Acid Hydrate Research Articles

Solid forms and β-cyclodextrin complexation of turinabol.

4-Chloro-17β-hydroxy-17α-methylandrosta-1,4-dien-3-one (C20H27ClO2), known as turinabol, is a synthetic anabolic-androgenic agent which belongs to the steroid class. Recrystallization from various solvents was performed and the following new solid forms of turinabol were obtained: the hemihydrate (C20H27ClO2·0.5H2O), the anhydrous form (C20H27ClO2), the multicomponent acetic acid hydrate (2C20H27ClO2·C2H4O2·H2O) and the 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol hemisolvate (C20H27ClO2·0.5C2H3F3O). The absolute structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The starting hemihydrate form contains one turinabol molecule in the asymmetric unit, while the others contain two molecules in the asymmetric unit. Structural features were investigated in terms of the conformational analysis of the steroid skeleton rings and intermolecular interactions. The magnitudes, the nature of the crystal structure energies and the intermolecular interactions were also evaluated. Complexation with β-cyclodextrin was performed and the obtained complex was investigated using powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and differential thermal analysis/thermogravimetric analysis (DTA/TGA).

A comprehensive analysis based on histopathology, metabolomics and transcriptomics reveals molecular regulatory mechanisms of the red claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) in response to acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND)

The maintenance of homeostasis is central for the survival of organisms under exposure to various types of stress, toxicants, and pathogens, and small metabolites often play key roles in this process. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is one of the main pathogens causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease in crustaceans. Here, we characterized changes in the histopathology of the hepatopancreas, gene expression, and the metabolism of small molecules in Cherax quadreicarinatus challenged with V. parahaemolyticus. Susceptible crayfish were characterized by hemorrhage in the hepatopancreatic interstitium, irregular contraction of the stellate structures in the lumen, the partial loss of luminal structures, and increased vacuolization; asymptomatic crayfish exhibited a small amount of hemorrhage, partial contraction of the stellate structures, and no significant increase in the number of vacuoles. V. parahaemolyticus challenge also resulted in significant differences in the accumulation of metabolites such as adenosine triphosphate, adenosine diphosphate, inosine triphosphate, glycodeoxycholic acid (hydrate), phosphatidylcholine, deoxyguanosine, arginine, and adenosine. Transcriptome analysis revealed a total of 3678 differentially expressed genes that were mainly enriched in the following Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways: phagosome, starch and sucrose metabolism, apoptosis, cysteine and methionine metabolism, Vibrio cholerae infection, oxidative phosphorylation, Toll and IMD signaling pathways, arginine biosynthesis, and other signaling pathways. A comprehensive analysis showed that Lysosomal, citric acid cycle (TCA cycle), vitamin digestion and absorption, bile secretion, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation, tryptophan metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, purine metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, ascorbate and aldehyde metabolism, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, AMPK signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, cAMP signaling pathway, calcium signaling pathway, and other signaling pathways were also significantly enriched under V. parahaemolyticus challenge. Our results indicate that C. quadricarinatus maintains its homeostasis under challenge with V. parahaemolyticus by activating multiple signaling pathways that mediate the repair of hepatopancreatic damage.

Self‐Healing, Water‐Retaining, Antifreeze, Conductive PVA/PAA‐PAM‐IS/GC Composite Hydrogels for Strain and Temperature Sensors

AbstractIn this paper, PVA/PAA‐PAM‐IS/GC composite hydrogels are prepared using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), poly acrylic acid (PAA), poly acrylamide (PAM), and iron sulfate hydrate (IS) glycerol (GC). The crosslinking network is formed by the coordination of carboxyl groups with ions, which forms PVA with semi‐interpenetrating network. The mechanical properties and self‐healing properties of PVA/PAA‐PAM‐IS/GC composite hydrogels are excellent. The stress, strain and self‐healing efficiency of PVA/PAA‐PAM‐IS/GC composite hydrogels can reach 840 kPa, 784%, and above 95%, respectively. The antifreeze and water retention properties of PVA/PAA‐PAM‐IS/GC composite hydrogels are improved by glycerol. PVA/PAA‐PAM‐IS/GC composite hydrogels remains flexible at low temperatures and moist for a long time at room temperature. The conductivity of the hydrogel increases with the increase of temperature because the interactions between glycerol, water molecules and ammonium ions are affected by the temperature, the multifunctional conductive hydrogel can be used in strain sensing and temperature sensing. In summary, PVA/PAA‐PAM‐IS/GC composite hydrogels can provide a guide in the field of electronic intelligence.

