Acid Hybrid Research Articles

Drug-free and non-crosslinked chitosan/hyaluronic acid hybrid hydrogel for synergistic healing of infected diabetic wounds

The management of infected diabetic wounds remains a major challenge in clinical practice. Recently, multifunctional hydrogels have attracted much attention in the area of wound healing. Herein, we developed the drug-free and non-crosslinked chitosan (CS)/hyaluronic acid (HA) hybrid hydrogel, so as to combine the multiple functions of CS and HA for synergistic healing of the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-infected diabetic wound. As a result, CS/HA hydrogel showed the broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, the great capacity for promoting fibroblasts proliferation and migration, the excellent reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging ability, and the great cell-protection effects under oxidative stress. In the MRSA-infected diabetic mouse wounds, CS/HA hydrogel significantly promoted the wound healing via eliminating MRSA infection and enhancing epidermal regeneration, collagen deposition and angiogenesis. Considering the drug-free feature, the ready availability, the great biocompatibility and the excellent wound healing efficacy, CS/HA hydrogel may have great potentials in clinical use for the management of chronic diabetic wounds.

Retinoic acid and evernyl-based menadione-triazole hybrid cooperate to induce differentiation of neuroblastoma cells.

Neuroblastoma arises when immature neural precursor cells do not mature into specialized cells. Although retinoic acid (RA), a pro-differentiation agent, improves the survival of low-grade neuroblastoma, resistance to retinoic acid is found in high-grade neuroblastoma patients. Histone deacetylases (HDAC) inhibitors induce differentiation and arrest the growth of cancer cells; however, HDAC inhibitors are FDA-approved mostly for liquid tumors. Therefore, combining histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and retinoic acid can be explored as a strategy to trigger the differentiation of neuroblastoma cells and to overcome resistance to retinoic acid. Based on this rationale, in this study, we linked evernyl group and menadione-triazole motifs to synthesize evernyl-based menadione-triazole hybrids and asked if the hybrids cooperate with retinoic acid to trigger the differentiation of neuroblastoma cells. To answer this question, we treated neuroblastoma cells using evernyl-based menadione-triazole hybrids (6a-6i) or RA or both and examined the differentiation of neuroblastoma cells. Among the hybrids, we found that compound 6b inhibits class-I HDAC activity, induces differentiation, and RA co-treatments increase 6b-induced differentiation of neuroblastoma cells. In addition, 6b reduces cell proliferation, induces expression of differentiation-specific microRNAs leading to N-Myc downregulation, and RA co-treatments enhance the 6b-induced effects. We observed that 6b and RA trigger a switch from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation, maintain mitochondrial polarization, and increase oxygen consumption rate. We conclude that in evernyl-based menadione-triazole hybrid, 6b cooperates with RA to induce differentiation of neuroblastoma cells. Based on our results, we suggest that combining RA and 6b can be pursued as therapy for neuroblastoma. Schematic representation of RA and 6b in inducing differentiation of neuroblastoma cells.

Herbal myristic acid blended with expanded graphite for thermal regulation in construction materials

This study synthesized modified graphite (EG) through the ultrasonic dispersion method in brewed wine solution with myristic acid (MA) to create conduction of heat mechanism with a greater affinity for saturated fats. The resulting EG made a fatty acid hybrid phase change material (PCM) with excellent overall thermal behaviour. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction showed that the synthesis involved physical adsorption rather than a chemical reaction. Differential scanning calorimetry studies showed that adding EG boosted the heat capacity of the hybrid PCM after 1000 heat storage and release cycles. Melting and freezing latent temperatures were 196.99 kJ/kg and 195.33 kJ/kg. Using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the thermal stability of MA/EG was evaluated. The SEM findings demonstrate effectively that EG uniformly surrounds the myristic acid's multi-pore structure and that the MA/EG is mostly silky. This revolutionary approach permits the development of hybrid phase-change composites with heat exchange abilities, high conductivity, and excellent thermal stability, which can be applied in a various energy storage technologies.

Enhanced production of aspochalasin D through genetic engineering of Aspergillus flavipes.

