Acid Insoluble Ash Content Research Articles

Dietary effect of turmeric and ginger powder supplementation on growth performance of Common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

A study was conducted with the aim to find out the effect of ginger and turmeric supplementation on the growth performance of Common carp fingerlings. A total of 270 fingerlings were divided into 6 groups including control (C). The group C was fed with basal feed and the treatment groups T5, T5B5, G2, G5, G8 were fed with turmeric powder @0.5%, turmeric @0.5% + black pepper powder @0.5 %, ginger powder @2%, 5% and 8%, respectively. The growth parameters, i.e Gain in weight, Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Relative Growth Ratio (RGR), Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) and Feed Efficiency Ratio (FER) were recorded for 60 days. Measurements were taken for gain in total length (TL) and body depth (BD) after 60 days of trial. Turmeric powder supplementation @0.5% showed significantly better growth performance in Common carp fingerlings. The fingerlings of T5 group showed highest gain in weight (48.7), SGR (1.35), RGR (126), FER (48.17), PER (1.24) and improved FCR (2.23). This group also gained significantly higher TL (3.74) and BD (1.42). There was no significant difference observed in survival per cent, moisture and acid insoluble ash content of fish muscle. T5 showed the highest crude protein concentration (78.29) and significantly highest total fat concentration (11.59). Fish muscles of all the treatments had significantly higher total mineral content as compared to that of the control group.

The Effectiveness of Sunscreen Cream with Ethanol Extract of Sungkai Leaves (Peronema canescens Jack)

Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack) (PCL) contains flavonoid compounds that can absorb UV light therefore having the potential to be developed as a raw material for cosmetics that functions as a sunscreen. The research aims to formulate PCL extract into a sunscreen cream. Sungkai leaves are macerated using 96% ethanol solvent. Specific and non-specific parameter tests were carried out on the extract as well as antioxidant tests using the DPPH method and SPF tests using the Mansur method. The results of this research showed that 96% ethanol extract of PCL had a blackish-green color, pH 5.25; the ethanol and water-soluble essence levels were 6.25% and 5.17%. The water content obtained is 27.4%; drying shrinkage is 0.46%; total ash content is 0.12% and acid insoluble ash content is 0.1%. The antioxidant value obtained was 35.06 ppm. Three cream formulations were prepared (FI of 0.1753%, FII of 0.3506%, and FIII of 0.5259%) and evaluated for organoleptic, homogeneity, cream type, viscosity, pH, particle size, and spreadability tests for one month at 25℃ and 40℃. The organoleptic test results of the cream have a soft texture, with varying colors; light green (FI), green (FII), and dark green (FIII) color. Other evaluation test results show that the cream has a pH of 5.16 - 6.73, a spreadability of 6.47 - 8.07 cm, a viscosity of 15466.67 - 38933.33 cPs, a particle size of 9.88 - 16.17 µm and an SPF of 17.68 (FI), 27.46 (FII), and 33.64 (FIII) with ultra protection on all three. PCL extract after being formulated into creams shows high SPF activity with F3 as the best formula. PCL extract can be formulated into a cream form that meets physical and chemical quality parameters.

Faecal particle size distribution in relation to forage type and digestibility in horses: preliminary results