Fluorescence and Colorimetric Dual-Mode Ratiometric Sensor Based on Zr-Tetraphenylporphyrin Tetrasulfonic Acid Hydrate Metal-Organic Frameworks for Visual Detection of Copper Ions.

As a special heavy metal ion, copper ions (Cu2+) play an indispensable role in the fields of environmental protection and safety. Their excessive intake not only easily leads to diseases but also affects human health. Therefore, it is particularly important to construct a facile, effective, and highly selective Cu2+ probe. Herein, a novel Zr-tetraphenylporphyrin tetrasulfonic acid hydrate (TPPS) metal-organic framework (ZTM) was fabricated using TPPS as the ligand and exhibited strong red fluorescence with a high quantum yield of 12.22%. In addition, we designed a ratiometric fluorescent probe by introducing green fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), which was not subject to environmental interference and had high accuracy. When exposed to different amounts of Cu2+, the fluorescence emission at 667 nm from ZTMs is remarkably quenched, while that at 515 nm from FITC is enhanced, accompanied by a change in the solutions' fluorescence color from red to green under a UV lamp. Besides, the ZTMs solutions display an excellent ratiometric colorimetric response for Cu2+ and produce an obvious color change (from green to colorless) that is visible to the naked eye. The fabricated ZTMs@FITC fluorescent probe exhibits distinguished performance for Cu2+ detection with linear ranges of 0.1 to 5 μM and 5 to 50 μM, as well as a low detection limit of 5.61 nM. Moreover, a colorimetric sensor based on ZTMs exhibits a good linear range from 0.1 to 20 μM for Cu2+ with the detection limit of 4.96 nM. Furthermore, the dual-signal ratiometric sensor has significant specificity for Cu2+ and is successfully applied for monitoring Cu2+ in water samples, which proves its practical application value in the environment and biological systems.

Ammonium polyphosphate induced bimetallic phosphides nanoparticles coated with porous N-doped carbon for efficiently electrochemical hydrogen evolution

• Ammonium polyphosphate as a green phosphorus source is reported for the first time; • The supramolecular precursor is self-assembly by coordination and electrostatic interactions; • MoP/MoNiP@NC exhibits remarkable and stable HER performance; • Density functional theory (DFT) calculation assigns negative P sites as best active sites. Transition metal phosphides (TMPs) have increasingly become the research focus of hydrogen evolution catalysts. In this paper, bimetallic phosphide electrocatalyst ( MoP/MoNiP@NC ) is prepared by predesigned supramolecular gels as precursors via a simple carbonization and phosphorating process, which experience a self-assembly process of ammonium polyphosphate (APP), phosphomolybdic acid hydrate (PMo 12 ), polyaniline (PANI) and Ni 2+ ions via electrostatic and coordination interaction during heating in aqueous solutions. Ammonium polyphosphate as a new phosphorus source with non-toxicity and non-corrosive gas is reported for the first time and exhibits strong coordination ability with metal ions and polyoxometalate. MoP/MoNiP@NC displays satisfactory hydrogen evolution activity with low overpotentials of 94 and 137 mV at 10 mA cm −2 as well as excellent durability for 24 h in 1.0 M KOH and 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 , respectively. It is worth noted that the hydrogen evolution performance of the electrocatalyst is superior to the commercial Pt/C at a current density greater than 80 mA cm −2 under alkaline solution. The remarkable HER activity can be attributed to the synergistic effect of MoNiP and MoP nanoparticles, N-doped porous carbon layers protecting the nanoparticles from corrosion, exposing large amount of active sites and enhancing the mass transfer process. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations illustrate that the best active sites come from the negative P sites of MoNiP nanoparticles. This work provides an environment friendly and reproducible strategy for using APP as a green phosphorus source to synthesize transition metal phosphides as efficient electrocatalysts for energy conversion.

