Acid Oxidation System Research Articles

Degradation Polysaccharides from Benincasa hispida var. chieh-qua How: Unveiling Bioactive Properties of Degraded Compounds.

This study reported an effective method for the degradation of Chieh-qua (Benincasa hispida var. Chieh-qua How) polysaccharides (BHCP) by a hydrogen peroxide-ascorbic acid oxidation (H2O2-VC) system. The degradation conditions were optimized using a Box-Behnken response surface design as concentration of H2O2-VC 19.5 mM, degradation temperature 46.4 ºC and degradation time 1.0 h. The average molecular weight was decreased and total sugar content was raised of the degraded polysaccharide (DBHCP). Two refined degraded polysaccharides (DBHCP-1, DBHCP-2) were purified and prepared, and their structures were analyzed by chemical and spectral analysis. The in vitro experiments showed that degraded polysaccharides (DBHCP and DBHCP-1) have better antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activity than natural polysaccharide BHCP. These findings support the potential application of Chieh-qua polysaccharides in the food and medical industries.

Towards electron-transfer-driven peracetic acid oxidation: Catalytic performance adaptation of reduced graphene oxide to explosive thermal exfoliation

Direct electron transfer (DET)-mediated carbon/peracetic acid (PAA) oxidation systems are gaining momentum in water treatment owing to high selectivity and robustness in complex water matrices. However, the development of reaction-oriented and high-performance carbon catalysts for PAA oxidation is hindered by a limited understanding of the fundamental relationship between carbon structure and PAA activation performance. In this work, we focused on exploring the influence cascade of thermal annealing, especially explosive thermal exfoliation, on the catalytic performance adaptation of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) in PAA oxidation. By performing structure-performance relationship studies and Pearson correlation analyses, the improved catalytic efficacy of rGO is attributed to the induced high specific surface area (SSA) and pore volume of rGO in explosive thermal exfoliation. Large SSA and pore volume of rGO reinforce the DET pathway via the elevated PAA adsorption quantity and subsequent enhanced oxidative potential of the rGO-PAA complex, which are critical premises in initiating DET. Furthermore, increased annealing temperatures can tailor the graphitization level and functional group content of rGO, leading to the improved electrical conductivity of rGO, another crucial factor in DET-mediated rGO/PAA oxidation. This study emphasizes the key role of carbon physicochemical properties in PAA activation, providing insights into the rational design of DET-oriented carbon/PAA oxidation systems for fast water decontamination.

Simultaneous removal of NO and SO2 by Fe(II)/peracetic acid oxidation system: Operating conditions, removal efficiency and removal mechanism

The request of synergistic control of PM2.5 and O3 pollution has made NO and SO2 emission control a hot topic again in the field of atmospheric environment. An advanced oxidation process (AOPs) for simultaneous removal of SO2 and NO from the flue gas of small and medium-sized boilers and kilns by Fe(II) activated peracetic acid (PAA) was investigated. The influences of operating parameters like reaction temperature, initial pH, concentrations of PAA and Fe(II) on SO2 and NO removal efficiency in Fe(II)/PAA system were studied. The NO removal efficiency was increased with higher PAA concentration and lower initial pH. Changes in reaction temperature and Fe(II) concentration had a dual effect on NO removal efficiency. The SO2 removal efficiency can be stably maintained above 99 % under all operating conditions, which is of great significance for practical engineering applications. Results indicated that the maximum removal efficiency of 92.3 % for NO and 99.5 % for SO2 were obtained under the optimal conditions of 100 mM PAA, 10 mM Fe(II), operating temperature 45 °C and initial solution pH 2.4. PAA was confirmed to play a major role in NO removal rather than coexistent H2O2. According to the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technology, methyl phenyl sulfoxide (PMSO)-based probe experiments and radicals quenching experiments, reactive oxidizing species such as CH3C(O)O·, CH3C(O)OO·, ·OH and FeIVO2+ were generated in the Fe(II)/PAA system, where organic radicals (R-O•) were confirmed to be the major ones affecting NO oxidation. Ion chromatographic analysis revealed that SO42- and NO3- were the main products of SO2 and NO removal, and the mechanism of SO2 and NOx oxidation and removal by Fe(II)/PAA system was thus elucidated, which would promote the industrial application of this novel method.

