Acid Composition Research Articles

Chemometric discrimination of Turkish olive oils by variety and region using PCA and comparison of classification viability of SIMCA and PLS-DA

Virgin olive oil samples of eight varieties from four regions (North Aegean, South Aegean, Mediterranean, and Southeastern) of Turkey were discriminated using fatty acid and sterol composition. Principle component analysis represented a separation of South Aegean olive oils from the rest of the sample groups, that mainly depend on Stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, Δ5,24-Stigmastadienol, Δ7-Avenasterol, C17:0, and C17:1 variables. Except few overlaps, North Aegean samples were also discriminated with Mediterranean and Southeastern samples. The varietal separation was not interpretable by itself but since all samples from South Aegean region were Memecik variety, regional separation has become clearer. Soft independent modeling of class analogy shows good separation between North and South Aegean samples with only a few exceptions. The number of misestimated samples was high at Mediterranean and Southeastern models on Coomans’ plots because of high variance within each group. Partial least squares discrimination analysis was more successful than Soft independent modeling of class analogy. The prediction capabilities of South Aegean and North Aegean models were better than others. Root mean squared error of prediction and goodness of prediction were 0.092 and 0.961 for South Aegean, 0.182, and 0.853 for North Aegean, respectively. Unlikely to soft independent modeling of class analogy, Southeastern and Mediterranean samples were not rejected but remained as “uncertain” on partial least squares discrimination analysis with the help of its algorithm.

Abstract P238: Bile Acid Metabolites Modulate Hypertension

Hypertension is the single prominent risk factor of epidemic proportions leading to cardiovascular disease and stroke, which comprise the top two reasons for mortality of humans in the modern age. Much of the attention for the unknown causes of hypertension was focused on genetics and dietary salt, but in recent years, host-microbiotal interaction is gaining importance. Host-microbiotal partnership is key for the generation of many bioactive molecules including bile acid (BA) metabolites. Primary bile acids are synthesized and conjugated by the host but deconjugated and further modified to secondary BA by gut commensal bacteria. BA metabolites serve as important ligands for host nuclear receptors and/or G-protein-coupled receptors. These receptors have pivotal roles in blood pressure regulation. However, the effect of the host-microorganism biliary network on blood pressure (BP) remains poorly characterized. Here we report that both dietary salt and genetic factors rewire the composition of bile acids and BP. Specific reductions in conjugated bile acids were noted in human hypertensives as well as in rats with hypertension. Conjugation of bile acids by the host alone, devoid of the deconjugation step by microbiota, was sufficient to decrease BP of germ-free rats compared to germ-free conventionalized rats. Nutritional restoration of the conjugation of bile acids with Taurine increased the availability of circulating conjugated bile acids as ligands and ameliorated host susceptibility to hypertension via BA nuclear receptors and G-protein-coupled receptors. Thus, hosts and their bacterial symbionts can control host BP homeostasis via the resulting pool of bile acid metabolites. Sources of funding: National Institutes of Health (R01HL143082).

Fatty acid and chemical composition of the seed and the oil obtained from marolo fruit (Annona crassiflora Mart.)

The addition of values to native fruits through studies that enable the various ways of harnessing them becomes an important strategy in the preservation process. In this sense the objective of this study was the physical and chemical characterization of the seed (peel, seeds, and pulp) as well as its oil derived from marolo fruit (Annona crassiflora Mart.) The analyses proximate composition, pH, titratable acidity, antioxidant activity, vitamin C concentration, total carotenoids, β–carotenes, iodine index, peroxide index, refraction, saponification, saponifiable matter, fatty acid profile, water activity, color, and rheology were studied. The peel of marolo seed was proved to be rich in carbohydrates, antioxidant substances and vitamin C. The seeds, in turn, presented high content of lipid, proteins and vitamin C. The oil extracted from marolo seed presented low refraction index, peroxides index, and unsaponifiable matter, besides a high content of vitamin C and unsaturated fatty acid compared with soybean oil, in addition to the presence of antioxidant compounds. Through the study, the feasibility of using by-products from processing of marolo seeds as a source of oils with high nutritional content was concluded.