Determination of rational conditions for oil extraction from oil hydration waste

As a result of oil hydration, waste is formed – phosphatide concentrate, which is a multicomponent system. Valuable components of the concentrate are vegetable oil and phosphatides, the separation of which is an urgent task for the industry. The process of treatment of sunflower phosphatide concentrate with citric acid (hydration) in order to more completely convert non-hydrated forms of phosphatides into hydrated ones and separate the oil from the concentrate was studied. A feature of the work is the study of the dependence of the yield and mass fraction of moisture in the extracted oil on the hydration process parameters. A sample of phosphatide concentrate with non-standard quality indicators according to SOU 15.4-37-212:2004 (CAS 3436-44-0) was studied: the mass fraction of moisture and volatile substances was 4.0 %, the mass fraction of phosphatides was 37.0 %. The concentrate was treated with citric acid solution at a temperature of 45 °C (10 % solution). Rational conditions for concentrate treatment were determined: duration (25 min) and citric acid concentration in relation to the mass of phosphatide concentrate (25 %). Under these conditions, the oil yield was 76.1 %, the mass fraction of moisture in the oil was 18.6 %. The indicators characterizing the suitability of the oil for consumption and its safety for the body are within the limits (acid value 3.7 mg KOH/g, peroxide value 5.1 ½ O mmol/kg) for the first-grade unrefined unwinterized sunflower oil according to DSTU 4492. Such oil can be used for refining, fatty acids and biodiesel production, and after additional purification – for processing into food products. The results of the study make it possible to use resources rationally and predict the yield and quality of the oil isolated from the phosphatide concentrate. The resulting oil can be an affordable raw material for various industries.

Highly sensitive electrochemical sensor based on novel Ag Nps/Ppti films for detection of hydrazine

PurposeA novel semiconducting macromolecule-polyperylene tetraamide (PPTI) was first synthesized with a simple method using 3, 4, 9, 10-perylene tetracarboxylic acid (PTCA) and hydrazine hydrate (N2H4).Design/methodology/approachThe Ag nanoparticle was doped on the surface or inside of the PPTI film to obtain a highly sensitive hydrazine sensor-Ag/PPTI, which was synthesized within one step. The structure of Ag/PPTI was characterized through various techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements (XPS) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM).FindingsAccording to cyclic voltammetry results, Ag/PPTI/GCE indicated good electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of hydrazine. The amperometric detection of hydrazine was then applied on Ag/PPTI/GCE. It exhibited a wide linear range from 0.05 to 50 µM, a low detection limit (S/N = 3) of 0.05 µM and high sensitivity of 0.45 µA/(µM•cm2).Originality/valueIn authors’ perception, this approach emerges as an effective technique for developing efficient chemical sensors for environmental pollutants.

Sulfonamides repress cell division in the root apical meristem by inhibiting folates synthesis

Sulfonamides, as broad-spectrum antibiotics, are widely used to protect against bacterial infections in livestock production. A large number of sulfa antibiotics are discharged into soil and water system, which poses a great threat to the safety of organisms. The antibacterial mechanism of sulfonamides is to prevent folate biosynthesis by competitively inhibiting bacterial dihydropteroate synthetase (DHPS). The inhibitory effect of sulfanilamide on root growth has been reported, but the mechanism has not been determined. Here, we used high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV) and transgenic technology to study the effect of sulfonamides on folate synthesis in plants. The results showed that the application of sulfonamide sharply reduced the content of folic acid in plants, resulting in strong inhibition of cell division in the root apical meristem. The inhibition of sulfonamide on cell division can be relieved by supplementing synthetic folic acid and folinic calcium salt hydrate. The transgenic plants expressing the bacterial antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) Sul1 or Sul2 showed obvious antibiotic resistance. Taking these results together, we suggest that sulfonamides repress cell proliferation in the root apical meristem by competitively inhibiting the biosynthesis of folic acid in plants.