Hierarchically-structured laccase@Ni3(PO4)2 hybrid nanoflowers for antibiotic degradation: Application in real wastewater effluent and toxicity evaluation

Laccase@Ni3(PO4)2 hybrid nanoflowers (HNFs) were prepared by the anisotropic growth of biomineralized nickel phosphate. The immobilization yield was 77.5 ± 3.6 %, and the immobilized enzyme retained 50 % of its initial activity after 18 reusability cycles. The immobilized and free enzymes lost 80 % of their activity after 18 and 6 h incubation in municipal wastewater effluent (MWWE), respectively. The increase in α-helix content (8 %) following immobilization led to a more rigid enzyme structure, potentially contributing to its improved stability. The removal of ciprofloxacin from MWWE by laccase@Ni3(PO4)2·HNFs/p-coumaric acid oxidation system was optimized using a Box-Behnken design. Under the optimized conditions [initial laccase activity (0.05 U mL−1), the concentration of p-coumaric acid (2.9 mM), and treatment time (4.9 h)], the biocatalyst removed 90 % of ciprofloxacin (10 mg L−1) from MWWE. The toxicity of ciprofloxacin against some G+ and G− bacteria was reduced by 35–70 %, depending on their strain. The EC50 of ciprofloxacin for the alga Raphidocelis subcapitata reduced from 3.08 to 1.07 mg L−1 (p-value <0.05) after the bioremoval. Also, the acute and chronic toxicity of identified biodegradation products was lower than ciprofloxacin at three trophic levels, as predicted by ECOSAR software.

Understanding the impact of pectin on browning of polyphenol oxidation system in thermal and storage processing

Browning of some processed fruit products was affected not only by polyphenol oxidation but also by cell wall polysaccharides (pectin). The study was performed to understand the mechanism of browning in the pectin system. The catechin/chlorogenic acid oxidation system in three pectins significantly enhanced their browning during thermal storage with pectin structure- and concentration-dependent. Particularly, the structural and physicochemical properties of pectin were examined to determine its effects on the kinetics of polyphenol oxidation and the stability of free polyphenols. Moreover, pectin impacted the fluorescence characteristics of polyphenols by cross-linking with the aromatic ring of polyphenols. In turn, the interaction between polyphenols and pectin impacted the chemical bond vibration of pectin, thereby affecting its optical features and browning. The correlation analysis revealed that the monosaccharide composition, Ratio 1, Ratio 2, Ratio 3, methyl esterification, ζ-potential, and polydispersity index of pectin were significantly correlated with the browning of the pectin-polyphenol oxidation system.

Blockade of Rabbit Cardiomyocyte Calcium Channels Restores the Activity of Enzyme-Substrate Complexes of the Respiratory Chain in a Model of Vibration-Mediated Hypoxia

The effect of nifedipine, a calcium channel blocker (CCB), at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg on the energy metabolism of rabbit cardiomyocytes was evaluated in a vibration-mediated model of cellular hypoxia (56 sessions of vibration 44 Hz, amplitude 0.5 mm). The energy metabolism of native heart mitochondria in a 30% tissue homogenate was assessed using a polarographic method, by recording the rate of oxygen uptake by mitochondria at 37°C in 1 ml of a saline incubation medium, equilibrated with atmospheric oxygen. In the animals exposed to vibration against the background of CCB, the rate of endogenous respiration (Ve) remained at the level of intact animals, with the amytal sensitivity increasing by 39% (p&lt;0.05) and the malonate sensitivity decreasing by 40% (p&lt;0.05). The malate oxidase activity at rest increased, and hyperactivation of the endogenous succinic acid oxidation system decreased as compared to the indices of the animals exposed to vibration without pharmacological protection. The observed results indicate the cardioprotective effect of nifedipine, which prevented the development of cardiomyocyte necrosis.

Epoxidation of unsaturated fatty acid ester promoted by imidazolium acidic ionic liquids: An unexpected selectivity phenomena

AbstractEpoxidation of linseed oil fatty acid ethyl esters promoted by a series of functionalized imidazolium ionic liquids was studied. In this reaction acidic imidazolium ILs behave not only as an acid catalysts but also play an additional role as a specific activator for the reaction of epoxidation of unsaturated fatty derivatives in H2O2/formic acid oxidation system. The obtained results indicate that the hydrogen‐bonding interaction of imidazolium cation with epoxide group influences the selectivity of the epoxidation reaction. In particular, the presence of unprotected weak “acid” C2‐H proton significantly lowers the selectivity to hydroxyl derivatives. The obtained results also point to another example of specific polyfunctionality of ILs, especially imidazolium one, used as surfactants and process activators.