The study aimed to explore the connection between horses’ total tract apparent dry matter digestibility (ttaDMD) of various roughages and faecal particle size (FPS), to develop a tool to rank roughage digestibility. Six horses, varying in size and breed, were fed six distinct roughages (four cuts of fescue, perennial ryegrass/clover mix, and straw). Each feeding period lasted 16 days, with a 14-day adaptation phase. Faecal samples underwent wet sieving analysis. Roughage chemical composition was evaluated using NIRs. Faecal and roughage acid insoluble ash content were used to estimate ttaDMD and FPS was determined by wet sieving using a set of 6 sieves of different mesh sizes (S1 to S6; 6.50, 4.50, 2.36, 1.18, 0.6 and 0.15 mm respectively). The effects of roughage ttaDMD on FPS across sieves were analysed using GLM. Linear regressions and correlations were performed between faecal residues on each sieve and mesh sizes of the sieves to create a mathematical tool to rank ttaDMD based on FPS distribution. Increased ttaDMD was associated with larger FPS, with perennial ryegrass/clover mix (ttaDMD 74.44%) and straw (ttaDMD 44.57%) resulting in smaller and larger faecal particles respectively. Correlations were observed between ttaDMD, S1 and S2 (r = 0.639 and 0.668; p ≤ 0.001). The angular coefficient of the linear function between faecal residues on each sieve support the idea to estimate roughages digestibility from FPS (R2 = 0.4153). Consequently, determining faecal residues across sieves of varying mesh sizes could serve as an indirect method for ranking roughages digestibility.

FORMULATION AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY TEST OF THE PREPARATION CROWN ETHANOL EXTRACT SHOWER GEL PINEAPPLE (Apineapple comosus (L.) Merr) AGAINST BACTERIA Staphylococcus aureus

Antibacterial bath soap is in great demand by the public. This is because it is believed to cleanse the skin and can also treat or prevent diseases caused by bacteria. One of the natural ingredients that are efficacious as a natural anti-bacterial is pineapple crown. Pineapple crown extract has secondary metabolites namely alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and triterpenoids/steroids. The purpose of this study was to determine the formulation of liquid bath soap preparations with the use of pineapple crown ethanol extract (ananas comosus (l.) Merr) as liquid bath soap and to determine the potential of pineapple crown ethanol extract liquid bath soap (ananas comosus (l.) Merr) to have antibacterial properties against staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The type of research carried out is an experimental method. The work procedure consists of sample preparation, sample identification, simplisia making, characteristic examination, phytochemical screening, extract making, making liquid shower soap preparations, evaluating liquid shower soap preparations and antibacterial activity tests against staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Pineapple crown ethanol extract is formulated in a shower soap preparation whose formulation uses concentrations of 3%, 5% and 7%. The results of the characterization of pineapple crown simplisia showed a moisture content of 9.50%, water-soluble juice content of 19.88%, soluble juice content in ethanol 13.30%, total ash content of 6.76%, acid insoluble ash content of 1.19%. The results of phytochemical screening testing show pineapple crown contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, triterpenoids/steroids.

Effect of Different Drying Methods on the Characteristics of Curcuma zedoaria rhizome

Curcuma zedoaria is one of the plants that has the potential to be developed as raw material for making traditional medicine. The results of the study showed that white ginger has diverse pharmacological activities such as antihyperglycemia, antihyperlipids, antihypercholesterol, antiviral, anticancer / antitumor, immunomodulators, analgetics, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and antioxidants. In the production process of traditional medicines, the quality of simplicia used as raw materials must meet quality standards in order to provide a good therapeutic effect. The quality of white intersection simplicia can be influenced by several factors, one of which is the drying method. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of drying method on the characteristics of white intersection simplicia. The drying methods studied are drying direct sunlight, greenhouse drying, wind and oven. The characteristics tested are organoleptis test, microscopic test, water soluble juice test, ethanol soluble juice, water content, total ash content, acid insoluble ash content, microbial and fungal contamination. The results showed that the drying method can affect the characteristics of Curcuma zedoaria simplicia. The greenhouse drying method produces simplicia with the highest levels of ethanol marine essence and watersoluble essence, respectively 10.97±0.013% and 13.86±0.110%. The lowest water content of simplicia using a 50oC oven is 5.48%. The lowest total ash content was with the hybrid method, namely 7.006±0.018%.

