Acid Composition Of Intramuscular Fat Research Articles

Changes in the Lipid Metabolism of the Longissimus thoracis Muscle in Bulls When Using Different Feeding Strategies during the Growing and Finishing Phases.

The objective was to evaluate the supplementation strategy's effect on beef cattle during the growing phase and two systems during the finishing phase. One hundred and twenty young bulls were randomly divided in a 2 × 2 factorial design to receive either mineral (ad libitum) or protein + energy (3 g/kg body weight (BW)/day) during the growing phase and pasture plus concentrate supplementation (20 g/kg BW/day) or feedlot (25:75% corn silage:concentrate) during the finishing phase. Feedlot-fed bulls had meat (Longissimus thoracis-LT) with a higher content of lipids and saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and a greater upregulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c than animals that fed on pasture (p < 0.05). On the other hand, pasture-fed bulls had meat with a higher content of α-linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and n6 and a greater n6:n3 ratio compared to the feedlot-fed group (p < 0.05). In addition, meat from pasture-fed bulls during the finishing phase had 17.6% more isocitrate dehydrogenase enzyme concentration than the feedlot group (p = 0.02). Mineral-fed and pasture-finished bulls showed down-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (p < 0.05), while the bulls fed protein + energy and finished in the feedlot had higher carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 expression (p ≤ 0.013). In conclusion, mineral or protein + energy supplementation in the growing does not affect the fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat of LT muscle. In the finishing phase, feeding bulls in the feedlot upregulates the lipogenic genes and consequently improves the intramuscular fat content in the meat.

Animal performance and meat quality of two slow-growing chicken genotypes fed insects reared on municipal organic waste

Abstract To keep up with increasing demand for animal protein, alternative protein sources will need to be included in current animal production systems. The efficient growth of Hermetia illucens larvae combined with municipal waste as a substrate has the potential to increase the sustainability of protein feed production. Therefore, this study partially substituted soymeal with H. illucens larval meal (reared on municipal waste) in broiler diets to determine the effect on slow-growing broiler (ISA-JA-757 and Les Bleues) production. Growth and slaughter performance, as well as animal welfare and meat quality parameters were evaluated. No influence of H. illucens larvae meal in the diet was found for weight gain, feed efficiency and slaughter performance. Animal welfare was also not influenced by diet. Fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat was influenced by the inclusion of H. illucens in the broiler diets; however not uniformly across meat cut. Differences between animal genotype and animal sex often influenced parameters under investigation more than diet itself. Overall, H. illucens can be regarded as a suitable protein source in slow-growing broiler diets.

Function Identification of Bovine ACSF3 Gene and Its Association With Lipid Metabolism Traits in Beef Cattle.

Acyl-CoA synthetase family member 3 (ACSF3) carries out the first step of mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis II, which is the linkage of malonate and, to a lesser extent, methylmalonate onto CoA. Malonyl-coenzyme A (malonyl-CoA) is a central metabolite in mammalian fatty acid biochemistry that is generated and utilized in the cytoplasm. In this research, we verified the relationship between expression of the ACSF3 and the production of triglycerides (TGs) at the cellular level by silencing and over-expressing ACSF3. Subsequently, through Sanger sequencing, five polymorphisms were found in the functional domain of the bovine ACSF3, and the relationship between ACSF3 polymorphism and the economic traits and fatty acid composition of Chinese Simmental cattle was analyzed by a means of variance analysis and multiple comparison. The results illustrated that the expression of ACSF3 promoted triglyceride synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells and bovine fetal fibroblast cells. Further association analysis also indicated that individuals with the AG genotype (g.14211090 G > A) of ACSF3 were significantly associated with the fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat (higher content of linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid), and that CTCAG haplotype individuals were significantly related to the fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat (higher linoleic acid content). Individuals with the AA genotypes of g.14211055 A > G and g.14211090 G > A were substantially associated with a larger eye muscle area in the Chinese Simmental cattle population. ACSF3 played a pivotal role in the regulation of cellular triacylglycerol and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid levels, and polymorphism could serve as a useful molecular marker for future marker-assisted selection in the breeding of intramuscular fat deposition traits in beef cattle.