Deep desulfurization of real fuel oils over tin-impregnated graphene oxide-hydrogen peroxide and formic acid catalyst-oxidant system

Herein, Tin-impregnated graphene oxide (Sn/GO) composite was designed and tested for the catalytic removal of sulfides from the simulated and real commercial oils in the hydrogen peroxide and formic acid (HCOOH/H2O2) oxidation system. The prepared GO and Sn/GO were characterized in terms of surface morphology and other catalytic properties, which confirmed that the Sn/GO catalyst has a large surface area and more surface functional groups than GO. The desulfurization activity of the Sn/GO-HCOOH/H2O2 system was analyzed for the model dibenzothiophene (DBT) and real commercial oil at different substrate concentrations, time, temperature, pH, and oxidant and catalyst doses. The results showed that the Sn/GO-HCOOH/H2O2 system removed 97% DBT from the model oil and accumulative sulfur of 90%, 69%, and 61%, respectively, from gasoline, diesel, and kerosene oil employing 0.03 g/10 mL catalyst, 2 mL of H2O2/HCOOH in 50 min at 50°C, and pH 3. Sn/GO could be recycled up to five consecutive runs retaining more than 57% efficiency. Due to its environmental greenness, ease of preparation, and cost-effectiveness, this unique catalyst-oxidant system can be envisioned for the oxidation of sulfides from real oils. Research Highlights Pristine and Sn-loaded GO composite were synthesized and characterized. The Sn/GO-HCOOH/H2O2 system oxidized 97 and 90 % DBT from the model and real oil. O2− radicals generated due to synergism between Sn/GO and HCOOH/H2O2 species. The Sn/GO-HCOOH/H2O2 system remained active for five successive reuses.

Effects of lipoxygenase/linoleic acid on the structural characteristics and aggregation behavior of pork myofibrillar protein under low salt concentration

The present study sought to explore the effects of lipoxygenase/linoleic acid (LOX/LA) oxidation system treatment on protein oxidation, structural characteristics, aggregation behavior, rheological and morphological properties of pork myofibrillar protein (MP) at low salt condition (0.1 M NaCl). Incubation of MP with LOX/LA converted protein sulfhydryl groups to disulfide bonds and promoted carbonylation in a concentration-dependent manner. MP structure unfolded from α-helix to β-sheets with increase in LOX concentration (0–2500 U/mL), and buried hydrophobic residues were exposed as shown by the results from circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy analysis. Particle size distribution and SDS-PAGE analysis showed that LOX/LA treatment promoted MP aggregation to form oligomers. These results were further validated using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Analysis of rheological properties indicated moderate LOX/LA (<1000 U/mL) system treatment significantly decreased storage and loss modulus of MP gel. These findings indicate that LOX can be used to improve the gelling properties of MP at low salt concentration.

Synthesis of Surrogate Blends Corresponding to Petroleum Middle Distillates, Oxidative and Extractive Desulfurization Using Imidazole Ionic Liquids

Surrogate fuels are composed of a few pure components, mixed together in order to imitate a real fuel’s characteristics regarding its combustion and emission. In this study, four surrogate feeds were synthesized, corresponding to petroleum middle distillates. The desulfurization of the surrogate blends was performed using the hydrogen peroxide–acetic acid oxidative system. Consequently, extractive desulfurization was carried out using imidazolium-based ionic liquids, namely 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide [BMIM][Br] and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate [BMIM][HSO4], in a multiple extraction cycle procedure. Both ionic liquids were synthesized and characterized with spectroscopic techniques. The influence of the extraction temperature process was studied. In each extraction cycle, the sulfur concentration and the physical properties of the surrogate extraction products were estimated. The used ionic liquids were regenerated with a reasonably effective method. The synthesized and recycled ionic liquids showed high desulfurization efficiency, while [BMIM][Br] prevailed. Additionally, extractive desulfurization in oxidized surrogate LCO using ionic liquids is comparable with that using acetonitrile, since it has an advantage in terms of mass yield.

