Acid-modified Starch Research Articles

Increasing degree of substitution inhibits acetate while promotes butyrate production during in vitro fermentation of citric acid-modified rice starch

Citric acid-modified starch functions as a resistant starch, while the combined effects of its fine molecular structure and degree of substitution on gut microbiota are not well understood. To this end, citric acid-modified starches with varying degrees of substitution were synthesized from rice starches with distinct molecular structures and their impact on gut microbiota composition and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production was analyzed. Notably, rice starch with a higher degree of substitution significantly reduced acetate production, while promoted butyrate production. Correlation analysis further suggested that amylopectin chains with 12 < DP ≤ 36 and amylose chains with 100 < DP ≤ 500 alter the growth of Faecalibacterium_prausnitzii and Bacteroides_vulgatus, consequentially determining the production of SCFAs. Collectively, these findings indicate that citric acid-modified rice starch with different degrees of substitution can target specific gut bacteria and SCFA production, thus conferring beneficial impact on human health.

Characterization of Acid Hydrolyzed Taro Boloso-I (Colocasia esculenta Cultivar) Starch as a Diluent in Direct Compression of Tablets.

Corn, wheat, rice, potato, and cassava starches have been widely used as pharmaceutical excipients. However, the search for cost-effective local starch alternatives is necessary due to the availability and usage constraints. In Ethiopia, various plant species, including Taro Boloso-I, have been explored as potential sources of pharmaceutical starch. It is a variety of Colocasia esculenta with a high tuber yield and high starch content. However, the native starch requires modifications to enhance its functionality. Therefore, this study aimed to improve the native starch through acid modification and evaluate its performance as a direct compressible tablet excipient. The native starch was treated with a 6% w/v HCl solution for 192 hours, resulting in acid-modified Taro Boloso-I starch, which was then evaluated for suitability for direct compression. XRD patterns of both the native and modified starch showed characteristic A-type crystals, with significantly higher relative crystallinity observed in the latter. Additionally, the acid-modified starch exhibited a lower moisture content and improved flow properties. The compaction study also demonstrated its improved compactibility (tensile strength: 16.82 kg/cm2), surpassing both the native starch (13.17) and Starch 1500® (11.2). The modified starch also showed a lower lubricant sensitivity compared to the native starch and Starch 1500®. Furthermore, paracetamol tablets made with the modified starch exhibited higher mechanical strength and lower friability in all paracetamol concentrations. It incorporated up to 40% paracetamol while maintaining acceptable tablet characteristics, whereas the native starch and Starch 1500® were limited to 30% (w/w). Based on these findings, the modified starch showed promise as an alternative direct compressible excipient in tablet manufacturing.

Effect of oil-droplet and powder size on the retention of allyl sulfide in spray-dried powder using modified starch as emulsifier

In food products, the encapsulation of flavor in a solid matrix is an important process to overcome the limited properties of flavors, and control flavor release. In this study, allyl sulfide (AS) was encapsulated by spray drying using the modified starch Purity Gum 1773 (PG), an octenylsuccinic acid-modified starch (OSA) as an emulsifier and as a part of wall material. The properties of flavor retention and stability after storage were investigated. PG was more effective in forming emulsified AS spray-dried powder than sodium caseinate. A 94% AS retention rate after spray drying was achieved with 12 wt% PG at 50 wt% solid content. Larger oil droplets and larger particle diameters of spray-dried powder exhibited higher retention of AS under the specified storage conditions.

Elucidating the impact of chemical modifications on the structure, and properties of jackfruit seed starch

Jackfruit seed starches from five different cultivars were examined to see how acid modification affected their physical-chemical, morphological, and pasting characteristics. The findings showed that acid modification reduced the swelling power and water-binding capacity of all starches, and increased their solubility. Amylose concentration marginally decreased after acid modification, but all starches maintained their natural A-type crystallinity. Chemically altered starch had a percent crystallinity range of 21.10% to 51.83%. In comparison to the native starch granules, the acid-modified starch granules from all the cultivars tended to be smaller (4.11 μm to 7.33 μm) and to show signs of damage. After modifications, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra noticed a small change in the peak's strength. Following treatment with inorganic acid (HCl), the native starches of all five cultivars drastically lost their pasting qualities. The thermal study revealed that higher acid concentrations increased the temperatures required for gelatinization while lowering onset temperature (To) and enthalpy. These modified starches have the potential to be applied in various food formulations like bakery and confectionary as well as other industries.