Chemometric Analysis of Fatty Acid Composition of Raw Chicken, Beef, and Pork Meat with Plant Extract Addition during Refrigerated Storage.

During the shelf-life, meat undergoes a number of processes that negatively affect the quality of the product, including fatty acid composition. The application of various plant extracts in meat could affect the changes of fatty acids during storage. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of various spice and herb extracts on fatty acid composition in raw pork, beef, and chicken meat when stored at 4 °C for 13 days. Based on multivariate statistical analysis, two datasets were extracted from each type of meat. One dataset included samples with allspice, bay leaf, black seed, cardamom, caraway, clove, and nutmeg with the high share of total MUFA (monounsaturated fatty acids) in chicken and pork meat and high MUFA and PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids) contribution in beef meat after storage. The second dataset included basil, garlic, onion, oregano, rosemary, and thyme with high PUFA share in chicken and pork meat and high SFA (saturated fatty acids) contribution in beef meat. From the regression analysis, a significant effect of time on fatty acid composition in meat was reported. Generally, the rates of fatty acid changes were dependent on the plant extract incorporated into the meat. The most visible effect of plant extracts was obtained in chicken meat. In chicken meat with plant extracts, the rates of SFA and PUFA changes with time were slower compared to the control sample. In summary, the fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat varied during storage, and the addition of plant extracts significantly affected the rate of these changes, which was dependent on the meat matrix.

Dissecting the Gene Expression Networks Associated with Variations in the Major Components of the Fatty Acid Semimembranosus Muscle Profile in Large White Heavy Pigs.

Simple SummaryThe amount and fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat are important features for the qualitative characteristics of processed and fresh meat products, but the knowledge of the key molecular drivers controlling these traits is still scant. To this aim, the present study investigated the co-expression networks of genes related to variations in the major fatty acids deposited in pig Semimembranosus muscle. Palmitic and palmitoleic acid contents were associated with a downregulation of genes involved in autophagy, mitochondrial fusion, and mitochondrial activity, suggesting that the deposition of these fatty acids may be enhanced in muscles with a reduced mitochondrial function. A higher proportion of oleic acid and a reduction in the percentages of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were related to changes in the mRNA levels of genes involved in Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling. The obtained results indicated gene expression networks and new candidate genes associated with the studied traits. Further studies are needed to confirm our results and identify in the discussed genes molecular markers for future selection schemes aimed at improving pork nutritional and technological quality. Furthermore, as pigs are considered reliable animal models for several human conditions, the obtained results may also be of interest for improving the knowledge of the molecular pathways associated with obesity and diabetes.To date, high-throughput technology such as RNA-sequencing has been successfully applied in livestock sciences to investigate molecular networks involved in complex traits, such as meat quality. Pork quality depends on several organoleptic, technological, and nutritional characteristics, and it is also influenced by the fatty acid (FA) composition of intramuscular fat (IMF). To explore the molecular networks associated with different IMF FA compositions, the Semimembranosus muscle (SM) from two groups of Italian Large White (ILW) heavy pigs divergent for SM IMF content was investigated using transcriptome analysis. After alignment and normalization, the obtained gene counts were used to perform the Weighted Correlation Network Analysis (WGCNA package in R environment). Palmitic and palmitoleic contents showed association with the same gene modules, comprising genes significantly enriched in autophagy, mitochondrial fusion, and mitochondrial activity. Among the key genes related to these FAs, we found TEAD4, a gene regulating mitochondrial activity that seems to be a promising candidate for further studies. On the other hand, the genes comprised in the modules associated with the IMF contents of oleic, n-6, and n-3 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) were significantly enriched in Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling, in agreement with previous studies suggesting that several MAPK players may have a primary role in regulating lipid deposition. These results give an insight into the molecular cascade associated with different IMF FA composition in ILW heavy pigs. Further studies are needed to validate the results and confirm whether some of the identified key genes may be effective candidates for pork quality.