Oxidative and extractive desulfurization of petroleum middle distillates, using imidazole ionic liquids

The desulfurization of four petroleum distillates i.e. kerosene, light gas oil (LGO), heavy gas oil (HGO) and light cycle oil (LCO), with sulfur content 0.206–1.272% w/w, was carried out using the hydrogen peroxide-acetic acid oxidative system, in combination with extractive desulfurization performed by imidazolium based ionic liquids. The 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide [BMIM][Br], and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate [BMIM][HSO4] were synthesized, characterized with FT-IR and 1H NMR, and used as solvents in a six extraction cycle procedure. The influence of temperature in the extraction process was investigated. In each extraction cycle, the sulfur content and the physical properties of the raffinates were estimated. The used ionic liquids were recovered and regenerated, in a quite efficient regeneration process. The synthesized and recycled ionic liquids show a mild desulfurization capability, depending on the feed under extraction. In every case, [BMIM][Br] prevails over [BMIM][HSO4] in desulfurization efficiency.

Analyzing sensitivity of the energy metabolism in the tissues of the heart, liver, kidney, and blood lymphocytes in rats to the effect of local vibration and pharmacological protection by a succinate-containing antihypoxanth

Introduction. Modern technological processes that generate ultra- and infrasound, electromagnetic, vibration-noise radiation significantly exceed the background effects and inevitably create an unfavorable technogenic load on the human body. A special place is occupied by vibration, primarily associated with such professional groups as mining enterprises, gold and diamond processing plants, aircraft plants, thermal power plants and hydroelectric power plants, and aluminum industry enterprises. Vibration exposure leads to a number of biochemical disorders in the homeostasis system. Mitochondrial dysfunctions are among the leading elements in the hierarchy of pathogenesis of many pathological syndromes and diseases. The aim of the study was an experimental analysis of tissue-specific features of the myocardium, kidneys, liver energy production system activity as well as the enzyme status of rat lymphocytes in relation to the activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) on the background of 7 episodes of local vibration with a frequency of 27-30 Hz for 90 minutes daily before and after protection with succinate-containing antihypoxant "Yantar-cardio" at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day. Materials and methods. The study of the energy-dependent reactions of the native mitochondria of the organs was carried out by the polarographic method using a closed Clark-type membrane electrode. The activity of SDH of rat blood lymphocytes was studied by a modified method of quantitative cytochemical analysis. Results. Functional rearrangement in the respiratory chain (RC) of the mitochondria confirmed the NAD-dependent site's inhibition and activation of the oxidation system of endogenous succinic acid, most pronounced in the myocardial tissue. On the vibration background, the specific SDH activity of lymphocytes (Q) significantly increased by 52%, and the variability (V) - by three times. The use of "Yantar-cardio" limited the growth rate of endogenous respiration of the most significant in the heart (70%, p&lt;0.05), restored oxidative and conjugating activity NAD-dependent link of RC, improve the structure and condition of the cell population of lymphocytes based on their energy status and warned the mismatch of the leading parameters of the population variability of the cellular pool of blood lymphocytes in experimental animals. Conclusions. The intensity of vibration-mediated bioenergetic hypoxia in the form of inhibition of the NAD-dependent link of the respiratory chain and activation of the endogenous succinic acid oxidation system is tissue-specific and is most pronounced in the myocardial tissue. The succinic acid oxidation system is highly sensitive to vibration effects and a pharmacological drug that supports the function of RC under conditions of the stress of the homeostatic functions of tissues involved in the pathological process.

Degradation of blue honeysuckle polysaccharides, structural characteristics and antiglycation and hypoglycemic activities of degraded products

In this study, H2O2-Vc (hydrogen peroxide-ascorbic acid) oxidation system under 50 and 70 °C was developed to degrade blue honeysuckle polysaccharides. The results suggested that viscosity-average molecular weight was decreased and reducing sugar content was raised with the rise of time or temperature. The degradation was fitted to the second-order reaction kinetics. The gas chromatography revealed two degraded polysaccharides were consisted of six monosaccharides (Gal A, Rha, Ala, Gal, Glu, Man) with different ratios, and eight types of sugar residues were confirmed using nuclear magnetic resonance. Based on the linearity (R1), branching (R2), branch size (R3) calculation, PD70 (purified degraded polysaccharide at 70 °C) had a more linear structure and longer side chains comparing to PD50 (purified degraded polysaccharide at 50 °C). The absence of triple helical structure and sheet-like aggregation with rough surface were confirmed by the Congo red test and scanning electron. Rheological characterization proved the two degraded polysaccharides exhibited shear-thinning behavior and viscoelastic property. Besides, the two degraded polysaccharides displayed strong antiglycation activities, inhibitory effects against α-amylase and α-glucosidase, and exhibited competitive inhibitory kinetics. These findings support the potential application of blue honeysuckle polysaccharides as the treatment of diabetes.