Aspochalasin D (AD) belongs to the polyketide-amino acid hybrid natural products with anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, and anti-fouling bioactivities. However, the low production limits its further application. In this study, AD was separated and identified from Aspergillus flavipes 3.17641. Next, besides the optimization of culture conditions using a single-factor experiment and response surface methodology, metabolic engineering was employed to increase the AD production. It shows that the deletion of the shunt gene aspoA and overexpression of the pathway-specific regulator aspoG significantly improve the AD production. Its production reached to 812.1mg/L under the optimized conditions, with 18.5-fold increase. Therefore, this study not only provides a general method for improving the production of similar natural products in other fungi, but also enables the further biological function development of AD in agriculture and pharmaceutical. KEY POINTS: • The Aspochalasin D (AD) production was improved by optimizing culture conditions. • The deletion of the shunt gene aspoA increased the AD production. • Overexpression of the pathway regulator aspoG further improved the AD production.

Graphene quantum dots-hybrid hydrogel as an avant-garde biomimetic scaffold for diabetic wound healing

In the age of fathoming biomedical predicaments, ardently emerged the field of materiobiology to effectively counter the archetypal and outdated therapies. Correspondingly, the subpar activity of the over-the-counter wound dressing pharmaceuticals have been dominated with the implementation of biocompatible, water-retaining exotic hydrogels to facilitate accelerated diabetic wound healing. Considering a strategy to develop a pragmatic biomimetic scaffold having the ability of dynamic wound healing with diminutive inflammation, we investigated the creation of graphene quantum dot (GQD)-polyacrylic acid (PAA) hybrid hydrogel. We observe appropriate percentage of GQD incorporation in PAA to demonstrate lower pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL-6), and tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) along with higher anti-inflammatory (IL-10) expressions in contrast to natural and standard controls. Likewise, histological examinations corresponding to the in-vitro and in-vivo toxicological analysis of GQD-PAA manifested to be a non-toxic, biocompatible saviour of diabetic wounds. This hybrid hydrogel reports the quickest diabetic wound healing of 13 days. Additionally, the hybrid hydrogel also demonstrates salient antibacterial activity against E. coli. We explore a multifaceted mechanistic approach attributed by the hybrid framework as an avant-garde solution in materiobiology and diabetic wound healing nexus. We believe the GQD-hybrid hydrogel reveals an advancement that could portray a new horizon against diabetic wounds.

Corrigendum to “Aqueous alkaline–acid hybrid electrolyte for zinc-bromine battery with 3V voltage window” [Energy Storage Materials Volume 19, May 2019, Pages 56-61

Corrigendum to “Aqueous alkaline–acid hybrid electrolyte for zinc-bromine battery with 3V voltage window” [Energy Storage Materials Volume 19, May 2019, Pages 56-61

A novel donepezil-caffeic acid hybrid: synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking studies

A novel donepezil-caffeic acid (DP-CA) hybrid molecule was designed, synthesis, and investigated by molecular modeling. Its biological activity and protective effect were investigated by the IR spectroscopy, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. DP-CA was highly active against acetylcholine esterase and inhibited it at the micromolar concentrations. Fluorescence and UV-Vis spectroscopy studies showed strong binding of DP-CA to DNA. Moreover, DP-CA exhibited protective effects against H2O2-induced toxicity in U-118 MG glioblastoma cells. Finally, molecular docking showed a high affinity of DP-CA in all concentrations, and the active 4EY7 site exhibited essential residues with polar and apolar contacts. Taken together, these findings indicate that DP-CA could be a prospective multifunctional agent for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Hydroxyapatite – Al2O3 reinforced poly– (lactic acid) hybrid coatings on magnesium: Characterization, mechanical and in-vitro bioactivity properties