Therapeutic effect of minodronic acid hydrate for three years in osteoporosis: Focusing on ineffective factor

Therapeutic effect of minodronic acid hydrate for three years in osteoporosis: Focusing on ineffective factor

Interrelationships between amphiregulin, kisspeptin, FSH and FSH receptor in promotion of human ovarian cell functions.

The aim of this study was to investigate: (1) the ability of granulosa cells to produce amphiregulin (AREG), kisspeptin (KISS) and FSH receptor (FSHR); (2) the role of AREG and KISS in the control of ovarian functions; (3) the effect of FSH and KISS on AREG; and (4) the ability of KISS to affect FSHR and to modify FSH action on AREG output by human ovarian granulosa cells. We examined: (1) time-dependent accumulation of AREG; (2) effects of AREG (0, 1, 10, 100ng/mL) and KISS (0, 1, 10, 100ng/mL) on granulosa cell functions; and (3) the effects of KISS (0, 1, 10, 100ng/mL), FSH (0, 1, 10, 100ng/mL), and their combinations on AREG release. Viability, markers of proliferation [accumulation ofproliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) cyclin B1 and sodium 3'-[1-(phenylaminocarbonyl)-3,4-tetrazolium]-bis(4-methoxy6-nitro)benzene sulfonic acid hydrate (XTT formazan)] and apoptosis (accumulation of bax, caspase 3 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labelling), accumulation of KISS, FSHR and steroid hormones, and AREG release were analysed by Trypan blue exclusion test, quantitative immunocytochemistry, XTT, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labelling assays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. AREG promoted cell viability, proliferation and steroid hormone output, and inhibited apoptosis. KISS (1 and 10ng/mL) stimulated viability, proliferation, steroid hormone release and occurrence of FSHR and suppressed apoptosis and AREG output; KISS (100ng/mL) had the opposite effect. FSH stimulated AREG release, whilst addition of KISS reversed this FSH effect. FSH mimicked and promoted the inhibitory effect of KISS on AREG release. These results suggest an intra-ovarian production and a functional interrelationship between AREG, KISS, FSH and FSHR in direct regulation of basic ovarian cell functions.

SAPHO syndrome treated with minodronic acid hydrate, facet rhizotomy and denosumab: a case report

SAPHO syndrome treated with minodronic acid hydrate, facet rhizotomy and denosumab: a case report

On the need for gate-to-gate environmental metrics in biocatalysis: fatty acid hydration catalyzed by oleate hydratases as a case study

Biocatalysis will play a central role in future chemical conversions, aiming at more sustainable strategies while maintaining efficiency and economics. Simple but meaningful environmental metrics are needed.

The cytotoxic activity of Sponges and Tunicates from Turkish Aegean Sea

The enormous bioactive components of different species from marine habitats make them attractive candidates for the discovery of new therapeutic active substances in several diseases such as cancer. Sea sponge and tunicate materials are the ideal sources of new chemotherapeutics for various cancers due to their rich metabolites. The fundamental purpose of the current study is to investigate the cytotoxic activity of methanolic crude extracts of sponges (Agelas oroides and Cladocora caespitosa) and tunicates (Ascidiella aspersa and Styela clava) collected from the Aegean Sea. The cytotoxic activity and the anti-cancer activity of the extracts was carried out by sodium 3´- [1- (diphenyl aminocarbonyl)-3,4-tetrazolium] -bis (4-methoxy 6-nitro) benzene sulfonic acid hydrate (XTT) on gastric adenocarcinoma cell line AGS, prostate cancer cell line PC-3, neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y, and mouse fibroblast cell line L929. The extracts of sponge and tunicate were found to cause different cytotoxic effects on different cancer cells, largely in a concentration-dependent manner. It is found that the extracts exhibited high anti-cancer activities in neuroblastoma and prostate cancer cell lines at concentrations of 3 and 5 mg/ml. No significant cytotoxic activity was found in L929 cells. In addition, the microscopic examination of cells treated with the extracts shows that the extracts cause morphological changes with cellular rounding, which could be associated with apoptosis.