Organic Acids Modified Starch–CMC Based Biodegradable Film: Antibacterial Activity, Morphological, Structural, Thermal, and Crystalline Properties

A novel organic acid-modified starch and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) based films plasticized with glycerol were prepared from unconventional tikhur starch (Curcuma angustifolia) by solution casting. Wet milling was used in the laboratory to extract starch from the tikhur rhizome. Carboxymethyl cellulose, at a concentration of (0.2 g−1 starch dry basis) was blended with the starch to improve its film-forming properties. Three different treatments with varying organic acids (lactic, citric, and acetic acid) with a concentration of 5% w/w of starch (2 ppm) in a film-forming solution were given. The effect of organic acid incorporation on the antibacterial, morphological, structural, thermal, and crystalline properties of developed films was studied. The minimum inhibitory concentration values of the three organic acids against gram-negative (E. coli) and gram-positive (S. aureus) bacteria were measured using the tube dilution method. The MIC results revealed that lactic acid and citric acid are effective against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, while acetic acid showed more effectiveness against gram-negative bacteria (E. coli). MBC results revealed that organic acids have potent bactericidal activity. Citric acid resulted in higher inhibition for gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus) compared to gram-negative bacteria (E. coli.). While acetic acid showed higher inhibition for E. coli. than S. aureus. Lactic acid displayed similar inhibition against both S. aureus and E. coli. Among different organic acids, lactic acid incorporation resulted in a more homogeneous, transparent, and thermally stable film. As evidenced by the micrographs, the lactic acid incorporation resulted in a compact film structure without any visible cracks. While X-ray diffraction showed an increase in crystalline properties due to organic acid modification. In this study, it was indicated that modification with organic acids (polycarboxylic acids) effectively improved the overall properties of developed films depending on the type of organic acid used. The developed films have the potential to replace harmful synthetic films in food packaging.

Assessment of the Properties of Modified Pearl Millet Starch

AbstractThe starch from pearl millet is sequestered and modified using acidic, hydrothermal, and enzymatic processes. The yield, protein, moisture, ash, swelling power, solubility, color, water binding capacity, bulk density, sediment volume, gel consistency, freeze‐thaw stability, pasting capabilities, and paste clarity of native and different modified starches are characterized. Both the swelling power and solubility increase as a result of hydrothermal modification (HTMS). For acid and enzymatically modified starches (EMS), L value is greater. For acid modified starch (AMS) and EMS, a substantial decrease (p &lt; 0.05) in residue volume and water binding aptitude is noted. All adjustments see a drop in peak viscosity values. However, the freeze‐thaw stability and paste clarity of EMS and AMS are enhanced.

Effects of beeswax emulsified by octenyl succinate starch on the structure and physicochemical properties of acid-modified starchfilms

This work aimed to develop a novel strategy to modulate the distribution of beeswax in acid-modified starch films via tuning octenyl succinate starch (OSS) ratios and to elucidate their structure-property relationships. The apparent viscosity and storage modulus of the film-forming solution decreased with the increase of OSS ratio. Attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy revealed that the hydrogen bond in the film-forming network was cleaved with the presence of OSS. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrated that OSS ratio had an obvious effect on the formation and distribution of beeswax crystal particles. Uniform distribution of beeswax effectively enhanced the hydrophobicity and water barrier properties of films and performed preferable elongation at break but at the expense of tensile strength and optical properties. The films with higher OSS ratio (>12 %) presented higher thermal stability. This study provides new information on the rational design of emulsified films to obtain desirable physicochemical properties by tuning the distribution of beeswax.

Application of starch nanoparticles as host materials for encapsulation of curcumin: Effect of citric acid modification

To encapsulate curcumin, absolute ethanolic curcumin solution with various content (300–1200 μg) was added to aqueous dispersion of citric acid-modified starch nanoparticles (M.SNPs) with various contents (0.5–2.5%), and then ethanol of the mixture was evaporated by nitrogen gas purge for 40 min (ethanol content decreased to 1%). SNPs (100 mg) could encapsulate 75.7 μg of curcumin in matrices of the composite, while 100 mg of M.SNPs could encapsulate 144.9 μg of curcumin. The XRD results revealed that curcumin was amorphously encapsulated in the composite, and hydrogen bond formation between M.SNPs and curcumin was one of the major driving forces for encapsulation as suggested by FT-IR. The composites had a spherical shape and mean particle size of the composites was increased from 136.3 to 255.3 nm with higher curcumin content in the matrices of composites. UV, pH, and thermal stability of curcumin significantly enhanced by the encapsulation, which was further increased when using M.SNPs and/or higher content of host materials. For the release of curcumin in simulated intestinal fluid digestion, release mechanism explained by Korsmeyer-Peppas model. For M.SNPs, k value was decreased from 13.097 to 2.938 as addition level of host material increased from 0.5 to 2.5%.