Hydroxyapatite – Al2O3 reinforced poly– (lactic acid) hybrid coating was synthesized on magnesium in this research, which was carried out to obtain improved interface strength and higher corrosion properties with a lower dissolution rate of magnesium. Compared to uncoated magnesium substrates, HA and HA/Al2O3 coatings were synthesized by dissolving PLA in chloroform and adding reinforcement materials. Coatings were produced on magnesium using the spin-coating technique of the synthesized solutions. Characterization (FTIR, SEM/EDX, XRD, and contact angle analyses), mechanical (tape tests and micro-Vickers hardness), and in-vitro bioactivity (immersion tests) features of the hybrid coatings were investigated. XRD results showed that no phase transformation occurred in the coatings. In addition, it was determined that the PLA coating was effective in covering the surfaces of Mg substrates. With the reinforcement of HA, CaPs were formed on the surface, but the adhesion strength was reduced (2B). With the addition of HA/Al2O3, the surface properties are preserved, and the adhesion strength increased (4B). In electrochemical corrosion behavior, a decrease was observed in corrosion current density (Icorr) values with the coatings compared to the uncoated Mg alloy (249.848, 1.659, 0.246, and 0.136 µA·cm−2 for uncoated, PLA coated, PLA-HA coated, and PLA-HA/Al2O3 coated, respectively), and the corrosion resistance increased. Especially, the Icorr value obtained with the Al2O3 reinforcement was measured quite low compared to previous studies using PLA-HA composite coatings, and it was determined that the corrosion resistance was increased. As a consequence of SBF immersion tests, while more CaPs were found on the surfaces of PLA–HA coatings, deep crack formation was found on the surface. Although fewer CaPs were observed with HA/Al2O3 additive, no cracks that would increase adhesion were formed and it was predicted that the degradation rate of Mg could be controlled. In the hardness measurements, it was found that the hardness value increased from 137.7 ± 5.7 to 268.7 ± 3.6 HV with the addition of HA/Al2O3 so it can be applied in wear-sensitive areas. In the pH changes during the SBF immersion tests, the average of the PLA–HA/Al2O3 coatings was 7.4 during the 15-day period. It has been determined that this value will not cause any adverse reactions in tissue interaction during the use of Mg in the body. Moreover, according to H2 evolution measurements, all coated samples have lower H2 gas evolution than uncoated Mg. As a result, it was thought that Mg will strengthen its place in potential implant applications thanks to hybrid coating compositions such as PLA–HA/Al2O3.

Self-Propelled Ultrasmall AuNPs-Tannic Acid Hybrid Nanozyme with ROS-Scavenging and Anti-Inflammatory Activity for Drug-Induced Liver Injury Alleviation.

Developing nanomedicines with superior reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capability has emerged as a promising strategy in treating ROS-related diseases, for example, drug-induced liver injury. However, designing nanoscavengers with the self-propelling ability to scavenge ROS actively remains challenging. Here, a self-propelled silica-supported ultrasmall gold nanoparticles-tannic acid hybrid nanozyme (SAuPTB) is designed that can effectively alleviate acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury by scavenging excessive ROS and regulating inflammation. SAuPTB exhibits multienzyme activity and displays significantly enhanced diffusion under hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ). This in vitro research shows that SAuPTB can effectively eliminate ROS, increasing the viability of H2 O2 -stimulated cells and reducing the cytotoxicity of APAP/H2 O2 -treated AML12 cells. The in vivo studiesshow that SAuPTB can accumulate at inflammatory sites in mouseliver, resulting in the decrease of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and ROS, reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, hence reduced hepatocyte necrosis, liver injury, and mortality. Furthermore, SAuPTB activates the nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 pathway to upregulate antioxidative genes and reduce oxidative stress. Finally, the liver showsdecreased high mobility group box 1 and F4/80+ macrophages, suggesting an anti-inflammatory response. This work provides a novel design strategy of nanozymes for ROS-related disease treatment.

Sol-Gel Synthesis of Caffeic Acid Entrapped in Silica/Polyethylene Glycol Based Organic-Inorganic Hybrids: Drug Delivery and Biological Properties

The failure of medical devices, such as bones prosthesis, is mainly due to inflammatory and infectious phenomena. Entrapping anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agents inside the biomaterial matrix could avoid these phenomena. In this context, inorganic/organic silica (S)/polyethylene glycol (P)/caffeic acid (A) hybrid systems were synthesized via the sol-gel method with different weight percentages of P and A. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) revealed that caffeic acid undergoes an oxidizing phenomenon in the sol-gel synthesis condition. Additionally, the formation of a hydroxyapatite layer on hybrid surfaces was demonstrated by employing the Kokubo test and analyzing the samples using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and FT-IR. Moreover, further characterization of the antimicrobial activity of the synthesized biomaterials was carried out using the Kirby–Bauer test. Finally, UV-Vis measurement was useful to evaluate the caffeic acid kinetic release in simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37 °C. The kinetic study disclosed that the hybrid materials without polyethylene glycol had faster release rates than the ones obtained without the organic polymer.

Discovery of New Boswellic Acid Hybrid 1H-1,2,3-Triazoles for Diabetic Management: In Vitro and In Silico Studies.