Phytochemical Research and Antimicrobial Properties of Lipophylic Extracts of Some Species of Salix L. Genus from Ukraine

Background: Willows are indispensable for the creation of anti-erosion plantations, preliminary soil-improving crops in the reclamation of disturbed lands, as well as for energy plantations designed to produce the biomass suitable for biofuels. In the process of care and thinning of these plantations, there are a huge amount of waste remains - young willow branches and leaves, which would be advisable to use in medical and pharmaceutical practice to create new supplements and medicines. They are known to possess antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiviral properties. Objective: The aim of the current paper is to determine the chemical composition of lipophylic extracts of some species of Salix L. genus and to study their antimicrobial properties. Methods: The lipophylic extracts from Salix cinerea L., S. incana Schrank, S. cаprea L., S. sachalinensis F. Schmidt, S. acutifolia L., S. fragilis L., S. caspica Pall., S. rosmarinifolia L. and S. myrsinifolia Salisb. fresh shoots were obtained using chloroform in the Soxhlet apparatus. The composition of volatile components and carboxylic acids was determined using quantitative content of chlorophylls and carotenoids was measured spectrophotometrically. The antibacterial activity was studied by the agar diffusion method. Results: The methods used allowed identifying 46 volatile compounds in the lipophylic extracts from the shoots of the plants of Salix L. genus, where eugenol and squalene dominated; as well as 42 organic acids, among which benzoic, methoxybenzoic, salicylic acids prevailed, and palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acids were found to prevail among fatty acids. All lipophylic extracts studied showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans. Conclusion: The results obtained indicate the possibility of the creation of a novel antimicrobial agent using the lipophylic extracts from the shoots of Salix L. genus rich in different biologically active substances.

Identification of Fatty Acids and Triacylglycerols in Schisandrae chinensis fructus Oil

Schisandrae chinensis fructus (Wuweizi) contains many triacylglycerols (TAGs). Therefore, it is inevitable that these TAGs will be part of Chinese medical preparations of Schisandrae chinensis fructus. It is important to identify TAGs in Schisandrae chinensis fructus. Fatty acids in Schisandrae chinensis fructus oil were identified by gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GC−MS) after transesterification. TAGs were determined by liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry (LC−MS) and confirmed by high-resolution Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry (FT−ICR−MS). Seven kinds of fatty acids were detected in Schisandrae chinensis fructus oil of which linoleic acid (L) and oleic acid (O) accounted for 93%. Also, 7 TAGs were recognized in the oil. LLL, OLL, OOL and PLL were the main components (P corresponds to palmitic acid). The LLL composed approximately half of the oil of Schisandrae chinensis fructus by mass. The composition of fatty acids and TAGs in Schisandrae chinensis fructus was determined by GC−MS, LC−MS and FT−ICR−MS.

Method validation of 15 phytochemicals in Hypericum lysimachioides var. spathulatum by LC–MS/MS, and fatty acid, essential oil, and aroma profiles with biological activities