The Effect of Ni-Doped ZnO NPs on the Antibacterial Activity and Degradation Rate of Polyacrylic Acid-Modified Starch Nanocomposite

Acrylic acid-modified starch has been achieved by grafting the starch with an acrylic acid homopolymer by using the biodegradable nonionic surfactant Lutensol-XL-100 (decaoxyethyele n-decyl ether) and ammonium persulfate as a free radical originator. After obtaining the optimized starch-based plastic thin film, a nanocomposite (NC) was created by incorporating nickel-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO@Ni NPs), which served as the control for the degradation rate of the composite plastic. The NC was characterized using FTIR, TGA, DSC, and SEM. The ZnO@Ni NPs induced an antibacterial property in the composite film with improved thermal stability and effective to control bacterial growth. The starch-grafted polyacrylic acid exhibited 23.21% biodegradability in 60 days while its NC showed 16.19% at the same time by a soil burial test. It was observed that the composite film exhibited a significant efficacy against the bacteria.

Fabrication of citric acid-modified starch nanoparticles to improve their thermal stability and hydrophobicity

Starch nanoparticles (SNPs) were reacted at 130 °C for 1.5 h in the presence of citric acid (30 %) to enhance their thermal stability and hydrophobicity. Citric acid content in SNP was controlled by washing with different concentrations of ethanol (95 %, 70 % and 60 %) for 2, 5 and 10 min and then subjected to heat treatment at 130 °C. After the modification, the peak at 1732 cm−1 representing ester bond was observed via FT-IR, and the intensity of the peak was decreased with a lower ethanol content in washing medium. For the 60 % ethanol condition, the granular structure was promptly fragmented into particles less than 50 nm in the aqueous solution. The modification enhanced the thermal stability and hydrophobicity of the SNPs. The modified SNPs was used as a nano-vehicle wall material for encapsulating beta-carotene as a model hydrophobic material. Approximately 80 % beta-carotene was encapsulated in the modified SNPs.

Bio-based green solvent for metal-free aerobic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-diformylfural over nitric acid-modified starch

The non-toxic biologic material of expanded corn starch (ECS)-supported nitric acid (ECS-HNO3 and ECS-NH2-HNO3) has been prepared via simple procedures. Both the materials are used as heterogeneous catalysts for the selective aerobic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) with an up to 98% yield in γ-butyrolactone (GBL, a bio-based green solvent) containing as little as 10% (v/v) acetic acid (AcOH) after less than 5 h under ambient pressure of dioxygen at 50 oC. The ECS-NH2-HNO3 proved to be more stable than ECS-HNO3 and was repeatedly used five times with almost no change in its catalytic performance.

Citric acid-modified starch as an environmentally friendly binder for wood composite making

Conventional formaldehyde-based wood binders for composites have been reported as hazardous to humans after prolonged exposure to released fumes. Therefore, this research was conducted to evaluate suitability of citric acid-modified corn starch as binder for wood composites. Corn starch was gelatinized before it was reacted with citric acid, mixed with wood particles, pre-pressed, and finally hot-pressed before characterization and evaluation. Through Fourier transform infrared analysis, ester groups were detected at 1736.8 cm-1, which was characteristic for starch modified with citric acid. Bending test results on citric acid modified corn starch wood composites showed 16.8 N/mm2 and 4020 N/mm2 for modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity, respectively. Addition of 2% urea-formaldehyde increased these numbers to 17.9 N/mm2 and 5190 N/mm2, respectively. Internal bonding additionally increased from 0.88 N/mm2 to 0.95 N/mm2. All test specimens passed mechanical strength requirements by JIS A 5908 (2003). Based on the demand specification for the final usage of the wood composite, it can be concluded that citric acid modified starch is a possible successful choice as the adhesive, with or without additional urea formaldehyde resin.