A series of 24 new 1H-1,2,3-triazole hybrids of 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (β-AKBA (1)) and 11-keto-β-boswellic acid (β-KBA (2)) was designed and synthesized by employing "click" chemistry in a highly efficient manner. The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction between β-AKBA-propargyl ester intermediate 3 or β-KBA-propargyl ester intermediate 4 with substituted aromatic azides 5a-5k in the presence of copper iodide (CuI) and Hünig's base furnished the desired products-1H-1,2,3-triazole hybrids of β-AKBA (6a-6k) and β-KBA (7a-7k)-in high yields. All new synthesized compounds were characterized by 1H-, 13C-NMR spectroscopy, and HR-ESI-MS spectrometry. Furthermore, their α-glucosidase-inhibitory activity was evaluated in vitro. Interestingly, the results obtained from the α-glucosidase-inhibitory assay revealed that all the synthesized derivatives are highly potent inhibitors, with IC50 values ranging from 0.22 to 5.32 µM. Among all the compounds, 6f, 7h, 6j, 6h, 6g, 6c, 6k, 7g, and 7k exhibited exceptional inhibitory potency and were found to be several times more potent than the parent compounds 1 and 2, as well as standard acarbose. Kinetic studies of compounds 6g and 7h exhibited competitive and mixed types of inhibition, with ki values of 0.84 ± 0.007 and 1.18 ± 0.0012 µM, respectively. Molecular docking was carried out to investigate the binding modes of these compounds with α-glucosidase. The molecular docking interactions indicated that that all compounds are well fitted in the active site of α-glucosidase, where His280, Gln279, Asp215, His351, Arg442, and Arg315 mainly stabilize the binding of these compounds. The current study demonstrates the usefulness of incorporating a 1H-1,2,3-triazole moiety into the medicinally fascinating boswellic acids skeleton.

Ion-pumping microbial rhodopsin protein classification by machine learning approach

BackgroundRhodopsin is a seven-transmembrane protein covalently linked with retinal chromophore that absorbs photons for energy conversion and intracellular signaling in eukaryotes, bacteria, and archaea. Haloarchaeal rhodopsins are Type-I microbial rhodopsin that elicits various light-driven functions like proton pumping, chloride pumping and Phototaxis behaviour. The industrial application of Ion-pumping Haloarchaeal rhodopsins is limited by the lack of full-length rhodopsin sequence-based classifications, which play an important role in Ion-pumping activity. The well-studied Haloarchaeal rhodopsin is a proton-pumping bacteriorhodopsin that shows promising applications in optogenetics, biosensitized solar cells, security ink, data storage, artificial retinal implant and biohydrogen generation. As a result, a low-cost computational approach is required to identify Ion-pumping Haloarchaeal rhodopsin sequences and its subtype.ResultsThis study uses a support vector machine (SVM) technique to identify these ion-pumping Haloarchaeal rhodopsin proteins. The haloarchaeal ion pumping rhodopsins viz., bacteriorhodopsin, halorhodopsin, xanthorhodopsin, sensoryrhodopsin and marine prokaryotic Ion-pumping rhodopsins like actinorhodopsin, proteorhodopsin have been utilized to develop the methods that accurately identified the ion pumping haloarchaeal and other type I microbial rhodopsins. We achieved overall maximum accuracy of 97.78%, 97.84% and 97.60%, respectively, for amino acid composition, dipeptide composition and hybrid approach on tenfold cross validation using SVM. Predictive models for each class of rhodopsin performed equally well on an independent data set. In addition to this, similar results were achieved using another machine learning technique namely random forest. Simultaneously predictive models performed equally well during five-fold cross validation. Apart from this study, we also tested the own, blank, BLAST dataset and annotated whole-genome rhodopsin sequences of PWS haloarchaeal isolates in the developed methods. The developed web server (https://bioinfo.imtech.res.in/servers/rhodopred) can identify the Ion Pumping Haloarchaeal rhodopsin proteins and their subtypes. We expect this web tool would be useful for rhodopsin researchers.ConclusionThe overall performance of the developed method results show that it accurately identifies the Ionpumping Haloarchaeal rhodopsin and their subtypes using known and unknown microbial rhodopsin sequences. We expect that this study would be useful for optogenetics, molecular biologists and rhodopsin researchers.