The aim of the present study was to develop and validate a LC–MS/MS method for quantification of 15 phytochemicals in Hypericum species. The developed method was fully validated in terms of repeatability (inter-day and intra-day precision), limits of detection and quantification, linearity, recovery and relative standard uncertainty. The developed and validated LC–MS/MS method was applied to determine 15 phytochemicals in the ethanol extracts of H. lysimachioides var. spathulatum aerial parts (HLS-A) and roots (HLS-R). Hyperoside was found to be the major compound in HLS-A and HLS-R ethanol extracts (16,560.3 and 3561.6 µg analyte/g extract, respectively). According to the results of GC–MS analyses, cis-13,16-docosadienoic acid (35.0%), caryophyllene oxide (24.33%) and undecane (28.21%) were determined as the major components in fatty acid, essential oil and aroma compositions of H. lysimachioides var. spathulatum, respectively. HLS-A and HLS-R ethanol extracts showed moderate activity in ABTS cation radical decolorization assay. The major components (hyperoside, astragalin, and quercetin) present in HLS-A and HLS-R ethanol extracts were found to have also the highest antioxidant effect in ABTS cation radical scavenging method. The extracts, main constituents in the extracts and essential oil had no toxic-cytotoxic potential against PDF, MCF-7 and HT-29 cell lines. HLS-A ethanol extract and essential oil exhibited high butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. Quercetin showed the highest inhibitory effect against acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterase, urease and tyrosinase among the tested samples. According to biological activity studies, H. lysimachioides var. spathulatum and their major components might be promoted as promising sources of natural agents and used in the development of nutraceuticals, functional food ingredients and pharmaceutical industry.

Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives isolated from hempseed and their effects on central nervous system enzymes

New neuroprotective treatments of natural origin are being investigated. Both, plant extracts and isolated compounds have shown bioactive effects. Hempseed is known for its composition of fatty acids, proteins, fibre, vitamins, as well as a large number of phytochemical compounds. After a defatting process of the seeds, hydroxycinnamic acids and its amine derivatives are the majoritarian compounds in an ethyl acetate fraction (EAF). In the present study, we investigated in vitro effect on neuronal enzymes: MAO-A, MAO-B, tyrosinase and acetylcholinesterase. Besides, the effect of EAF on striatal biogenic amines in mice was evaluated. Both, EAF and isolated compounds (N-trans-caffeoyltyramine and N-trans-coumaroyltyramine), showed inhibitory action on MAO-A, MAO-B and tyrosinase. Furthermore, an increasing of biogenic amines was observed in the corpus striatum of the mice, after administration of EAF. These findings show that EAF and the hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives may represent a potential treatment in degenerative neuronal diseases.

Recovery of Fatty Acid Composition in Mediterranean Yellowtail (Seriola dumerili, Risso 1810) fed a Fish-Oil Finishing Diet

The present study evaluated the effects of wash-out on the fatty acid (FA) composition in the muscles of Mediterranean yellowtail. After 109 days during which fish were fed either a fish oil (FO)-based diet (FO 100) or a diet (FO 0) in which FO was completely substituted by vegetable oils, all fish were subjected to a wash-out with FO 100 diet for 90 days. The FA profile of muscles in fish fed FO 0 diet at the beginning of the experiment reflected that of dietary vegetable oils, rich in linoleic acid (LA), and α-linolenic acid (ALA), and was deficient in AA (arachidonic acid), EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid). No essential FA were fully restored in fish previously fed FO 0 diet on 45th or 90th day of wash-out. At the end of wash-out, the FA composition showed that AA, EPA, and DHA in the white muscles increased by +33%, +16%, and +43% (p < 0.001), respectively. Similarly, AA and DHA in the red muscles increased by +33% and +41% respectively, while EPA remained similar to fish fed FO 0 diet exclusively. Therefore, a 90-d wash-out can partially improve the FA profile in muscles of Mediterranean yellowtail previously fed vegetable oil-based diets.

Nitrogen Compounds in the Soil of the Continental Margins of the European Russian Arctic