Chemical Characterization of Moringa oleifera Lam. from Six Growth Locations in Central of Java: An Initiation of Standardization `

Moringa oleifera Lam. is in high demand as a raw material for pharmaceutical constituents and dietary supplements, particularly for producing stunting supplements. However, recommendations regarding M. oleifera quality standards have not supported this claim as scientific evidence of its safety and effectiveness. This research intends to expand knowledge regarding the quality standards of M. oleifera leaves, particularly their chemical properties. Height-variant samples of M. oleifera were collected from six locations in the Central Java, Indonesia. A hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was performed to group the most each parameter's values. The parameters included water-soluble extract, ethanol-soluble extract, total ash content, acid-insoluble ash, total flavonoid content was quantified as quercetin, and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) fingerprint. The suggestion of specific value for each parameter as a future reference for M. oleifera, including water- and ethanol-soluble extract content of at least 41% and 19%, and a total- and acid-insoluble ash content of a maximum of 11% and 4%, respectively. The minimal quercetin contains as the chemical marker compound of M. oleifera was a minimum of 1.285%. The chromatogram profile of TLC suggested 7 (254 nm) and 8 (366 nm) spots.

Productivity and quality of different rabi fodder crops under kinnow mandarin based hortipasture system

A study was conducted for the assessment of productivity and nutritive quality of different rabi fodder crops under kinnow mandarin-based horti-pasture system. Among different rabi fodder crops, higher green fodder yield was produced by berseem followed by ryegrass and lucerne under partial shade of kinnow mandarin orchard. Green fodder yield of berseem was 12.83, 14.50, 37.23 and 79.17% higher as compared to ryegrass, lucerne, oat and mustard, respectively. Due to diversity in genetic makeup, parameters of analysis vary significantly in different rabi fodder crops. Ash content (14.03%), acid insoluble ash content (3.90%), crude fiber content (48.03%) and crude fat content (3.18%) was found highest under berseem, oat, mustard and ryegrass, respectively. Fat content in ryegrass was 2.47, 4.48, 17.67 and 13.25 times higher as compared to mustard, berseem, lucerne and oat, respectively. Crude protein content was highest in lucerne (32.73%) followed by berseem (25.11%). Similarly lucerne was superior fodder crop with respect to N, Zn and Cu concentrations. Though, P, K and Fe concentration in ryegrass fodder was found higher as compared to other fodder crops.

Characterisation an d phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract Citrus reticulata peel and its anti-inflammatory activity using protein denaturation method

Background: Inflammation is an initial systemic response that occurs in the body and necessitates prompt management to prevent complications and death. Natural therapies, including Citrus reticulata, rich in hesperidin, a potent anti-inflammatory flavonoid, are gaining attention due to accessibility and safety. Objective: The aims of this study were to characterise Citrus reticulata peel simplicia and extract to ensure their quality, phytochemical screening and determining its anti-inflammatory activity. Method: Simplicia characterisation involves testing water content, total ash content, and acid-insoluble ash content while the extract is tested for water and total ash content. Phytochemical screening is done using the tube method, and the anti-inflammatory activity test is conducted using the protein denaturation method. Result: The extract had water content and total ash content of 14.91% and 1.89%, respectively. The ethanol extract of Citrus reticulata peel contains flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, quinones, steroids, and terpenoids. It shows anti-inflammatory activity with an IC50 value of 132.13 µg/mL, with a difference of approximately 55% to achieve the same level of protein denaturation inhibition as positive control dexamethasone, with an IC50 value of 73.14 µg/mL. Conclusion: Citrus reticulata peel simplicia and ethanol extract met quality standards, contain flavonoids with anti-inflammatory properties, and inhibit inflammation by up to 50% at 132.13 µg/mL.