Synthesis and evaluation of alginate, gelatin, and hyaluronic acid hybrid hydrogels for tissue engineering applications

Tissue engineering (TE) has been proposed extensively as a potential solution to the worldwide shortages of donor organs needed for transplantation. Over the years, numerous hydrogel formulations have been studied for various TE endeavours, including bone, cardiac or neural TE treatment strategies. Amongst the materials used, organic and biocompatible materials which aim to mimic the natural extracellular matrix of the native tissue have been investigated to create biomimicry regenerative environments. As such, the comparison between studies using the same materials is often difficult to accomplish due to varying material concentrations, preparation strategies, and laboratory settings, and as such these variables have a huge impact on the physio-chemical properties of the hydrogel systems. The purpose of the current study is to investigate popular biomaterials such as alginate, hyaluronic acid and gelatin in a variety of concentrations and hydrogel formulations. This aims to provide a clear and comprehensive understanding of their behaviours and provide a rational approach as to the appropriate selection of natural polysaccharides in specific targeted TE strategies.

Piperine-Chlorogenic Acid Hybrid Inhibits the Proliferation of the SK-MEL-147 Melanoma Cells by Modulating Mitotic Kinases.

Melanoma is considered the most aggressive form of skin cancer, showing high metastatic potential and persistent high mortality rates despite the introduction of immunotherapy and targeted therapies. Thus, it is important to identify new drug candidates for melanoma. The design of hybrid molecules, with different pharmacophore fragments combined in the same scaffold, is an interesting strategy for obtaining new multi-target and more effective anticancer drugs. We designed nine hybrid compounds bearing piperine and chlorogenic acid pharmacophoric groups and evaluated their antitumoral potential on melanoma cells with distinct mutational profiles SK-MEL-147, CHL-1 and WM1366. We identified the compound named PQM-277 (3a) to be the most cytotoxic one, inhibiting mitosis progression and promoting an accumulation of cells in pro-metaphase and metaphase by altering the expression of genes that govern G2/M transition and mitosis onset. Compound 3a downregulated FOXM1, CCNB1, CDK1, AURKA, AURKB, and PLK1, and upregulated CDKN1A. Molecular docking showed that 3a could interact with the CUL1-RBX1 complex, which activity is necessary to trigger molecular events essential for FOXM1 transactivation and, in turn, G2/M gene expression. In addition, compound 3a effectively induced apoptosis by increasing BAX/BCL2 ratio. Our findings demonstrate that 3a is an important antitumor candidate prototype and support further investigations to evaluate its potential for melanoma treatment, especially for refractory cases to BRAF/MEK inhibitors.

Fabrication of poly methylacrylate acid hybrid silica core‐shell microspheres with redox responsive biodegradability for drug delivery

AbstractA biodegradable silica was fabricated to achieve effective tumor microenvironment responsive drug delivery with low drug leakage (4%, 80 h) and good biosafety. A disulfide bond embedded copolymer composited by methylacrylic acid (MAA) and vinyl trimethoxysilane was utilized for the in situ synthesis of the PMAA hybrid biodegradable silica shell. The biodegradable silica was introduced as a gatekeeper to alter the drug release behavior of the doxorubicin‐loaded in the mesoporous silica microspheres. The fabrication process and glutathione‐responsive degradation of the drug delivery system were carefully studied. In vitro drug release experiments revealed that 65% of the loaded drug could be released after 80 h in simulated tumor environment. The biocompatibility of the carrier and the anti‐cancer efficiency against the HepG2 cancer cell line were studied with the cell counting kit‐8 assay. The method to prepare the biodegradable silica reported in this work might provide new thought to the fabrication of high‐performance drug delivery systems.

Poly(ferulic acid)-hybrid nanofibers for reducing thrombosis and restraining intimal hyperplasia in vascular tissue engineering

Small-diameter blood vascular transplantation failure is mainly caused by the vascular materials' unreliable hemocompatibility and histocompatibility and the unmatched mechanical properties, which will cause unstable blood flow. How to solve the problems of coagulation and intimal hyperplasia caused by the above factors is formidable in vascular replacement. In this work, we have synthesized poly(ferulic acid) (PFA) and prepared poly(ester-urethane)urea (PEUU)/silk fibroin (SF)/poly(ferulic acid) (PFA) hybrid nanofibers vascular graft (PSPG) by random electrospinning and post-double network bond crosslinking for process optimization. The results in vitro demonstrated that the graft is of significant anti-oxidation, matched mechanical properties, reliable cytocompatibility, and blood compatibility. Replacing resected rat abdominal aorta and rabbit carotid artery models with PSPG vascular grafts indicated that the grafts are capable of homogeneous hybrid PFA significantly promoted the stabilization of endothelial cells and the ingrowth of smooth muscle cells, meanwhile stabilizing the immune microenvironment. This research demonstrates the PSPG vascular graft with substantial patency, indicating their potential for injured vascular healing.