The specific features in the distribution of organic and mineral nitrogen compounds in marsh and tundra soils of the European Russian Arctic (coastal areas of the Barents and White Seas) were analyzed. Total nitrogen was determined by gas chromatography (CHNS-O elemental analyzer), and inorganic nitrogen, by photometry. The composition of hydrolyzable amino acids was analyzed by liquid chromatography on ion exchange resins. Mineral compounds accounted for an insignificant part of the total soil nitrogen; its major part (to 97% of the total content) was represented by organic substances (Nоrg). The Nоrg varied within a wide range in both marsh (0.3–15.8 g/kg) and tundra soils (5–20 g/kg in the peat horizons and 0.3–2 g/kg in the mineral horizons). The content of N- $${\text{NH}}_{4}^{ + }$$ varied from 5 to 20 mg/kg in marsh soils and from 30 to 200 mg/kg in tundra soils. In marsh soils, the content of nitrate nitrogen was 0.2–4.6 mg/kg in the upper horizons. Marsh soils were characterized by the accumulation of Nоrg either on the surface or in the middle part of the profile in the presence of humus-accumulative horizons buried under recent marine sediments. The accumulation of Nоrg and N- $${\text{NH}}_{4}^{ + }$$ was observed above the permafrost in the peat-gley soil and in the permafrost in the oligotrophic peat soil. The content of hydrolyzable amino acids in the soils of different geneses was 0.6–8 g/kg, which corresponded to 30–60% of the soil organic nitrogen and 2–12% of the soil organic carbon. Distribution patterns of the amino acid nitrogen and organic nitrogen in the soil profiles were similar. The qualitative composition of amino compounds was relatively uniform, and the ratios of most of them were close. The shares of arginine, histidine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and isoleucine were less than 4% each; of lysine, valine, proline, serine, and threonine, 5 to 7%; and of alanine and leucine, 10–12%. The share of glycine increased downward the profile from 12 to 20%, and the shares of aspartic and glutamic acids decreased from 11 to 6%. In marsh soils, Nоrg, N- $${\text{NH}}_{4}^{ + }$$ , and nitrogen of most amino acids correlated (r = 0.6–0.9) with the clay content and nonsilicate iron forms. The tightest correlations were observed between the dithionite-soluble iron and the nitrogen of threonine and histidine.

Analysis of beeswax adulteration with paraffin using GC/MS, FTIR-ATR and Raman spectroscopy

It is generally known that beeswax is falsified, and adulterated waxes are increasingly appearing in markets. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy techniques were used to assess changes in the composition of n-alkanes, fatty acids, monoesters, methyl esters, hydroxy esters, and carboxylic acids caused by the adulteration of beeswax by paraffin addition. Both the calibration (pure beeswax and paraffin) and commercial samples of wax were used to compare the efficiency of these methods. For this purpose, the ratio of palmitic acid methyl ester to octacosane was used in GC/MS. Using spectroscopic methods, the relative content of carbonyl groups was chosen as the assessment criterion, and quantitative calibration was based on the ratio of the stretching vibration of the C = O bonds and the deformation vibration of the aliphatic C–H bonds. It was found that even a small addition of paraffin to beeswax caused more than a 50% reduction in the ratio, and 10% paraffin resulted in a 17-fold reduction in the ratio with respect to the pure beeswax sample. Given that beeswax processing includes multiple heating and cooling, the influence of temperature and time on the chemical composition of the waxes was also investigated. There was a trend towards a simultaneous decrease in carboxylic acid groups and an increase in hydroxy esters and palmitic acid methyl ester with increasing heating time. However, the changes were small, so the heating process does not affect significantly the quality of beeswax.

Fortification of tomato with Ca and its effects on the fruit quality, calcium status and nutraceutical values of tomato in different NO3:NH4 ratios

ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the interaction between nitrogen source and calcium on tomato. A soilless culture experiment was accordingly carried out using four different ratios of NO3:NH4 (N1 = 1:0, N2 = 3:1, N3 = 1:1, N4 = 1:3) and three concentrations of Ca (2, 4, and 8 mmol/l) to grow the tomato fruits. The results showed that the Ca application increased the Ca levels in the fruits, yield, total amino acid, and auxin hormone of the fruits; however, Ca application decreased Pectin Methyl Esteras activity and the ABA hormone. The highest levels of nitrate and ammonium content were observed in the fruits exposed to N1 and N2 treatments, respectively. At the highest level of calcium, the fruits were more spherical, and the quality and yield of the tomato fruits were improved. The nutraceutical values of the tomato fruits, including amino acid content and composition, and the Ca level were increased, while nitrate accumulation was decreased in 8 mmol L−1 Ca and NO3: NH4 (100/0).

