Acid Composition Of Depot Fat Research Articles

Fatty acid composition of depot fat of shorebirds collected at mid-continental stopover sites during spring migration

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Fatty acid composition of depot fat of the cow.

Summary The fatty acid composition of bovine adipose tissue samples was analysed by means of gas chromatography. Remarkable differences in fatty acid composition of such tissues were found, dependent on the part of the body from which they had been taken. The generally known high stearic acid content of bovine fat was not found in most subcutaneous samples investigated. It is concluded that fatty acid analyses of unspecified depot fat samples are of only relative importance. Zusammenfassung Die Fettsäurenzusammensetzung des Depotfettes bei der Kuh Die Fettsäurenzusammensetzung des Fettgewebes beim Rind wurde gaschromatographisch analysiert. Die Zusammensetzung des Fettes zeigte große topographische Unterschiede. Der beim Rinderfett allgemein angenommene hohe Anteil an Stearinsäure konnte in den meisten untersuchten subkutanen Proben nicht bestätigt werden. Daraus darf geschlossen werden, daß Fettsäurenanalysen von nicht näher bezeichneten Depotfettproben geringen Ursachenwert besitzen. Résumé La composition des acides gras de la graisse de dépôt chez la vache On analyse par chromatographie gazeuse la composition des acides gras du tissu adipeux de la vache. On a trouvé de grandes différences topographiques dans la composition graisseuse. La fraction élevée d'acide stéarique généralement admise pour la graisse bovine n'a pas pu être mise en évidence dans la plupart des échantillons sous-cutanés examinés. On peut en conclure que les analyses d'acides gras pratiquées sur des échantillons de graisse de dépôt sans indications précises ne possèdent qu'une faible valeur scientifique. Resumen La composición de los ácidos grasos de la gordura de depósito en la vaca La composición de los ácidos grasos del tejido adiposo en la vaca se analizó con la técnica gascromatográfica. La composición de la grasa mostraba grandes diferencias topográficas. La fracción elevada en ácido esteárico, que por regla general se admite en la grasa bovina, no se pudo confirmar en la mayoría de las muestras subcutáneas examinadas. De aquí puede sacarse la conclusión de que los análisis de ácidos grasos efectuados en muestras de grasa de los depósitos no precisados en detalle poseen un valor causal bien escaso.

Depot fatty acid composition in immature green turtles ( Chelonia mydas) residing at two near-shore foraging areas in the Hawaiian Islands

The lipid content and fatty acid composition of depot fat were determined for 58 immature green turtles ( Chelonia mydas) residing at two near-shore foraging areas, Ahu-O-Laka, located in Kaneohe Bay on Oahu, and Kiholo Bay located on the island of Hawaii. Benthic flora at Kiholo was limited to a single algal species but included algae and seagrass at Ahu-O-Laka. Turtle straight carapace length ranged from 38.6 to 59.2 cm, suggesting that the sample set included new recruits to up to 12-year residents. Fatty acid data were analyzed using principal components analysis (PCA). PC1 accounted for over 50% of the variance. Turtles were generally delineated along PC1 by the length of time on benthic foraging grounds, with high (>0.75) negative loadings for the fatty acids 22:6n-3, 7M7H, t16:1n-10, 15:0, and 17:0 associated with relatively new recruits (suggesting a pelagic dietary source for these fatty acids) and high positive loadings for 12:0 and 14:0 associated with long-term residents. PC2 separated turtles primarily by capture location, with high positive loadings for 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 [the primary seagrass polyunsaturated fatty acids] associated with the Ahu-O-Laka turtles. Fatty acid profiles of turtles from both locations differed substantially from those of their benthic diets, suggesting considerable modification of dietary fatty acids and de novo biosynthesis.

Influence of Diet on Fatty-Acid Composition of Depot Fat in Western Sandpipers (Calidris Mauri)

Abstract Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) have been previously shown to undergo seasonal changes in the fatty acid composition of their fat stores, even though they do not show the marked seasonal variation in diet common to many migratory passerines. We investigated the effect of dietary fatty acid composition on the fatty acid composition of adipose tissue in captive Western Sandpipers by feeding birds experimental diets with different fatty acid composition. In addition, we determined the effect of total percentage of fat content of the diet (5 vs. 10%) on fatty acid composition of depot fat. Birds maintained normal body mass (24–27 g) throughout all experimental treatments. Most adipose fatty acids were sensitive to dietary manipulation to some extent. Changes in fatty acid composition of the diet had the largest effect on adipose tissue composition for the essential polyunsaturated fatty acid linoleate (18:2), whereas it had the least effect for the monounsaturated fatty acid oleate (18:1). The saturated fatty acid palmitate (16:0) demonstrated an intermediate capacity to alter fatty acid composition of adipose tissue. Total amount of fat in the diet did not influence the effect of diet on fatty acid deposition. Results of dietary manipulations in this study suggest that diet does explain some of the variation in fatty acid composition observed during migration in Western Sandpipers, but that certain fatty acids can be modulated independently of diet (probably through de novo synthesis, postabsorption modification, or both).