Effects of grass- and concentrate-based finishing systems on the quality of meat from the

Context Recent heightened interest of consumers in the origins of their food, together with broader general awareness of environmental matters, has led to an increase in the demand for meat obtained from grazing systems. The importance of local breeds adapted to medium- and low-input production is fully recognised as a means of guaranteeing the sustainability of these farming methods. A finishing system based on pastures and the use of local breeds could both meet the demands of consumers and increase economic returns for Sardinian farmers. Aims The work evaluated the effects of different finishing treatments (pasture PAS-0C vs hay–concentrate-based diets HAY-C) on the quality of meat from young Sarda bulls and the usefulness of meat chemicals as markers to discriminate between finishing systems. Methods Twenty-eight young Sarda bulls were assigned randomly to the following two treatments: finished on natural pasture (PAS-0C group, n = 7), and fed on natural pasture hay ad libitum and concentrate (HAY-C group, n = 21). The latter group comprised three levels characterised by an increasing daily dose of concentrates, as follows: 2.5 kg/animal (HAY-2.5C), 3.3 kg/animal (HAY-3.3C), and ad libitum (HAY-ALC). After slaughter at a fixed age (416 ± 25 days), carcass yield, pH of the Longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle, colour parameters, cooking loss, proximate analysis, α-tocopherol and cholesterol concentration, and fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat of LT were all determined. The discriminating power of the meat chemicals between the two main finishing systems (PAS-0C vs HAY-C) and among the three groups receiving concentrates and hay (HAY-2.5C, HAY-3.3C and HAY-ALC) was assessed using linear discriminant analysis. Key results Pasture-based treatment decreased the intramuscular fat and increased the α-tocopherol concentration of meat and the proportion of some desirable fatty acids (α-linolenic acid and its derivatives eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid), and improved the value of the ratio of n-6:n-3, without affecting the ultimate pH, colour parameters, and cooking loss. The discriminant procedure was able to discriminate accurately between the two main finishing systems and among the three groups receiving concentrate and hay (P &lt; 0.0001 and P &lt; 0.005 of the Hotelling’s T-squared test respectively). The concentration of α-tocopherol was key to the discrimination of the two main finishing systems, whereas the content of C17:0 and C18:0i were particularly effective in discriminating among the three groups fed with hay concentrate. Conclusions Grazing improves some of the meat traits of young Sarda bulls compared with the effects of a hay-concentrate-based finishing diet. The concentration of α-tocopherol in meat is an effective marker for discriminating the effects of pasture from those of a concentrate-based finishing diet Implications The results highlight the role of pasture-based diet in finishing young Sarda bulls, and could provide a wealth of knowledge for Sardinian beef farmers for delivering meat produce that stands out in the market and meets the demand of consumers more concerned about food origin and its healthiness.

Stability of fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat from pasture- and grain-fed young bulls during the first 7 d postmortem.

In order to study the effect of different amounts of concentrate feed and the effectiveness of natural antioxidants on the fatty acid stability of intramuscular fat during the first days postmortem, 75 young bulls of the Retinta breed were divided in three groups: 30 were grazed, 30 were fed on medium concentrate diets, and 15 were fed on high-concentrate diets. Young bulls were slaughtered at commercial weight, around a 500 kg final body weight. Samples from Longissimus lumborum muscle were assigned to two ageing periods (0 and 7 d) and were vacuum packaged in vacuum bags ( permeability: 9.3 / per 24 at 0 ) using an EGARVAC sealer. Beef from grass-fed bulls showed a higher polyunsaturated fatty acid content than concentrate-fed bulls. During the first 7 d postmortem, no changes in the fatty acids profile were observed, because -tocopherol content was optimal to prevent lipid oxidation. The higher level of natural antioxidants in grass than in grain resulted in the stability of the fatty acid profile. This study shows that the anti-oxidative potential of natural antioxidants in meat plays an important role during the first 7 d postmortem.