Karakteristik Kimia dan Sensori Crackers dengan Penambahan Tepung Campolay (Pouteria campechiana) dan Teping Ikan Teri Nasi (Stolephorus sp)

ingredients can be added to the manufacture such as campolay flour and ground wheat flour to increase the nutritional content of the crackers. This study aims to make crackers with the addition of campolay flour and rice anchovy flour as a form of food diversification and to find the selected formulation from the ratio of wheat flour: campolay flour: rice anchovy flour. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with one treatment factor, namely the ratio of wheat flour : campolay flour : anchovy flour (80:15:5), (70:20:10), (60:25:15), ( 50:30:20). Product analysis includes chemical analysis of water content, acid insoluble ash content, and protein content as well as sensory and hedonic quality tests as a determinant of selected products. The selected treatment was then subjected to further chemical analysis including calcium levels and beta-carotene levels. Data analysis and research used (ANOVA) with Duncan's further test with a 95% confidence interval. The results showed that the selected crackers were treated with a ratio of wheat flour: campolay flour: anchovy flour (70:20:10) with a quality that did not smell of campolay flour, smelled of anchovy rice flour, had a yellow color, had a textured crunchy and salty taste. Crackers had a moisture content of 4,89%, acid insoluble ash content of 0,11% and protein content of 13,28%, an average calcium content value of 4339,19 mg/100g and an average value of beta-carotene content of 1,015 mg/kg

Specific and nonspecific characteristics of the leaf extract of Blumea balsamifera originated from East Java, Indonesia

Blumea balsamifera extract has been shown to have biological activities such as anti-fungal, anti-tumor, radical scavenger, anti-obesity, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, antiplasmodial, and wound healing. The quality and efficacy of B. balsamifera extract are determined by its specific and nonspecific characteristics. This study explored the characteristics of B. balsamifera extract through a series of standardization processes. The dried leaves of B. balsamifera were powdered and macerated with 70% ethanol. After the solvent evaporation, a thick extract was obtained and stored in a refrigerator. The specific characteristics tested were organoleptic evaluation, total phenolic content (Folin-Ciocalteu method), total flavonoid content (aluminium chloride colorimetric method), and phytochemical screening using thin layer chromatography. The nonspecific characteristics tested were extraction yield, moisture content, total ash content, and acid-insoluble ash. The results of the study showed that the extraction process resulted in a yield of 13.4%. The extract had a thick and sticky appearance, a dark brown colour, a characteristic aroma, and a bitter taste. The moisture content, total ash content, acid-insoluble ash content, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content of the extract were found to be 8.33±0.57 %ml/g, 11.63±0.86 %g/g, 2.26±0.12 %g/g, 43.86±0.89 mg GAE/g extract and 25.48±0.42 mg QE/g extract, respectively. Analysis using thin layer chromatography demonstrated that the extract included phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, and steroids.

Comparative analysis of fatty acid profiles, phytochemical and mineral contents of pepper spice types in Türkiye

Peppers are significant crops frequently used in cooking or as spice. Numerous phytochemicals, including capsaicinoids, phenolics, and carotenoids are found in peppers. Capsaicinoids are responsible for the distinctively pungent flavor. A comparative study of the proximate, mineral, fatty acid composition, and phytochemical components of 15 types of pepper spices (1 Isot Pepper Flake, 4 Chili Powders, and 10 Chili Pepper Flakes) were investigated. Analysis of the proximate composition included moisture content (6.54-19.49%), ash content (6.53-22.48%) and acid insoluble ash content (0.41-1.12%). Total phenolic content ranged from 9.72 to 20.05 mg GAE g-1. The lowest and highest capsaicinoid content were found in S15 (10247.6 Scoville Heat Unit (SHU)) and S9 (38861.7 SHU) samples, respectively. Total carotenoid content ranged from 739.8–1941.7 mg kg-1. Phytochemical analyses revealed that these spices are high in phytonutrients such as carotenoid and capsaicinoid. Mineral elements such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, copper, iron, manganese, and sodium were also present in the spices, which are essential for human nutrition.

Preliminary Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Screening of Bhumyamalaki (Phyllanthus Amarus Schumach. & Thonn.).

Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn. is an annual plant distributed throughout India. In Ayurvedic classics, it is identified under the names Bhumyamalaki or Tamalaki and stands out as a significant therapeutic agent in Ayurvedic medicines. Pharmacognostic studies are important for identification and for determining the quality and purity of crude drugs. The aim of the study was to evaluate the preliminary pharmacognostic characters of Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn. The pharmacognostic evaluation included a thorough examination of the macroscopic, microscopic, and physicochemical characteristics. The assessed parameters comprised foreign matter, moisture content, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, water-soluble extractive, alcohol-soluble extractive, fibre content and sugar contents, qualitative chemical analysis and High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography. Macroscopic study showed a taproot system with a straight, cylindrical, light brown root and abundant secondary and tertiary rootlets. The stem was slender, glabrous, exhibiting a smooth and green surface. The leaves were simple, elliptic-oblong in shape with entire margin, arranged alternately. The microscopic examination of the root revealed starch grains and crystals present notably in both the cortex and phloem regions. The stem exhibited Calcium oxalate crystals in the pith region. Numerous anisocytic stomata were observed in the lower epidermis of leaf with stomatal index 25.18%. The water-soluble extractive was found to be more than alcohol soluble extractive. Total sugar was found to be 5.6%. HPTLC at 575nm showed 9 peaks with Rf value ranging from 0.04 to 0.9. With these research findings, it becomes possible to establish pharmacognostic standards for the plant. This, in turn, simplifies the process of identifying and ensuring the purity and quality of Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.

Penentuan Kadar Alkaloid Total Ektstrak Akar Bajakah (Spatholobus Littoralis Hassk) dengan Metode Spektofotometri Uv-Vis

The Bajakah tampala tree (Spatholobus littoral hassk) is a native plant from the interior of the forests in Kalimantan, especially Central Kalimantan. This plant is a plant that stretches or grows and grows abundantly in the interior of the forest. The Bajakah plant is known to the people of Kalimantan as a medicinal plant and can cure various diseases, including diarrhea, rheumatism, and cancer. The aim of this research was to determine the alkaloid content of bajakah root extract in various concentrations. The research method was carried out experimentally, with the independent variable being an ethanol extract of bajakah roots with concentrations of 50, 70, and 96%. Meanwhile, the dependent variables are the characteristics of simplicia, the secondary metabolite content of Bajakah root ethanol extract, and the determination of the total alkaloid content of Bajakah root extract. Bajakah root simplicia extract is made with 96, 70, and 50% ethanol solvents. The parameters used in this study include water content, total ash content, acid insoluble ash content, water soluble extract content, ethanol soluble extract content, and secondary metabolite content, including alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and terpenoids, by conducting phytochemical screening. , making a standard caffeine solution, determining the maximum wavelength of caffeine, measuring the caffeine calibration curve, and determining the total alkaloid content of Bajakah root extract. The results of the phytochemical screening showed that Bajakah root was positive for containing alkaloid compounds, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, and terpenoids. And the results obtained from Bajakah root plants obtained from Central Kalimantan were a 96% ethanol concentration of 1.66797 ± 0.7088 mg/gram, a 70% ethanol concentration of 1.6679 ± 0.1124 mg/gram, and a 50% ethanol concentration of 0.46981 ± 1.0656 mg/gram

ANALYSIS OF NON-SPECIFIC STANDARDIZED PARAMETERS ON KUMIS KUCING LEAVES (Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq.) PURPLE VARIETY

One of the plants in Indonesia that can be used as a medicine is the purple variety of cat's whiskers (Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq.). This study aims to examine the quality and safety of the purple variety of Cat’s Whiskers as a raw material for traditional medicine so that it meets the requirements of being free from heavy metal, microbial, and aflatoxin contamination. The results of setting the standardization parameters on the dry material of cat’s whiskers leaves obtained drying losses, water content, total ash content, and acid insoluble ash content, respectively 8.45 ± 0.68%; 6.67 ± 1.15 %; 8.70 ± 0.09 %; 1.31 ± 0.16 %. The results of testing for the heavy metals lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) on ??dry material and extracts were £ 0.0001 mg/kg. The results of testing the levels of microbial contamination in dry material and extracts obtained total bacteria 1.45x101 and 2.35x101 Cfu/gr, respectively. Test results for aflatoxin contamination on the dry material of Cat’s Whiskers leaves B1, B2, G1, G2 and total aflatoxin £ 0.50 ?g/kg and total aflatoxin £ 2 ?g/kg, respectively. The dried material and leaf extract of the purple variety of cat’s whiskers that were tested met the requirements stated in the regulation of the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency number 32 of 2019 about traditional medicines' safety and quality requirements.