INFLUENCE OF DIET ON FATTY-ACID COMPOSITION OF DEPOT FAT IN WESTERN SANDPIPERS (CALIDRIS MAURI)

Abstract Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) have been previously shown to undergo seasonal changes in the fatty acid composition of their fat stores, even though they do not show the marked seasonal variation in diet common to many migratory passerines. We investigated the effect of dietary fatty acid composition on the fatty acid composition of adipose tissue in captive Western Sandpipers by feeding birds experimental diets with different fatty acid composition. In addition, we determined the effect of total percentage of fat content of the diet (5 vs. 10%) on fatty acid composition of depot fat. Birds maintained normal body mass (24–27 g) throughout all experimental treatments. Most adipose fatty acids were sensitive to dietary manipulation to some extent. Changes in fatty acid composition of the diet had the largest effect on adipose tissue composition for the essential polyunsaturated fatty acid linoleate (18:2), whereas it had the least effect for the monounsaturated fatty acid oleate (18:1). The sa...

Use of blubber fatty acid profiles to distinguish dietary differences between grey seals Halichoerus grypus from two UK breeding colonies

The population structure of grey seals Halichoerus grypus has previously been studied using molecular biological techniques. These works may be complemented by studies of certain ecological factors which play an important role in providing information on habitat usage, dietary behaviour, local migrations, distribution and social structure. One such factor is the fatty acid composition of depot fats, which is strongly influenced by the fatty acid composition found in the prey. To examine the extent to which the fatty acid composition of seal depot fats can be used to distinguish between populations, blubber biopsy samples were obtained from female grey seals at 2 Scottish breeding sites, Rona (n = 23) and the Isle of May (n = 34) and the fatty acid compositions determined by gas chromatography. The patterns obtained were compared using both univariate and multivariate statistical procedures. Fatty acid profiles at the 2 breeding sites could be clearly differentiated, with only 1 seal out of 57 being mis-classified. Thus, on the basis of blubber fatty acid composition, they may be regarded as 2 distinct foraging groups.

Effects of mechanical treatment of whole canola seeds on carcass composition and blood lipids of lambs fed grass silage

Thirty-three lambs (25.2 ± 2.7 kg BW) were used to study if mechanical treatment of canola seeds can exert an effect on carcass quality, blood lipids, and fatty acid profile of depot fat. All lambs received a basal diet of 179 g d−1 of a 16% CP commercial concentrate and grass silage fed ad libitum. The basal diet was supplemented with the following dietary treatments (dry matter basis): C, a control supplement supplying 182 g of a mixture of 66% canola meal and 34% canola oil; WCS, 187 g of whole canola seeds; RCS, 188 g of rolled canola seeds; and GCS, 189 g of ground canola seeds. Dressing percentage was higher (P < 0.05) for diet C (45.6%) than for WCS (42.5%) and RCS (41.9%). The highest and lowest carcass grades were obtained with diets C and RCS, respectively (P < 0.05). Blood lipid concentrations increased as the lambs grew older (P < 0.01). Lambs fed the GCS diet had lower plasma concentrations of total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol than lambs fed the WCS or RCS diets (P < 0.05). Kidney fat of lambs on the C diet contained more trans -C18:1 and less C18:0 compared with the other diets (P < 0.01). The utilization of untreated or rolled canola seeds as protein and fat supplements decreased carcass quality, increased blood triglycerides and changed fatty acid composition of depot fat. Key words: Canola seeds, lambs, carcass composition, blood lipid

Dietary fats, selected body temperature and tissue fatty acid composition of agamid lizards (Amphibolurus nuchalis)

The composition of tissue and membrane fatty acids in ectothermic vertebrates is influenced by both temperature acclimation and diets. If such change in body lipid composition and thermal physiology were linked, a diet-induced change in body lipid composition should result in a change in thermal physiology. We therefore investigated whether the selected body temperature of the agamid lizardAmphibolurus nuchalis (body mass 20 g) is influenced by the lipid composition of dietary fatty acids and whether diet-induced changes in thermal physiology are correlated with changes in body lipid composition. The selected body temperature in two groups of lizards was indistinguishable before dietary treatments. The selected body temperature in lizards after 3 weeks on a diet rich in saturated fatty acids rose by 2.1 °C (photophase) and 3.3 °C (scotophase), whereas the body temperature of lizards on a diet rich in unsaturated fatty acids fell by 1.5 °C (photophase) and 2.0 °C (scotophase). Significant diet-induced differences were observed in the fatty acid composition of depot fat, liver and muscle. These observations suggest that dietary lipids may influence selection of body temperature in ectotherms via alterations of body lipid composition.