Influence of Transport Stress on the Adaptation Potential of Chickens

Influence of Transport Stress on the Adaptation Potential of Chickens

THE APPLICATION OF NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC ANTIOXIDANTS TO INCREASE THE OXIDATION RESISTANCE OF LINSeED OIL

The effectiveness of several synthetic and natural antioxidants (AO) in inhibiting the oxidation of linseed oil has been studied. Under the conditions of accelerated oxidation at 100 °С, the values of the induction period of oxidation and stabilization factors of linseed oil in the presence of additives of known phenolic AOs, tocopherols, fat-soluble ascorbic acid esters and compositions based on them were determined. The data obtained indicate that ascorbic acid esters effectively inhibit the oxidation of linseed oil. The stabilizing effect of ascorbyl palmitate (AP) increases with an elevation in the content of α-linolenic acid in the oil and a decrease in the oxidative stability of the oil. One AP provided better stabilization efficiency than some known compositions based on it. Kinetic data on the accumulation of oxidation products in linseed oil with AP additives during the storage at room temperature and with free access of the air were obtained, demonstrating high inhibiting activity of AP under these conditions, which provides a possibility to increase the shelf life of the stabilized oil up to 18 months or more.

STUDY OF URINARY SYSTEM CALCULI IN SUDANESE USING COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY 2018-2019

Objective: The aim of study was to study the chemical composition of renal stone in Sudanese population using computed tomography scan.&#x0D; Method: This is analytic study conducted in Khartoum state hospitals in the period from November 2018 to October 2019.The problem of the study was no similar study done in Sudanese populations. The study was done in 100 patients. The data was collected from computed tomography scan to the kidneys, ureters and urinary bladder. Classified and analyzed by statistical package for the social sciences application (SPSS).&#x0D; Results: The study found that most chemical composition of renal stone among Sudanese population was uric acid (0%), Cystine (26%) then Struvite (14%) and calcium (60%). The most effective age group with renal stone was (61-70) years old (36.7%) and same age group have a Struvite stone (28.3%). Furthermore, the most common age group with a cyctine renal stone were the cystine affect in the age between 50 years to 60 years old.&#x0D; The uric acid, Cystine, and calcium stone composition may be reliably predicted in vivo on the basis of dual-energy Computed tomography findings. In the future, a single dual-energy computed tomography examination may contribute to not only the identification but also the chemical characterization of stones in the urinary tract and it may add to the information available from non-enhanced conventional CT performed for evaluation of nephrolithiasis.

Changes of composition and content of oxidized fatty acids in different plant oils under heat treatment based on liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

Changes of composition and content of oxidized fatty acids in different plant oils under heat treatment based on liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

Studying dispersed and rheological properties of hydrocarbon-containing acid emulsions and their efficiency in removing asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits

Currently, the treatment of the bottomhole formation zone with acidic compositions is one of the most common methods to intensify the oil inflow. The use of various modified acid compositions increases the efficiency of acid treatments on the bottomhole formation zone. Acid compositions, including those containing hydrocarbon solvents, which contribute to more efficient removal of organic colmatants, affect the reaction rate of the reagent with the rock and processing equipment, change the reservoir properties, etc.The article presents the results of experimental studies, which are aimed at establishing the effect of the composition of hydrocarbon-containing acidic emulsions consisting of an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid, toluene and Neonol AF 9-10 on their dispersed and rheological properties, as well as their efficiency in removing paraffin deposits.