Effects of filtration and pasteurization process on bioactive phenolic compounds of beer

The filtration and pasteurization steps at beer production have vital importance for consumer expectations and a long shelf-life. Also, phenolics have a significant role in the organoleptic characteristics and antioxidant activity of beers. This study mainly aimed to determine the exact effects of every filtration step and pasteurization process on different alcohol-concentrated beers from the same malts at the parameters such as total antioxidant activity (TAA), total phenolic content (TPC), and phenolic distribution. Principal component analyses (PCA) and fully linked clusters were carried out to evaluate the relationship between the parameters. According to the results, it was determined that the filtration caused the decrease of around 12% of TPC and 7% of TAA, while the pasteurization process did not affect the examined parameters at each alcoholic concentration. During the research, (+)-catechin and protocatechuic acid were the most affected phenolics, while gallic acid and quercetin hydrate were the least. Novelty impact statement Every single step of filtration and pasteurization was examined at three different alcohol concentrated beers from the same malts for the first time to our knowledge. Principle component analyses (PCA) and fully linked clusters were carried out to evaluate the relationship between TPC, TAA, individual phenolic compounds, and chemical properties. The results showed that the more alcohol concentration of the beer decreases, the more efficient the filtration process becomes.

Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy of sublimating salty ice analogues. Implications for icy moons

The composition of the surface of the Galilean icy moons has been debated since the Galileo mission. Several chemistries have been proposed to explain the composition of the non-icy component of the moon's surfaces, notably, sulphuric acid hydrates and magnesium and sodium sulphates. More recently, magnesium and sodium chlorides have been proposed to explain features observed in ground-based observations. We have considered four salts (NaCl, Na2SO4, MgSO4 and MgCl2) with various concentrations, to produce salty ice analogues. Granular particles were produced by a flash-freezing procedure. Additionally, compact slabs of salty ices were produced by a slow crystallisation of salty liquid solution. These two methods mimic the end-members (plumes and slow ice block formation) for producing hydrated salty ices on the surface of icy moons such as Europa and Ganymede. We have monitored the near-infrared (NIR) evolution of our salty ices during sublimation, revealing differences between the granular particles and the slabs. The slabs formed a higher amount of hydrates and the most highly hydrated compounds. Granular ices must be formed from a more concentrated salty solution to increase the amount of hydrates within the ice particles. The sublimation of salty ices removed all excess water ice efficiently, but the dehydration of the salts was not observed. The final spectra of the slabs were most flattened around 1.5 and 2.0 μm, especially for the Na2SO4, MgCl2 and MgSO4, suggesting the presence of stable, highly hydrated compounds. We find that Na2SO4, MgCl2 and MgSO4 are most compatible with the non-icy component at the surface of the icy moons as observed by the NIMS instrument on Galileo and by ground-based observations.

Effect of Aminosteroid U74389G in a Model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Rats

Summary Lazaroid U-74389G is a synthetic 21-aminosteroid with free radical-scavenging and anti-inflammatory effects. This study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of U-74389G on experimental 2,4-dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid hydrate (DNBS)-induced colitis in Wistar rats. Five experimental groups were formed: a sham control group, a control group, treated with 0.25 ml of 50% ethanol intrarectally (n=8), a group treated with DNBS (30 mg in 0.25 ml of 50% ethanol administered intrarectally, (n=8), a group treated with DNBS and U-74389G at a daily dose of 15 mg/kg i.p. (n=8), and a group treated with DNBS and sulfasalazine, orally, at a dose of 300 mg/kg. During the experiment, the bodyweight of the rats, food intake, stool consistency, and presence of blood in the stool were recorded as markers of clinical condition. On day 6, colonic tissues were excised and scored for macroscopic and histological damage. Blood samples were taken to measure levels of cytokines by ELISA methods. DNBS decreased significantly body weight (from 237.00±2.52 g to 212.50±6.25 g, p=0.04). The rats treated with U-74389G showed greater food intake and weight gain. U-74389G reduced ulceration index: the U-74389G score was 1.25±0.25, and the DNBS score –3.87±0.61; p<0.05. All other macroscopic parametersassessed were significantly improved in rats treated with U-74389G. The levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, were significantly lower than those of the DNBS group, while U-74389G significantly elevated the level of anti-inflammatory IL-10. These findings indicate that U-74389G significantly inhibits colonic inflammatory damages in a rat model of inflammatory bowel disease.

