitamin D3, indicating a low efficiency of bisphosphonate monotherapy in GC-induced vitamin D3 deficiency and osteoporosis. Keywords: bone remode­ling, glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, methylenebisphosphonic acid, RANK/RANKL/OPG axis, vitamin D3

Effects of cryogenic condition and chemistry on the properties of synthetic and biopolymer cryogels

We discuss here the properties of seven different synthetic and biopolymer cryogels prepared under identical conditions, and how the cryogenic condition and chemistry affect their properties. The monomers used in the study are acrylamide (AAm), N, N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAA), sodium acrylate (NaAA), sodium methacrylate (NaMA), and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid sodium salt (AMPS). Silk fibroin (SF), and double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are selected as the biopolymers for the preparation of the cryogels. The nonionic monomers AAm and DMAA produce cryogels with the largest total pore volumes and average pore diameters while ionic cryogels exhibit a small pore volume due to the collapse of the pores during their drying. Moreover, SF cryogel has the most mechanically stable porous structure followed by AAm and DMAA cryogels. The experimental findings can be explained with the cryogenic conditions namely, the total ice volume in the cryogelation system and the true concentration of the monomers or polymers in the unfrozen domains after cryoconcentration, as determined from DSC measurements. The extent of cryoconcentration and hence the true concentration of the monomers or polymers regulate the mechanical stability of the cryogel pore walls.

The effect of temperature on the adsorption of the sodium lignosulphonate (SL) on the surface of the selected plastics as a potential solution for the plastics waste management

The separation of one or a group of plastics from a plastics mix by flotation technique is an essential topic in plastic waste management. Basis of the technique refers to the selective adsorption of a depressant on the surface of the plastic. Consequently, the surface energy of plastic alters. Adsorption of the lignosulfonic acid sodium salt (SL) on the surface of the selected available plastics in the waste stream was studied at different SL concentrations and operative temperatures. Studied plastics were Polyvinylchloride (PVC), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene polymer (ABS), polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP), polyoxymethylene (POM), and polycarbonate PC. Based on the measured equilibrium adsorption capacities ([Formula: see text]), the SL adsorbed on the selected plastics surfaces with different amounts. Increasing the temperature had a positive effect on the above-mentioned parameter. Suitable conformity was observed between the experimental results with predicted values by the traditional adsorption isotherms, Freundlich and Langmuir. However, for the most studied plastics, the Freundlich model was more suitable than Langmuir. Measured thermodynamic parameters showed a spontaneous adsorption process along with endothermic (except of PC) reactions. The complete separation of PC from a plastics mix in all SL concentrations and temperatures was observed during the flotation process.

Obtaining and Determining Antiviral and Antibacterial Activity of S-Esters of 4-R-Aminobenzenethiosulfonic Acid

A number of S-esters of 4-R-aminobenzene¬thiosulfonic acids were synthesized via alkylation of the sodium salt of 4-acetylaminobenzenethiosulfonic acid with various alkylating agents and acylation of the corresponding esters of 4-aminobenzenethiosulfonic acid with metha-cryloyl chloride. For obtaining S-methyl 4-(acetyla-mino)benzenesulfonothioate, it was developed a synthetic technique corresponding to the basic principles of "green chemistry". The degree of compound cytotox-icity was measured by determining A-549 cell growth using colorimetric method. The antibacterial activity of the thiosulfonates was determined by the agar diffusion test and the antiviral action by their cytopathic effect at TCID50 value.

Vaterite-nanosilver hybrids with antibacterial properties and pH-triggered release

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been used for over a century in various applications due to their distinctive properties. Nonetheless, the poor stability of AgNPs and adverse effects on living organisms have driven the search for materials able to protect and better control their release. Vaterite CaCO3 crystals have been studied in the last two decades as carriers for different drugs due to their biocompatibility, easy synthesis and pH-sensitive properties. Herein, AgNPs were loaded into vaterite to protect, store, and control their release, resulting in CaCO3/AgNPs hybrids. To tune the release of the AgNPs, the recrystallization of the hybrids into thermodynamically more stable calcite was studied and modulated with carboxymethyl–dextran (DexCM) and poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid) sodium salt (PSS), with the last one being able to stabilise the hybrids and prevent a premature release of the AgNPs at low contents (2%, w/w). The release of AgNPs from the hybrids was studied at pH 5 to 9, showing a pH-dependent release suppression for PSS-stabilised hybrids. Various mathematical models were applied to clarify the release mechanism, confirming the role of PSS in stabilising and targeting the release of AgNPs. The antibacterial studies demonstrated that the hybrids protect the AgNPs without affecting their activity, with the released nanoparticles being effective against Escherichia coli, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Overall, this work sheds light on the release mechanisms of AgNPs from the inorganic hybrids helping to foresee the release profiles of other compounds from vaterite.