Effects of soybean meal versus processed whole soybean diets on the performance of young bulls and the fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat

Context It is hypothesised that the use of processed soybean for feedlot beef cattle improves feed efficiency and produces beef with a better fatty acid profile for human health. Aims This study aimed to evaluate average daily gain, feed efficiency, carcass traits, chemical composition, fatty acid profile and colour in the beef of young bulls fed diets with ground or extruded soybean. Methods A total of 60 young Zebu bulls (Nellore or Nellore crossed with other Zebu breeds) with an average initial liveweight of 320 ± 8.12 kg and an average initial age of 20 ± 2 months were randomly assigned to receive one of the following diets for 84 days: dehulled and defatted soybean meal (3.22% of ether extract), ground soybean (6.51% of ether extract) or extruded soybean (6.37% of ether extract). The fatty acid profiles of these animals were analysed using high-resolution gas chromatography. The CIE L*a*b* colour space model was used to numerically describe the colour during the aging period (0, 7, 14 and 21 days). Key results Diet had no effect on the average daily gain, feed efficiency or carcass traits of the animals (P &amp;gt; 0.05). Protein, ether extract and ash composition of the Longissimus lumborum (LL) muscle were not affected (P &amp;gt; 0.30) by the use of processed soybean grains. The ground soybean diet decreased oleic acid and C18:2 c9, t11 concentrations, but increased C18:2 t10, c12 and trans-octadecenoic acid isomer concentrations in the LL muscle compared with those in the dehulled and defatted soybean meal and extruded soybean diets (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Muscle from bulls fed processed soybean exhibited greater concentrations of stearic acid and saturated fatty acids, and a lower concentration of unsaturated fatty acids, as well as a decreased unsaturated fatty acids:saturated fatty acids ratio (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Processed soybean grains did not affect (P &amp;gt; 0.05) the LL muscle pH or colour. Conclusions The use of ground or extruded soybean did not affect the performance, carcass traits, LL protein, ether extract or ash composition, and had no impact on beef colour compared with the diet containing soybean meal. Processed whole soybeans in the diet did not increase unsaturated fatty acids or conjugated linoleic acid in beef compared with a diet without soybean meal. Implications Up to 20% of ground or extruded soybean in feedlot beef cattle can be used as a replacement for soybean meal and corn.

Slaughter performance and carcass and meat quality of Bergamasca light lambs according to slaughter age

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of slaughter age (40 vs. 60 days) on slaughter performance, carcass and meat quality, and fatty acid composition of intramuscular and subcutaneous fat of Bergamasca lambs reared according to the traditional transhumant system in central Italy. Lambs slaughtered at 60 days of age had higher carcass weight (12.44 vs. 10.36 kg), lower dressing percentage (47.68% vs. 52.16%), and higher proportion of non-carcass components and leg commercial cut (37.82% vs. 35.49%). Furthermore, after 3 and 6 days of storage, the meat of older lambs showed lower drip loss (3.69% vs. 6.16%; 5.73% vs. 9.36%, respectively). Slaughter age did not influence meat pH, cooking loss, or chemical composition while older lambs had meat with higher a* (19.43 vs. 18.91). The fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat was not affected by slaughter age, except for C:13 and C:14 fatty acids, which were higher in older lambs. Subcutaneous fat of lambs slaughtered at 40 days of age showed a better fatty acid profile, as lower saturated fatty acids (52.46% vs. 55.68%) and higher mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids (34.06% vs. 30.16%, 6.46% vs. 5.79%, respectively), and n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, subcutaneous fat of lambs slaughtered at 40 days of age had better polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio (0.12 vs. 0.11) and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio (1.42 vs. 1.03), and lower atherogenic index (1.32 vs. 1.82) and thrombogenic index (1.98 vs. 2.35). For light lamb production using the traditional rearing systems, slightly heavier lambs can be produced without worsening chemical composition and cooking loss and fatty acid composition of the longissimus lomborum muscle. However, lambs slaughtered at 60 days of age had lower dressing percentages and higher SFA amount of the subcutaneous fat than lambs slaughtered at 40 days.

Fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat and odour-active compounds of lamb commercialized in northern Spain

Muscle fatty acid composition and odour-active compounds released during cooking were characterized in lamb chops (Longissimus thoracis et lumborum, n = 48) collected at retail level in northern Spain. Lamb samples were classified in two groups according to their 10 t/11 t-18:1 ratio: ≤1 (10 t-non-shifted, n = 21) and >1 (10 t-shifted, n = 27). Higher n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, vaccenic (11 t-18:1) and rumenic acid (9c,11 t-18:2), and iso-branched chain fatty acid contents were found in non-shifted lamb samples while n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, internal methyl-branched chain fatty acid, and 10 t-18:1 contents were greater in shifted samples. Regardless the fatty acid profile differences between lamb sample groups, odour-active compound profile was very similar and mostly affected by the cooking conditions. Overall, the main odour-active compounds of cooked lamb were described as “green”, “meaty”, “roasted”, and “fatty” being methyl pyrazine, methional, dimethyl pyrazine, and dimethyl trisulphide the main odour-active compounds. Aldehydes and alcohols were the most abundant volatiles in all samples, and they were mostly originated from the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids during cooking.

Estimation of genetic parameters that affect the fatty acid composition in intramuscular fat of Japanese Black cattle in Kagoshima

Estimation of genetic parameters that affect the fatty acid composition in intramuscular fat of Japanese Black cattle in Kagoshima

Effects of dietary lysine level on the content and fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat in late-stage finishing pigs

This study was conducted to investigate how dietary lysine level affects the intramuscular fat (IMF) content and fatty acid (FA) composition in late-stage finishing pigs. Nine crossbred barrows [94.4 ± 6.7 kg body weight (BW)] were randomly allotted to three treatment groups (n = 3). Three corn- and soybean-meal-based diets were formulated to meet the National Research Council (2012) requirements for various nutrients except for lysine, whose concentrations were 0.43%, 0.71%, and 0.98% (as-fed basis) for Diets 1 (lysine-deficient), 2 (lysine-adequate), and 3 (lysine-excess), respectively. After 5 wk of ad libitum access to diets, pigs were harvested and longissimus dorsi samples were collected. The IMF content and FA composition of the samples were analyzed by gas chromatography. Results showed that the IMF content of the muscle was increased linearly (P &lt; 0.05) with decreasing dietary lysine level from 0.98% to 0.43%. Dietary lysine level altered the composition of FA, especially the unsaturated FA, in the muscle. Particularly, the percentages of C18:1 n-9 and total monounsaturated FA were higher, whereas the percentages of C18:2 n-6 and total polyunsaturated FA were lower, in the muscle of the pigs fed Diet 1. Collectively, dietary lysine deficiency increased the proportion of monounsaturated FA and decreased the proportion of polyunsaturated FA, which may benefit pork palatability.

NMR-based metabolomics for simultaneously evaluating multiple determinants of primary beef quality in Japanese Black cattle

Analytical methodologies to comprehensively evaluate beef quality are increasingly needed to accelerate improvement in both breeding and post-mortem processing. Consumer palatability towards beef is generally attributed to tenderness, flavor, and/or juiciness. These primary qualities are modified by post-mortem aging and the crude content and fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat. In this study, we report a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolic profiles of Japanese Black cattle to evaluate the compositional attributes of intramuscular fat and the long-term post-mortem aging. The unsaturation degree of triacylglycerol was estimated by the 1H NMR spectra and was correlated with the content ratio of unsaturated fatty acids (R2 = 0.944) and the melting point of intramuscular fat (R2 = 0.871). NMR-detected profiles of water-soluble metabolites revealed overall metabolic change (R2 = 0.951) and several metabolites (R2 > 0.818) linearly correlated with long-term aging duration, which can be used to evaluate the aging rate and aging duration of beef. This approach also provided the pH profile during aging, which is related to the water-holding capacity of beef. Thus, NMR-based metabolomics has the potential to evaluate multiple parameters related to the beef qualities of Japanese Black cattle.