Differential expression of gluconeogenic enzymes in early- and late-stage diabetes: the effect of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. Seed extract on hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in Wistar-Albino rats model

BackgroundThe medicinal plant Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. (C. colocynthis) may benefit patients at different phases of diabetes by attuning to contrasting situations. Our primary objective was to find the mechanism(s) behind the antidiabetic/anti-hyperlipidemic effects of C.colocynthis seed aqueous extract (CCAE) in two different stages of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in rats.MethodsFasting blood sugar (FBS) levels, body weights, and the degree of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) were measured in healthy nondiabetic control rats (Con), as well as rats with early and late stages of T2D, denoted as ET2D and LT2D, respectively. CCAE was intraperitoneally (IP) injected for 28 days. In the end, the hepatic mRNA expression levels of the following genes were determined by RT-PCR: glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), insulin-dependent sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1). The liver was examined by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Oil-Red O staining. CCAE was partially analyzed by HPLC-DAD.ResultsET2D and LT2D were characterized by differentially elevated FBS, deteriorated bodyweight, and significant IGT compared to Con. Hepatosteatoses of varying morphologies and higher hepatic expression of G6Pase than PRPCK in ET2D versus the opposite in LT2D further confirmed the divergent nature of metabolic aberrations. At the end of 28 days, the high levels of FBS, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), triglyceride (TG), urea, hepatic protein carbonyl content (PCC), and alanine and aspartate aminotransferases (AST and ALT, respectively) persisted in untreated LT2D. CCAE ameliorated oxidative stress and upregulated PPARα expression in diabetic groups and Con; it downregulated CPT1 expression in the LT2D group. CCAE’s ability to lower FBS and serum and hepatic TG in both ET2D and LT2D indicated its ability to act via different mechanisms. Ferulic acid (Fer A) and rutin hydrate (RH) were detected in CCAE.ConclusionCCAE lowered the FBS in ET2D via inhibiting the hepatic G6Pase expression (glycogenolysis). In LT2D, CCAE abated sugar levels by diverting PEPCK activity, preferably towards glyceroneogenesis than gluconeogenesis. The preserved triglyceride/fatty acid (TG/FA) cycle, the upregulated PPARα, and the downregulated CPT1 gene expressions reduced serum and hepatic TG.

Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome caused by minodronic acid hydrate

BackgroundDrug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS)/drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is an important adverse reaction caused by a few drugs. Reactivation of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is known to be associated with its pathogenesis. DIHS occasionally manifests as pulmonary lesions with a variety of imaging findings.Case presentationAn 83-year-old woman started taking minodronic acid hydrate 5 years before admission. She noticed a generalized skin rash 44 days before admission and started oral betamethasone-d-chlorpheniramine maleate combination tablets for allergic dermatitis. She developed a fever and cough in addition to the rash, and was referred to our hospital. Laboratory data showed a high level of eosinophils and liver and biliary enzymes. Computed tomography (CT) studies revealed bilateral diffuse ground-glass opacities with ill-defined centrilobular nodules from the central to peripheral regions of the lungs. Transbronchial lung cryobiopsy specimens showed that lymphocyte infiltration was observed in the alveolar walls and fibrinous exudates and floating macrophages in the alveolar lumina. Immunohistochemistry of biopsy specimens showed more CD4+ lymphocytes than CD8+ lymphocytes, while few Foxp3+ lymphocytes were recognized. The serum anti-HHV-6 immunoglobulin G titer increased at 3 weeks after the first test. Based on these findings, we diagnosed her with DIHS. We continued care without using corticosteroids since there was no worsening of breathing or skin condition. Eventually, her clinical symptoms chest CT had improved. Minodronic acid hydrate was identified as the culprit drug based on the positive results of the patch test and drug-induced lymphocyte stimulation test.ConclusionsWe described the first case of DIHS caused by minodronic acid hydrate. Lung lesions in DIHS can present with bilateral diffuse ground-glass opacities and ill-defined centrilobular nodules on a CT scan during the recovery phase. Clinicians should be aware of DIHS, even if patients are not involved with typical DIHS/DRESS-causing drugs.