0985 Oxybate induced mania

Abstract Introduction Hypersomnia sleep disorders are characterized by overwhelming daytime sleepiness. Treatment options include sodium oxybate the sodium salt of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB). Oxybate, an endogenous metabolite of GABA, acts through GABAB noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurons, as well as at thalamocortical neurons. &amp;lt; 1% may experience suicidal ideations or psychosis. Report of case(s) A 17-year-old female with obesity, spina bifida occulta follows with sleep for idiopathic hypersomnia with long sleep (TST 12.6 hours on polysomnography) and a delayed circadian rhythm. Her typical sleep zone is 11:00PM to 10:00AM, but she can easily sleep until 2:00PM. She started sodium oxybate to minimize her sleep burden and improve daytime wakefulness. She initially developed insomnia with concern for mania and migraines with photophobia and phonophobia. After 26 days, oxybate was discontinued. Her migraines persisted daily. Her sleep schedule and mood returned to baseline within 17 days thereafter. A 48-year-old female with anxiety/depression, PTSD has follows with sleep since age 42 for unspecified hypersomnia, either narcolepsy type 1 with long sleep versus idiopathic hypersomnia. Initial polysomnography/MSLT on fluoxetine revealed AHI 1.6, with a mean sleep latency of 6.4 minutes without SOREMPs. Her typical sleep zone was 8:00PM to 9:00AM. She was started on sodium oxybate for her cataplexy and daytime sleepiness. She had remarkable improvement in her symptoms after 4 days. After 35 days on 9 grams nightly she developed anxiety, extracorporeal sensations, and paranoia. The dose was decreased to 7.5 grams nightly. By 7 months of therapy her paranoia progressed to the point where she threatened her landlord and was facing legal consequences. Sodium oxybate was discontinued. At 53-years-old she was trial on mixed-salts oxybate. After three months of therapy, she became hypomanic with severe pressured speech despite a euthymic mood. She reported going without sleep entirely for 3-4 days at a time using this oxybate. Mixed-salts oxybate was discontinued and 36 days later with in addition to quetiapine, her hypomania was nearly resolved and she was able to get 8-9 hours of restful sleep. Conclusion Hypomania appears to be a rare but serious side effect of oxybate in long-sleepers. Discontinuing oxybate may not be sufficient therapy. Support (if any)

Acrylate monomer polymerization triggered by iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles and catechol containing microgels

Phenol and its derivatives are the most used polymerization inhibitors for vinyl-based monomers. Here, we reported a novel catalytic system composed of mussel inspired adhesive moiety, catechol, in combination with iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) to generate hydroxyl radical (OH) at pH 7.4. Catechol-containing microgel (DHM) was prepared by copolymerizing dopamine methacrylamide (DMA) and N-hydroxyethyl acrylamide (HEAA), which generated superoxide (O2−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a result of catechol oxidation. In the presence of IONPs, the generated reactive oxygen species were further converted to OH, which initiated free radical polymerization of various water-soluble acrylate-based monomers including neutral (acrylamide, methyl acrylamide, etc.), anionic (2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid sodium salt), cationic ([2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride), and zwitterionic (2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide) monomers. Compared with the typical free radical initiating systems, the reported system does not require the addition of extra initiators for polymerization. During the process of polymerization, a bilayer hydrogel was formed in situ and exhibited the ability to bend during the process of swelling. The incorporation of IONPs significantly enhanced magnetic property of the hydrogel and the combination of DHM and IONPs also improved the mechanical properties of these hydrogels.

MARKERS OF IMMUNE INFLAMMATORY REACTION IN PATIENTS WITH GENERALIZED PERIODONTITIS AND CONCOMITANT GOUT

Among the main groups of chronic somatic diseases, it is rheumatological diseases that make the biggest contribution to the aggravation of the health. In the structure of causes for primary disability, rheumatological pathology ranks the second position after cardiovascular diseases. Gout is a chronic, progressive disease associated with a purine metabolism disorder, characterized by an increase in the level of uric acid in the blood (hyperuricemia) and deposition in the tissues of the musculoskeletal system and internal organs of the sodium salt of uric acid (urates) with the development of acute arthritis and the formation of gouty nodules (tophus). Gout and periodontitis are inflammatory diseases by their genesis and characterized by an underlying inflammation, which is known as a protective response triggered by cellular damage caused by inflammatory agents and activation of non-specific resistance factors. This study aimed at investigating the markers of the immune-inflammatory reaction in patients with comorbidity of generalized periodontitis and gout. The results obtained can serve as essential elements for the development of effective treatment and prevention strategies for this type of comorbidity. A biochemical study was conducted on venous blood samples from 60 male inpatients with gout aged from 30 to 59 years, who received treatment at the rheumatology department of Lviv Regional Clinical Hospital. Two study groups were formed: the main group consisted of 30 patients with the comorbidity of generalized periodontitis and gout; the comparison group included 30 people with generalized periodontitis but without rheumatological pathology. The results were compared with data obtained from 20 healthy individuals (control group). The patients with generalized periodontitis and concomitant gout demonstrate a significant increase in the levels of the acute-phase protein C-RB and pro-inflammatory interleukin IL-1β. The elevated concentration of C-reactive protein confirms the presence of latent inflammation that can be potentially attributed to the comorbid course of gout and periodontitis, which may irritate the endothelium through microcrystals of uric acid and toxins from periodontal pocket microorganisms. Increased activity of IL-1β, which is known as an important factor in initiating the inflammatory process and the release of various inflammatory mediators, indicates the presence of persistent subclinical activation of autoinflammatory mechanisms.