Bovine lipid metabolism related gene GPAM: Molecular characterization, function identification, and association analysis with fat deposition traits

Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase mitochondrial (GPAM) is the enzyme that catalyzes the initial and committed step of glycerolipid synthesis in animal lipometabolism related pathway. In the present study, the correlation of GPAM expression level with adipogenesis was examined in vitro by RNAi and gene expression to silencing and over-expression of GPAM gene in BEF cells. And then, 2 novel polymorphisms were identified within key functional domain of bovine GPAM gene by sequencing and the relationship between variants of GPAM gene with fat deposition traits of Chinese Simmental-cross steers was analyzed using statistical methods. The result showed that the knockdown of GPAM expression significantly reduced the synthesis of triglycerides and expression of lipid metabolism-related gene in BEF cells (p<0.05), and the over-expression of GPAM could significantly increased the levels of triglyceride and expression of lipid metabolism-related gene (p<0.05). The results of the correlation analysis also showed that cattle with TC genotype of GPAM E20-2823C>T was significantly associated with fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat (had higher content of arachidic acid, eicosenoic acid, and arachidonic acid), individuals with A-allele homozygotes and AG-allele heterozygotes of E20-3386G>A both had higher content of myristic acid, α-linolenic acid, and linoleic acid in intramuscular fat than those with G-allele homozygotes (p<0.05). The individuals with AA genotype of E20-3386G>A was significantly associated with higher marbling score, and the individuals with CC homozygotes of E20-2823C>T had higher GFW and omasum fat weight in beef cattle population. GPAM play a pivotal role in the regulation of cellular triacylglycerol and phospholipid levels, and its mutations could serve as a useful molecular marker used for marker assisted selection in beef cattle breeding process.

MEAT PRODUCTIVITY THE QUALITY OF RAW MEAT OF ANIMALS OF KALMYK BREED NEW FACTORY LINES

The results of research are presented for new stud lines of Kalmyk cattle: Pirat 6626, Pokhvalny 8643, and Ozhog 6136. To assess meat productivity, carcass morphological composition, physical and chemical properties, amino acid and fatty acid compositions of muscle tissue, control slaughter of young bulls (15 months old) of different breed lines was carried out. The slaughter showed a higher weight of fresh carcass in bulls of Pirat 6626 line, which was 215.9 kg. Weight of Pokhvalny 8643 and Ozhog 6136 lines was lower, 212.5 kg in average. Bulls of new lines insignificantly differed by the dressed weight and slaughter yield amounted to 221.4 to 223.9 kg (56.0% to 56.4%), respectively. At slaughter, carcasses of all experimental animals were characterized by a good yield of deboned meat (82.3 to 82.6%) with a relatively small bone content (17.4 to 17.7%). Compared to bulls of Pokhvalny 8643 and Ozhog 6136 lines, Pirat 6626 line had water binding capacity higher by 1.96 and 1.09%, and juice loss during cooking was lower by 0.76 and 0.90%. Chemical composition analysis of deboned meat showed a higher protein content in meat from Pokhvalny 8643 bulls (23.41%) than from Pirat 6626 (20.95%) and Ozhog 6136 (21.75%) lines. Fat content in the meat of Pirat 6626 and Ozhog 6136 bulls was higher than in Pokhvalny 8643 bulls and amounted to 2.84 and 2.99%. In proteins of animals from all three lines, the content of essential amino acids exceeds the levels recommended by FAO/WHO for humans; there are no limiting amino acids. The maximum lysine amino acid score was observed in proteins of Pirat 6626 animals, which was higher by 3.6% than in Pokhvalny 8643 line and by 7.9% than in Ozhog 6136 line; leucine and isoleucine were higher in proteins of Pirat 6626 and Ozhog 6136 lines. Valine amino acid score was higher in muscle proteins of Pirat 6626 bulls (120.0%), than in the proteins of Pokhvalny 8643 (110.0%) and Ozhog 6136 (114.0%) lines. In Pokhvalny 8643 bulls, methionine amino acid score had the smallest difference with the reference protein. The minimal difference in phenylalanine amino acid score with the reference protein was also observed in Pokhvalny 8643 bulls and amounted to 5.0%. According to the results of protein biological value calculation, Pokhvalny 8643 line has more balanced ratio of essential amino acids of 89.7%, while Pirat 6626 and Ozhog 6136 lines show ratios of 81.6% and 81.7%, respectively. Differences in fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat from bulls of all three lines are insignificant, but Pokhvalny 8643 line shows some superiority in the content of polyunsaturated acids by 0.48 to 0.33%. Sensory assessment of boiled beef and meat broth quality from new lines of Kalmyk young cattle was «good» and «very good».