Properties of green particleboard manufactured from coconut fiber using a potato starch based adhesive

Particleboards were manufactured using coconut fibers (Cocos nucifera). The panels were made using different green adhesives, i.e., native potato starch, citric acid, and glutardialdehyde modified potato starch, that were applied at 10%, 12%, and 15% based on oven-dry particle weight for each green adhesive type. The properties of the panels were determined according to the Japanese industrial standard. The results showed that the panels that were bonded with the 15% citric acid-modified starch green adhesive yielded the best mechanical properties (the modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, and internal bonding strength). The modified potato starch had potential as a green adhesive used for the production of particleboards from coconut fibers.

Evaluation of modified breadfruit (&lt;i&gt;Artocarpus altilis&lt;/i&gt;) starches as immediate and sustained release polymers in bilayer tablets of ibuprofen

Background: Ibuprofen, administered as conventional oral tablets every 4 -6 hours, has some gastrointestinal side effects. Its formulation as sustained and immediate release layers in a compact bilayer tablet avoids the challenge of multiple daily dosing, reducing untoward side effects.Objectives: The objective of the study is to formulate bilayer tablets of ibuprofen using breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) starches modified by carboxymethylation and acid hydrolysis for immediate and sustained release, respectively, in comparison to sodium starch glycolate (SSG) and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC).Methods: The starches were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, viscosity, swelling power, densities and flow properties. Bilayer tablets of ibuprofen were prepared using carboxymethylated Breadfruit starch (5.0 and 7.5%w/w) and acid-hydrolyzed starch (17.0%w/w) and evaluated using crushing strength, friability, disintegration and dissolution times (t80).Results: FTIR and XRD spectra confirmed modification of starches. Carboxymethylation produced starches of higher swelling and flow properties while acid-modification produced higher compressibility. Bilayer tablets containing modified starches had higher crushing strength than the standards. Disintegration time of the fast release layers was 1.00 - 10.37 min. An initial burst release was followed by sustained release (t80 = 4.5 - 9.0 h) with tablets containing the acid modified starch having longer dissolution than HPMC. Drug release fitted the First order, Hixson-Crowell and Hopfenberg kinetic models.Conclusion: Carboxymethylated and acid-modified breadfruit starches were found suitable as cheaper excipients in bilayer tablet formulations for immediate and sustained release of drugs respectively, particularly where high mechanical strength is required.Keywords: Acid-modification, bilayer tablets, breadfruit starch, carboxymethylation, ibuprofen

Salt-Tolerant Superabsorbent Polymer with High Capacity of Water-Nutrient Retention Derived from Sulfamic Acid-Modified Starch.

The application of superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) is hindered because their absorption capability is greatly affected by the electrolytes in a solution. A novel modified water-absorbent polymer was fabricated by solution polymerization of sulfamic acid-modified starch and acrylic acid; the swelling ratios of this absorbent polymer were 1026 g/g in deionized water and 145 g/g in 0.9% sodium chloride solution and increased by 99.5 and 13.4%, respectively, when compared with ordinary starch-grafted acrylic SAPs. The water absorption capacity was measured in water at different pH values, salt concentrations, and temperatures. In addition, water and fertilizer retentions were studied by simulated leaching tests in a soil column. The results showed that water absorption capacities of the modified SAP in salt solutions were improved due to the adsorption and transfer of water molecules by the sulfonic acid groups. Compared to the losses when there was no superabsorbent treatment, the water, nitrate, ammonium nitrogen, and water-soluble potassium losses during the salt-tolerant superabsorbent treatment were significantly reduced by 18.5, 22.8, 88.0, and 63.8%, respectively. The method introduced in this study could guide the development and wide application of salt-tolerant SAPs in agriculture and horticulture.

Effects of native and modified starches on the physicochemical and textural properties of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fish burgers

ABSTRACTNative and modified starches of chayotextle and potato were mixed with rainbow trout meat, and the resistant starch content, pH, water-holding capacity (WHC), malonaldehyde content, sensorial properties and texture profile of the rainbow trout fish burger (RTB) were investigated during 21 days of storage at 0°C. The addition of acid-modified starches (AMS) to RTB resulted in a high content of resistant starch (RS). The RTB with added native and modified starches showed a better stability of pH, WHC and texture profile values during the 21 days of storage. The lipid oxidation values of the RTB control showed higher values than the RTB with added native and modified starches. In the sensory evaluation test, the RTB supplemented with AMS have the highest score regarding acceptability. The result confirmed the potential of modified starches as a prebiotic food ingredient, since they improve the physicochemical and sensorial properties of RTB.