Sex-specific reduction in inflammation of osteoarthritic human chondrocytes and nutraceutical-dependent extracellular matrix formation

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to investigate the ability of osteoarthritic human chondrocytes to produce articular cartilage (AC) tissues with a reduced inflammatory environment in response to 4 anti-inflammatory nutraceuticals: alpha-tocopherol (Alpha), gallic acid (G), ascorbic acid (AA), and catechin hydrate (C). MethodsChondrocytes isolated from patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty surgeries were divided into groups (9 male; mean age, 66.2 ± 3.5 years and 11 female; mean age, 64.2 ± 3.1 years). Cells were cultured based on sex and supplemented with either a negative control (NC) medium or NC plus one of the nutraceuticals at a concentration of 50 μM. At day 21, cultures were characterized histologically, biochemically, and for gene expression of vital markers. ResultsAt day 21, 62.3% and 66.2% reduction in nitric oxide (NO) content was evident for female and male cells, respectively. G-treatment of female cells resulted in the lowest expression of nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS2), matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP13), and collagen type-10 (COL10). Alpha-treatment of male cells resulted in the lowest expression of NOS2, bone morphogenic protein-2, MMP13, COL10 and tumor necrosis factor alpha induced protein-6 (TNFAIP6) relative to NC. AA and Alpha treatment resulted in the highest glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content for female and male cultures, respectively. ConclusionA sex-dependent response of osteoarthritic chondrocytes to nutraceutical treatment was evident. Our results suggest the use of G for female cells and Alpha for male cells in OA applications seems to be favorable in reducing inflammation and enhancing chondrocytes’ ability to form AC tissues.

X-ray structure of 4-aminopyridinium-oxalate-oxalic acid-hydrate (1/1/0.5/0.5) and its characterization

Single crystal of 4-Aminopyridinium-oxalate-oxalicacid-hydrate (1/1/0.5/0.5) (C5H7N2+. C2HO4-. 0.5 C2H2O4. 0.5 H2O) (4APOOAH) was synthesized and grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The grown was subjected to three dimensional X-ray crystallography which reveals that the crystal 4APOOAH crystallized in the triclinic crystal system (CCDC No.: 1949668) with the cell parameters (a = 3.7110(6) Å, b = 9.5021(18) Å, c = 15.294(2) Å, α = 73.215(7)⁰, β = 84.243(7)⁰, γ = 81.025(8)⁰ and V = 509.13(14) Å3). The carboxyl O atom of the oxalate anion link the 4-Aminopyridinium cation, semioxalic acid and semi hydrate molecule. The crystal packing stabilized by Ohydroxyl—H⋯Ocarboxyl, Namino—H⋯Ocarboxyl hydrogen bonding and further stabilized by very weak C–H…O hydrogen bonding. The hydrogen bonding in disordered position I and II of hydrogen atom of title compound analysed from Hirshfeld surface analysis. In the title compound, hydrogen oxalate and hydrate molecule disordered over two positions of equal occupancy. The hydrogen bonding in disordered position I and II of hydrogen atom of title compound analysed from Hirshfeld surface analysis. The functional groups identified from Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectrum. The absorption property of the 4APOOAH material was measured using UV–vis-NIR spectral analysis and the cut off wavelength is found to be 277 nm. The energy band gap calculated from the tauc plot indicated that this material may considered as optical semiconducting materials.