Gene expression profile of intramuscular muscle in Nellore cattle with extreme values of fatty acid.

BackgroundFatty acid type in beef can be detrimental to human health and has received considerable attention in recent years. The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes in longissimus thoracis muscle of 48 Nellore young bulls with extreme phenotypes for fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat by RNA-seq technique.ResultsDifferential expression analyses between animals with extreme phenotype for fatty acid composition showed a total of 13 differentially expressed genes for myristic (C14:0), 35 for palmitic (C16:0), 187 for stearic (C18:0), 371 for oleic (C18:1, cis-9), 24 for conjugated linoleic (C18:2 cis-9, trans11, CLA), 89 for linoleic (C18:2 cis-9,12 n6), and 110 genes for α-linolenic (C18:3 n3) fatty acids. For the respective sums of the individual fatty acids, 51 differentially expressed genes for saturated fatty acids (SFA), 336 for monounsaturated (MUFA), 131 for polyunsaturated (PUFA), 92 for PUFA/SFA ratio, 55 for ω3, 627 for ω6, and 22 for ω6/ω3 ratio were identified. Functional annotation analyses identified several genes associated with fatty acid metabolism, such as those involved in intra and extra-cellular transport of fatty acid synthesis precursors in intramuscular fat of longissimus thoracis muscle. Some of them must be highlighted, such as: ACSM3 and ACSS1 genes, which work as a precursor in fatty acid synthesis; DGAT2 gene that acts in the deposition of saturated fat in the adipose tissue; GPP and LPL genes that support the synthesis of insulin, stimulating both the glucose synthesis and the amino acids entry into the cells; and the BDH1 gene, which is responsible for the synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies used in the synthesis of ATP.ConclusionSeveral genes related to lipid metabolism and fatty acid composition were identified. These findings must contribute to the elucidation of the genetic basis to improve Nellore meat quality traits, with emphasis on human health. Additionally, it can also contribute to improve the knowledge of fatty acid biosynthesis and the selection of animals with better nutritional quality.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3232-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Ácidos graxos e colesterol da carne de cordeiros confinados recebendo dietas contendo fontes lipídicas e submetidos à restrição e realimentação

&lt;p&gt;Foram avaliados os efeitos da inclusão de grãos de girassol ou gordura protegida na dieta e da restrição e realimentação sobre a área de olho de lombo, espessura de gordura subcutânea, a composição centesimal, o teor de colesterol e a composição em ácidos graxos da gordura intramuscular do Longissimus lumborum de cordeiros, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial (3 dietas x 2 manejos de alimentação). O colesterol da gordura intramuscular de cordeiros alimentados com a dieta contendo gordura protegida (28,5mg 100 g&lt;sup&gt;-1)&lt;/sup&gt; foi menor (P&lt;0,05) que o do controle (36,8mg 100g&lt;sup&gt;-1)&lt;/sup&gt; e grãos de girassol (38,1mg 100g&lt;sup&gt;-1)&lt;/sup&gt;. O manejo de restrição alimentar e realimentação não modificaram (P&gt;0,05) o perfil dos ácidos graxos, porém foi detectado que a dieta contendo grãos de girassol elevou (P&lt;0,05) a razão polinsaturado/saturado, provavelmente pela superioridade (P&lt;0,05) de 20% na proporção de polinsaturados, reflexo direto do aumento na concentração do ácido linoleico. A inclusão de fontes lipídicas na dieta de ovinos é ferramenta que contribui para melhorar a qualidade da gordura intramuscular de cordeiros confinados, considerando que a gordura protegida reduz o teor de colesterol e que os grãos de girassol aumentam a concentração de ácidos graxos polinsaturados. O manejo de alimentação com período de restrição e realimentação não altera a composição centesimal e a qualidade da gordura intramuscular.&lt;/p&gt;