Karakteristik Fisikokimia Cookies Tersubstitusi Tepung Suku (Artocarpus artilis)

Breadfruit flour is gluten free so it is good to use as an alternative food in making cookies that can help children with autism and celiac diseases. The purpose of this research were to determine the effect of breadfruit flour on physicochemical characteristics of cookies as a substitute for wheat flour. This research used a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 replications of breadfruit flour as a substitute for wheat flour, namely, FI=0%:100%, F2=20%:80%, F3=40%:60% and F4=60%: 40%. The parameters tested were water content, acid insoluble ash content, protein content and color test. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and further tests were carried out with DMRT analysis at a significant level of 5% and protein content using Microsoft Excel. The used of breadfruit flour substitute wheat flour had no significant effect on the water content, protein content, and acid of insoluble ash content. The results showed that all cookies with breadfruit flour substitution produced water content and acid insoluble ash content that still exceeded from SNI standards, while the protein content of all cookies met SNI standards. The resulting cookies each have a darker brownish color as the amount of breadfruit flour is added as a substitute.

Specific and non-specific parameters determination and chemical content tests of the combination of ethanol extracts of Acalypha indica Linn and Peperomia pellucida (L) H.B.K.

Indonesian people have long used herbal plants as medicine. Herbal plants used by Indonesian people include cat root herb (Acalypha indica Linn) and suruhan herb (Peperomia pellucida (L) H.B.K). Previous research showed that combining cat root herb extract and surah herb was safe for rat kidneys. This research aims to test specific and non-specific standard parameters in the combination of the two extracts so that they are safe and have good quality that meets the requirements and to know the chemical content of the extracts combination. The specific parameters used in this research were dissolved compound levels (water and ethanol soluble compound levels) and non-specific parameters, namely drying loss, water content, and ash content. The water-soluble compound content obtained was 7.44%, and the ethanol-soluble compound content was 4.9%. The drying loss was 3.29%, extract water content was 4.41%, total ash content was 7.39%, and acid-insoluble ash content was 4.37%. Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that several specific and non-specific parameters meet the established quality standards. The identification of the extracts combination shows the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides and cyanogenic glycosides, but does not contain anthraquinone glycosides, and the total alkaloid content is 0.31%.

Standardisasi dan Pengukuran Kadar Flavonoid Daun Ketepeng Kecil (Senna tora (L.) Roxb.) Menggunakan Metode Spektrofotometri UV-Vis

Sickle senna (Senna tora (L.) Roxb.) is a wild plant that is used by the community as a traditional medicine to treat diarrhea and intestinal worms. In the development of plants as traditional medicines, it is necessary to standardize the quality of plant materials to ensure their quality, stability, and safety. This study aims to determine the standadization of extracts both specifically and non-specifically and to determine the level of falvonoids in the fraction of sickle senna (Senna tora (L.) Roxb.) leaves. This study applies a phytochemical screening test, specific parameter test, non-specific parameter test, and flavonoid levels determination. The result of phytochemical screening shows that the fraction containing flavonoid compounds is 70% ethanol fraction. The results of standardization for specific parameter show the organoleptic ethanol fraction of 70% is in the form of semi-solid/viscous, black color and distinctive smell, with water soluble extract content is 19.08%, and ethanol soluble extract content is 23.35%. the standardization result for non-specific parameter shows that the total ash content is 1.76%, the acid insoluble ash content is 2.890%, drying shrinkage is 4.96%, and water content is 18.80%. meanwhile, metal and microbial contamination show no contamination in the 70% ethanol fraction. The result for the analysis of the flavonoid content of the 70% ethanol fraction. The result for the analysis of the flavonoid content of the 70% ethanol fraction of sickle senna leaves is carried out at a wavelength of 438.36 nm with an absorbance value of 0.0154. The total flavonoid level is calculated by the standard linear equation of quarcetin, which is y=0.0648x + (-0.0232) with a correlation coefficient (r2) = 0,9948 and a total flavonoid content of 4.713%

Standarisasi dan Analisis Kandungan Flavonoid Total Daun Pulai (Alstonia shcolaris L.)