An ultrosensitive biosensor based on electroactive nanoparticles self-assembled from 3-thiophenecarboxylic acid-modified starch

A kind of electroactive nanoparticles (NPs) was prepared in solution by self-assembling amphiphilic 3-thiophenecarboxylic acid-modified starch (TPCA-St), which was synthesized through esterification reaction. By casting TPCA-St NPs on the surface of gold electrode and subsequent electropolymerization of the thiophene moieties in NP film, the electroconductive TPCA-St NP-based film was formed. After horseradish peroxidase and Nafion were sequentially cast on the film surface, a biosensor was successfully prepared. The prepared biosensor showed high sensitivity for H2O2 detection. The linear range from 1 × 10−10 to 1 × 10−5 mol L−1 with a detection limit of 3 × 10−11 mol L−1 was obtained for H2O2 sensing. The biosensor also showed good repeatability and stability, and it has been successfully used to sense H2O2 in commercial disinfector with satisfactory results.

Physicochemical and microbiological evaluation of acidmodified native starch derived from Borassus aethiopum (Arecaceae) shoot

Purpose: To evaluate the physicochemical properties and microbiological quality of Borassus aethiopum shoot acid-modified starch (AMS) for potential pharmaceutical applications.Methods: Modification of Borassus aethiopum native starch (NS) was carried out using 6 % w/v HCl at 37 ± 2 oC for 192 h. The AMS was characterised for their morphological, micromeritics, rheological, thermal properties as well as their microbiological quality using standard protocols.Results: AMS demonstrated increased aqueous solubility, crystallinity and slight increase in flow properties. There was a reduction in swelling and hydration capacities, amylose content as well as viscosity of the modified starch. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the integrity of the modified starch granules were maintained and there was no disruption of the granular structure. Fourier transform infrared spectrophometer data confirmed the hydrolysis of NS with the increase in the intensity of the O-H stretch. AMS met United States Pharmacopoeia requirements in terms of microbiological quality, however, there was presence of Aspergillus niger.Conclusion: Modification of Borassus aethiopum shoot starch by acid treatment led to desirable improvement in some of its physicochemical properties which could improve its functional properties in pharmaceutical industries.Keywords: Native starch, Acid-modified starch, Borassus aethiopum, Microbiological quality, Physicochemical properties

Formation of resistant starch from amylotype corn starch and determination of the functional properties

High amylose corn starch was hydrolysed with HCl at 40 °C for 0.5-2.0 h. Then the native and acid-modified starch samples were subjected to 2 different heat treatments (HT). In HT1, heat treated/autoclaved samples were dried after storage and in HT2, heat treated/autoclaved samples were dried without storage. Relative quantities of high- and medium-molecular weight fractions decreased and relative quantities of low-molecular weight fractions increased as a result of acid modification. Resistant starch (RS) contents of the acid-modified starches were between 15.7-16.4% and increased up to 29.4% due to HT1 and up to 17.5% due to HT2. The results indicated that RS contents of the high amylose starch can be increased by HT and storing prior to drying. Rapid ViscoAnalayser viscosity values decreased as the acid modification level increased. Water absorption and solubility values of the samples prepared with both heat treatments were higher than those of the native starch and hydrolysates. Emulsifying capacity/ stability values of soy protein solution supplemented with the hydrolysates and heat treated samples were higher than those supplemented with the native and heat treated native starch.

Characterization and evaluation of acid-modified starch of Dioscorea oppositifolia (Chinese yam) as a binder in chloroquine phosphate tablets

Chinese yam (Dioscorea oppositifolia) starch modified by acid hydrolysis was characterized and compared with native starch as a binder in chloroquine phosphate tablet formulations. The physicochemical and compressional properties (using density measurements and the Heckel and Kawakita equations) of modified Chinese yam starch were determined, and its quantitative effects as a binder on the mechanical and release properties of chloroquine phosphate were analyzed using a 2³ full factorial design. The nature (X1), concentration of starch (X2) and packing fraction (X3) were taken as independent variables and the crushing strength-friability ratio (CSFR), disintegration time (DT) and dissolution time (t80) as dependent variables. Acid-modified Chinese yam starch showed a marked reduction (p&lt;0.05) in amylose content and viscosity but increased swelling and water-binding properties. The modified starch had a faster onset and greater amount of plastic flow. Changing the binder from native to acid-modified form led to significant increases (p&lt;0.05) in CSFR and DT but a decrease in t80. An increase in binder concentration and packing fraction gave similar results for CSFR and DT only. These results suggest that acid-modified Chinese yam starches may be useful as tablet binders when high bond strength and fast dissolution are required.