A Low-Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet and Treadmill Training Enhanced Fatty Acid Oxidation Capacity but Did Not Enhance Maximal Exercise Capacity in Mice.

The low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (LCKD) is a dietary approach characterized by the intake of high amounts of fat, a balanced amount of protein, and low carbohydrates, which is insufficient for metabolic demands. Previous studies have shown that an LCKD alone may contribute to fatty acid oxidation capacity, along with endurance. In the present study, we combined a 10-week LCKD with an 8-week forced treadmill running program to determine whether training in conjunction with LCKD enhanced fatty acid oxidation capacity, as well as whether the maximal exercise capacity would be affected by an LCKD or training in a mice model. We found that the lipid pool and fatty acid oxidation capacity were both enhanced following the 10-week LCKD. Further, key fatty acid oxidation related genes were upregulated. In contrast, the 8-week training regimen had no effect on fatty acid and ketone body oxidation. Key genes involved in carbohydrate utilization were downregulated in the LCKD groups. However, the improved fatty acid oxidation capacity did not translate into an enhanced maximal exercise capacity. In summary, while favoring the fatty acid oxidation system, an LCKD, alone or combined with training, had no beneficial effects in our intensive exercise-evaluation model. Therefore, an LCKD may be promising to improve endurance in low- to moderate-intensity exercise, and may not be an optimal choice for those partaking in high-intensity exercise.

Physicochemical and Structural Characteristics of Soybean Protein Isolates Induced by Lipoxygenase-Catalyzed Linoleic Acid Oxidation during In Vitro Gastric Digestion.

The effects of oxidation on the gastric digestion properties of soybean protein isolates (SPIs) in a model of lipoxygenase (LOX)-catalyzed linoleic acid (LA) oxidation system and the multiscale structural characterization of SPI hydrolysate were investigated. Results indicated that the feature of SPI hydrolysate is dependent upon the degree of oxidation. Pepsin hydrolysis caused a red shift in fluorescence intensity and a reduction in surface hydrophobicity and diminished the particle size of SPI hydrolysate during gastric digestion. Compared with the control, mild oxidation was beneficial to protein unfolding and gastric digestibility, as manifested by minimal molecular weight (MW) distribution >50 kDa (32.34%) and smaller peptide fragments under scanning electron microscopy. However, severe oxidation brought about 39.47% loss of free amino acids. It was interesting to find that glycinin was more vulnerable to pepsin hydrolysis after oxidation as compared to the native SPI. Overall, the moderately oxidized SPI appeared to be digested to a greater extent.

Desulfurization and de-ashing of low-rank coal by catalytic oxidation using Sn as catalyst loaded in different forms

ABSTRACT The desulfurization and de-ashing of Darra Adam Khel Coal (Pakistan) was studied by oxidation using Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and formic acid (HCOOH) oxidation system. The maximum de-ashing and desulfurization of about 63 and 48% was achieved through oxidation at 70°C in 90 min with H2O2 and HCOOH volume of 2 mL each. Catalytic oxidation was studied in the presence of Tin (Sn) as catalyst loaded under different forms, including as aqueous Tin chloride (SnCl2) solution, SnCl2 pre-impregnated on coal sample and Sn impregnated on activated carbon (AC). The catalyst shown high efficiency loaded in the form of impregnated on AC i.e. Sn/AC in the concentration of 0.086%. The maximum desulfurization of 68.1% and de-ashing of 44.63% was attained in the presence of 0.1% of Sn catalyst in the Aq. form, whereas in case of Sn pre-impregnated on coal, the maximum sulfur and ash removal of 69.1 and 44.6% was attained at 0.1% catalyst loading, respectively. Similarly, the catalyst used as Sn/AC, highest desulfurization and deashing of 82 and 72% is achieved at concentration of 0.086% Sn loaded on AC. Oxidation in the presence of Tin (Sn) catalyst shown a clear advantage of increasing the sulfur and ash removal from 48 and 63% to maximum of 82 and 72% respectively under optimized conditions. Post catalytic oxidation characterization of coal shown that the process had no negative effects on the coal properties, rather the overall coal quality was improved. This study provides a new approach for the desulfurization and de-ashing of Dara Adam Khel coal at mild operating conditions with minimum mechanical and reagents requirements and hence can be extended to any types of coal found in other parts of the world. Abbreviations: AC: Activated carbon; ROM: Run of mine; ODS: Oxidative desulfurization; Sn/AC: Tin/Activated carbon; SEM: Scanning electron microscopy; FTIR: Fourier Transform Infrared radiation; ASTM: American system for testing and materials; GCV: Gross Calorific Value

Differential Proteomic Analysis of Chinese Giant Salamander Liver in Response to Fasting.