Effect of fluridone on the composition of fatty acids and other properties of tomato fruits

Effect of fluridone on the composition of fatty acids and other properties of tomato fruits

Determination and Comparison of the Lipid Profile and Sodium Content of Gluten-Free and Gluten-Containing Breads from the Spanish Market

The objective is to verify if gluten-free (GF) and gluten-containing (G) breads differ in their sodium content and lipid profile. Samples of GF (n = 20) and G (n = 14) sliced white sandwich bread of commercial brands most frequently consumed in Spain were collected. The fatty acid (FA) composition and the contents of sodium, fat, cholesterol and phytosterols were determined. Sodium, fat and cholesterol contents were significantly higher in GF bread. The FA composition also differed, while G breads declared in most instances the use of sunflower oil as fat ingredient and presented a higher polyunsaturated FA percentage; GF breads declared a wide variety of fats and oils as ingredients (coconut, palm, olive, sunflower, etc.) which was reflected in their FA profile. Cholesterol content was higher in GF bread because five samples declared the use of whole egg, while G samples did not include any egg product in their formulas. Phytosterol content was higher in G bread but its variability was greater in GF bread. In conclusion, nutritional quality of GF bread varied depending on the ingredients used and might be lower than that of G bread. However, these differences in composition could be reduced or eliminated through changes in the formulation of GF bread. Moreover, the comparison of the results obtained in our laboratory for fat and salt content with the declared contents on the labels showed a much higher deviation for GF samples and it can be concluded that the quality of the nutritional information declared was lower in GF samples.

Amino Acid Profile and Content in Crude Herbal Drugs (Fruits) of Rosaceae Species

Objective: Free and combined amino acids are important constituents of medicinal plants. The objective of the study was to investigate the influence of the conservation method on amino acid composition and content of free and combined amino acids in Rosaceae fruits. Materials and methods: Fresh, dried, and frozen fruits of rowan tree (Sorbus aucuparia L.), Siberian hawthorn (Crataegus sanguinea Pall.), and cinnamon rose (Rosa cinnamomea L.) were stored during fruit-bearing season in Botanical garden of Sechenov University. Amino acids were analysed by RP-HPLC-UV after pre-column derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde and 3-mercaptopropionic acid (OPA) (derivatization of primary amines), or with fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (FMOC) (secondary amines). Results: the composition and the content of free and combined amino acids of Rosaceae fruits conserved by a few methods were studied. The effect of drying and freezing on the composition and content of amino acids in the rowan tree, Siberian hawthorn and cinnamon rose fruits was researched to determine the most appropriate way to preserve them. Conclusions: Drying can be recommended as the most appropriate conservation method to preserve amino acids content and composition in the rowan tree, Siberian hawthorn and cinnamon rose fruits.

Effect of process parameters on the functional and physicochemical properties of extrudates enriched with starch-based nut flour

Widening the range of products produced on the basis of agricultural raw materials and improving the quality of these products and increasing their nutritional value ”‹”‹represent urgent challenges. Therefore, the production of new mass consumption products with high nutritional and biological value brings to the fore the use of local nut flour as an enriching supplement in innovative technological processes. The high nutritional value of nuts (nuts, walnuts, and peanuts) is due to their chemical composition, including lipids, a large amount of soluble proteins that are well absorbed by the human body, sufficiently large quantities of vitamin B1 and a small amount of vitamins PP and E. It is known that in peanut grains, lipids have a balanced composition of fats and acids, as well as sufficiently large amounts of essential amino acids, which makes their protein composition closer to that of animal proteins. This study considers the influence of thermoplastic extrusion parameters on the functional and physicochemical properties of extrudates in their formation process. The technological and design parameters of the process and their variation ranges are based on studies conducted on model systems. The ratio of the extrusion mixture components (formulation) is also developed. Based on the methodology for multifactorial experimental design, the variation of the volume weights, expansion rates, and mechanical specific energy expenditure of porous extrudates enriched with starch-based nut flour is studied. It has been established that the best quality indicators of the products are achieved with the minimum volume weight and the maximum expansion rate.