The island plant (Alstonia scholaris) is one of the plants that is often used for traditional medicinePulai plant (Alstonia scholaris L.) is often used as a traditional medicine to treat fever, itch, malaria, and diarrhea. The secondary metabolite compounds obtained from this plant are flavonoid, tannin, and steroid. This study aims to determine the specific and non-specific parameters and the total flavonoid levels of Pulai's 70% ethanol extract. The standardization of medicine plant extract is needed as an effort to traditional medicine quality control. The standardization test result for specific parameter showed that the organoleptic extract was a dark green and thick extract, bitter, and had a distinctive smell, containing water soluble content (20.14% ±0.1649) and ethanol soluble content (9.495%±0.0928). The standardization for non-specific parameter showed water content (9.17%±0.02055), total ash content (1.76%±0.00547), acid insoluble ash content (2.82%±0.01257), and drying shrinkage (5.08%± 0.04636). Meanwhile, the analysis of flavonoid level of Pulai's 70% ethanol extract fraction was done at the wavelength of 438.36 nm and the absorbance value of 0.0011. The total flavonoid content was analyzed using quercetin standard linear equation of y=0.0643x + (-0.0232) with the correlational coefficient (R)- 0.9974, and the total flavonoid content of 3.77%.

CHARACTERIZATION OF MUNDAR PERICARP (Garcinia forbesii) EXTRACT FROM BANJAR DISTRICT OF INDONESIA

The mundar plant (Garcinia forbesii) is a typical fruit of South Kalimantan. The people use mundar empirically as a spice, cosmetic, and medicine. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of mundar extract from Karang Intan and Beruntung Baru districts in Banjar Regency. The collection of plants from two places, plant determination, and extraction with 70% ethanol. The extract was then characterized. The characterization showed that the Garcinia forbesii pericarp extract from both places was dark brown, distinctive odor, sour taste, and thick. Both extracts contained flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, saponins, glycosides, and anthraquinones. The chromatography of both extracts was the same and detected to alpha-mangosten. The extract from Karang Intan district has a yield 59.99%, total phenolic content 0.888%, moisture content 9.78%, total ash content 1.10%, and acid insoluble ash content 0.06%. The extract from Beruntung Baru district has a yield 58.74%, total phenolic content 0.823%, moisture content 9.93%, total ash content 1.59%, and acid insoluble ash content 0.04%. Garcinia forbesii pericarp extracts from from two places have the same organoleptical characteristics, phytochemical compounds, and chromatography patterns. The differences are in yield percentage, total phenolic content, water content, ash content, and acid insoluble ash content

Perbandingan Parameter Mutu Ekstrak Bunga Telang (Clitoria ternatea) Menggunakan Metode Refluks, Sokhlet, dan Maserasi

Butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea) is a plant that is known to contain high levels of flavonoids, anthocyanins and antioxidants which can be used for food and non-food products. Butterfly flower extract can be used as an active ingredient in product manufacturing. This research aims to compare the quality parameters of pea flower extract (Clitoria ternatea) obtained using the reflux, sochlet and maceration methods from organoleptic, yield, water content, total ash content, acid insoluble ash content and flavonoid aspects. The research results showed that for organoleptic parameters, butterfly pea flower extract had a deep purplish blue color and a distinctive aroma of butterfly pea flower. Based on the parameters of yield value, water content, total ash content, acid insoluble ash content, and flavonoids, the best extraction method for pea flowers (Clitoria ternatea) is the heat method (reflux or sokhlet).