Chinese giant salamander Andrias davidianus has strong tolerance to starvation. Fasting triggers a complex array of adaptive metabolic responses, a process in which the liver plays a central role. Here, a high-throughput proteomic analysis was carried out on liver samples obtained from adult A. davidianus after 3, 7, and 11 months of fasting. As a result, the expression levels of 364 proteins were significantly changed in the fasted liver. Functional analysis demonstrated that the expression levels of key proteins involved in fatty acid oxidation, tricarboxylic acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis, amino acid oxidation, urea cycle, and antioxidant systems were increased in the fasted liver, especially at 7 and 11 months after fasting. In contrast, the expression levels of vital proteins involved in pentose phosphate pathway and protein synthesis were decreased after fasting. We also found that fasting not only activated fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis-related transcription factors PPARA and PPARGC1A, but also activated gluconeogenesis-related transcription factors FOXO1, HNF4A, and KLF15. This study confirms the central role of lipid and acetyl-CoA metabolism in A. davidianus liver in response to fasting at the protein level and provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the metabolic response of A. davidianus liver to fasting.

Enhanced and Facile Desulfurization of Commercial Oil Using Air-Assisted Performic Acid Oxidation System

Abstract Heavy oil is a low-cost fuel and is extensively used in the industries, however, it contains high sulfur content, which creates serious environmental problems. Conventional hydrodesulfuriz...

Chemical and Biophysical Characteristics of Monoclonal Antibody Solutions Containing Aggregates Formed during Metal Catalyzed Oxidation.

To physicochemically characterize and compare monoclonal antibody (mAb) solutions containing aggregates generated via metal catalyzed oxidation (MCO). Two monoclonal IgG2s (mAb1 and mAb2) and one monoclonal IgG1 (rituximab) were exposed to MCO with the copper/ascorbic acid oxidative system, by using several different methods. The products obtained were characterized by complementary techniques for aggregate and particle analysis (from oligomers to micron sized species), and mass spectrometry methods to determine the residual copper content and chemical modifications of the proteins. The particle size distribution and the morphology of the protein aggregates generated were similar for all mAbs, independent of the MCO method used. There were differences in both residual copper content and in chemical modification of specific residues, which appear to be dependent on both the protein sequence and the protocol used. All products showed a significant increase in the levels of oxidized His, Trp, and Met residues, with differences in extent of modification and specific amino acid residues modified. The extent of total oxidation and the amino acid residues with the greatest oxidation rate depend on a combination of the MCO method used and the protein sequence.

An experimental investigation on the ultrasound-assisted oxidation of benzothiophene in model fuel: Application of response surface methodology

In the present work, the ultrasound-assisted oxidation of benzothiophene (BT) in toluene as model light fuel oil has been studied. Hydrogen peroxide-formic acid oxidation system was used. Response surface methodology, Box-Behnken design, has been applied to study the influences of various operating parameters of the ultrasound-assisted oxidation process. In the present study, the effects of hydrogen peroxide to sulfur molar ratio (10–50), formic acid to sulfur molar ratio (150–400), oxidation temperature (40–70°C) on the benzothiophene (BT) conversion were investigated. A valid quadratic correlation was obtained for the prediction of BT conversion. The effects of sonication time and ultrasound power on the BT conversion have been also studied separately. More than 98% sulfur conversion has been achieved under the following conditions (i.e., hydrogen peroxide to sulfur molar ratio of 10.82, formic acid to sulfur molar ratio of 379.75, temperature of 52°C, sonication time of 15min, and ultrasound power of 70W). It was also found that the BT oxidation reaction can be represented by pseudo-first order kinetic model. The performance of the present UAOD process was also examined for the kerosene feedstock and the obtained results (i.e., over 95% sulfur removal) were satisfactory.