A Novel Donepezil-Caffeic Acid Hybrid: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Docking Studies.

A novel donepezil-caffeic acid (DP-CA) hybrid molecule was designed, synthesis, and investigated by molecular modeling. Its biological activity and protective effect were investigated by the IR spectroscopy, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. DP-CA was highly active against acetylcholine esterase and inhibited it at the micromolar concentrations. Fluorescence and UV-Vis spectroscopy studies showed strong binding of DP-CA to DNA. Moreover, DP-CA exhibited protective effects against H2O2-induced toxicity in U-118 MG glioblastoma cells. Finally, molecular docking showed a high affinity of DP-CA in all concentrations, and the active 4EY7 site exhibited essential residues with polar and apolar contacts. Taken together, these findings indicate that DP-CA could be a prospective multifunctional agent for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Preparation of phosphotungstic acid hybrid proton exchange membranes by constructing proton transport channels for direct methanol fuel cells

For direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), a unique hybrid proton exchange membrane (PEM) made of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and quaternized polyethyleneimine (QPEI) is presented. Employing QPEI as an anchoring agent is advantageous for enhancing the compatibility of the organic-inorganic interface when phosphotungstic acid (PWA) is used as the proton conductor on the assumption that the leakage of PWA is successfully reduced. Utilizing polymers as a substrate reduces the high solubility of PWA in water owing to hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions. Additionally, PWA performs the function of successive proton transport channels in the optimized PVA-QPEI-2 PEM, resulting in a maximum proton conductivity of 194.5 mS cm−1 and residual proton conductivity of more than 80% after 30 days of soaking in deionized water at 80 °C. Furthermore, the fuel cell assembled with PVA-QPEI-2 PEM delivers a peak power density of 147.2 mW cm−2 at 60 °C and 40% relative humidity. Noteworthily, this organic-inorganic hybrid PEM containing PWA as a proton carrier is fabricated by a remarkably simple method, which has a methanol permeability that is an order of magnitude less than the Nafion® used in commercial applications, demonstrating its competitive potential for application in DMFCs.

Resin Acids as Raw Material for the Preparation of Cyclodextrin Complexes Loaded with Dehydroabietitoic Acid and Chromenol Hybrid

In this work new methods to obtain complexes from β-cyclodextrin and dehydroabietic acid with chromenol-triazol hybrid with the sizes limits of approximately 0.1-250 μm are reported. Kneading, co-evaporation and co-precipitation for the resolution of racemic 2-tert-butyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-2H-chromen-2-ol for obtaining micro- and nanoparticles have been optimized. In vitro dissolution studies of the synthesized compounds in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) showed an improved dissolution rate of chromenol-triazol hybrid in the inclusion complexes compared to the free form. The obtained β-complexes of β-cyclodextrin loaded with dehydroabietitoic acid and chromenol hybrid showed good antibacterial activity with MIC and MBC values ranging from 0.72 to 44.45 μM.

Smart polyacrylamide−cholic acid hybrid composite hydrogel: Development, characterization, and encapsulation study of methylene blue dye

Hybrid hydrogel composed of a polymer integrated with bile salt, represent a smart material with outstanding mechanical properties. It is essential to investigate bile salt-based hydrogels efficacy in the dye removal process because their interactions with methylene blue dye have not received as much attention. In this work, the Polyacryamide-Cholic acid (PA-CA) physical hydrogel has been synthesised where physical interactions are provided by hydroxyl group of CA and covalent cross linking by polyacrylamide unit. Thermal gravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterise the hybrid hydrogel of PA-CA (TGA). For PA-CA with a CA content of 8 mMoles, the results revealed a considerable improvement in sorption capacity from 60% to 80%. The adsorption of dyes followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The creation of hybrid hydrogels offers a suitable recyclability platform for the sorption of organic dyes and allows for their recovery without the use of powerful reagents.