Effect of different roe deer muscles on fatty acid composition in intramuscular fat

Abstract The aim of the work was to study the effect of different muscles on the fatty acid composition in the intramuscular fat of roe deer hunted in Lithuania. The samples were excised from the five muscles of different carcass sites: m. longissimus dorsi (LD), m. deltoideus (shoulder), m. tensor fascia e latae (hind quarter), m. cleidocipitalis (neck) and m. intercostales interni (brisket) of hunted animals. The data were subjected to the analysis of variance in general linear (GLM Multivariate) procedure in SPSS 17. The muscle location of roe deer males appeared to affect the fatty acid composition in the intramuscular fat. The total proportions of saturated (SFA ), monounsaturated (MUFA ) and polyunsaturated (PUFA), including individual SFA, MUFA and PUFA acids were affected by the muscle. The highest levels of SFA and MUFA and the lowest levels of PUFA were found in the intramuscular fat of neck and brisket muscles and vice versa, the lowest levels of SFA and MUFA and the highest levels of PUFA were found in the intramuscular fat of LD and hind quarter muscles. The muscle type of roe deer appeared to affect the lipid quality indices. The lowest atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes, and the highest hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio were in the intramuscular fat of LD and hind quarter muscles.

Dietary vitamin A restriction affects adipocyte differentiation and fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat in Iberian pigs

The aim of this study was to investigate whether dietary vitamin A level is associated with differences in adipocyte differentiation or lipid accumulation in Iberian pigs at early growing (35.8kg live weight) and at finishing (158kg live weight). Iberian pigs of 16.3kg live weight were allocated to two feeding groups, one group received 10,000IU of vitamin A/kg diet (control); the other group received a diet with 0IU of vitamin A (var) for the whole experimental period. The dietary vitamin A level had no effect on growth performance and carcass traits. The early suppression of vitamin A increased the preadipocyte number in Longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle in the early growth period (P<0.001) and the neutral lipid content and composition (higher MUFA and lower SFA content) at the end of the finishing period (P<0.05). Vitamin A restriction in young pigs increases their lipogenic potential without affecting carcass traits.

Stimulatory effect of plasma samples from fattening cattle on adipogenesis-related gene expression in preadipocyte cells.

It is desirable to produce beef with high levels of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), as this is related to fat softness and palatability. However, the physiology of MUFA synthesis in bovine fat during the fattening process remains to be established. In this study, in order to elucidate the relationship between plasma components and the fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat, we investigated the effect of plasma obtained from fattening cattle on the messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions of the adipogenesis-related gene in a clonal bovine intramuscular preadipocyte line (BIP cells). The mRNA expressions of stearoyl-CoA desaturase, adipocyte Protein 2, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 in BIP cells were significantly higher following treatment with those plasma samples collected from the cattle with the highest diaphragmatic unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids ratio (US/S). Furthermore, the concentration of nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) in the plasma samples had an inverse correlation with carcass diaphragmatic US/S. These results indicate that cattle with a low ratio of US/S in fat may be discriminated from the population of fattening cattle before slaughter by measuring the effect of their plasma on gene expression in BIP cells as well as their plasma concentration and composition of NEFA.