The effect of unsaturated and saturated dietary lipids on the pattern of daily torpor and the fatty acid composition of tissues and membranes of the deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus

Dietary lipids strongly influence the pattern of torpor and the body lipid composition of mammalian hibernators. The object of the present study was to investigate whether these diet-induced physiological and biochemical changes also occur in species that show shallow, daily torpor. Deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus, were fed with rodent chow (control diet) or rodent chow with either 10% sunflower seed oil (unsaturated diet) or 10% sheep fat (saturated diet). Animals on the unsaturated diet showed a greater occurrence of torpor (80-100% vs 26-43%), longer torpor bouts (4.5 vs 2.25 h), a lower metabolic rate during torpor (0.96 vs 2.25 ml O2.g-1.h-1), and a smaller loss of body mass during withdrawal of food (2.35 vs 3.90 g) than animals on the saturated diet; controls were intermediate. These diet-induced physiological changes were associated with significant alterations in the fatty acid composition of depot fat, leg muscle and brain total lipids, and heart mitochondrial phospholipids. Significant differences in the total unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) content between animals on saturated and unsaturated diet were observed in depot fat (55.7% vs 81.1%) and leg muscle (56.4% vs 72.1%). Major compositional differences between diet groups also occurred in the concentration of n6 and/or n3 fatty acids of brain and heart mitochondria. The study suggests that dietary lipids may play an important role in the seasonal adjustment of physiology in heterothermic mammals.

Brassicaand Sugarbeet Forages for Lambs-Growth Performance of Lambs and Composition of Forage and Dock-Fat Fatty Acids

Brassica species are well suited for late fall production, and provide a high-quality forage for growing lambs (Ovis aries). This study was conducted to compare growth and fatty acid composition of adipose tissue of lambs that grazed either of two Brassica forages with lambs that grazed sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) forage. The Brassicas were planted in early August as a second crop following flat pea (Lathyrus latifolius L.) silage harvest. Seventy-two ewe lambs were randomly allotted to nine replicates of eight lambs. Three replicates of lambs were randomly assigned one of three forage diets. They grazed either tyfon (B. campestris L. × B. rapa L.), ‘Green Globe’ turnips (B. rapa L.), or sugarbeet tops and roots from 4 November to IS December. Thirty-six of the lambs continued on the treatments until 6 January when they were slaughtered. Subcutaneous (dock) adipose tissue was obtained at slaughter for fatty acid analysis. Total gains, final weights (6 January), carcass weights, and dressing percents were less (P < 0.05) for lambs that grazed beet tops and roots than lambs grazing either tyfon or turnips. Quality and yield grades of carcasses were not different. Adipose tissue of lambs that grazed beet forage had more (P < 0.05) 12:0 and 14:0 and less (P < 0.05) 19:0 and 18:3 fatty acids than adipose tissue from lambs that grazed turnips or tyfon. Lambs that grazed Brassica forages showed improved performance late in the season compared with lambs that grazed beet forage. Fatty acid composition of depot fat was influenced by type of forage grazed by the lambs.

Influence of polyunsaturated and saturated dietary lipids on adipose tissue, brain and mitochondrial membrane fatty acid composition of a mammalian hibernator

Dietary lipid composition profoundly influences the hibernation pattern of the chipmunk Eutamias amoenus. The object of the present study was to investigate whether these physiological changes following feeding of saturated and unsaturated lipids were associated by compositional changes of fatty acids of tissues and membranes. Animals were fed with rodent chow (control diet), rodent chow with 10% sunflower seed oil (unsaturated diet) and rodent chow with 10% sheep fat (saturated diet). Diet-induced changes in the fatty acid composition of depot fat and brain total lipids and of mitochondrial phospholipids were determined. The fatty acid unsaturation index was lower in animals on saturated diet than in animals on unsaturated diet (depot fat 86.1 vs. 145.9; heart mitochondria 207.6 vs. 247.1; liver mitochondria 148.4 vs. 173.5). Pronounced differences between dietary groups were also observed in n − 3 or n − 6 fatty acids or their ratios of depot fat, brain and liver mitochondria. Generally, the diet-induced differences in tissue and membrane fatty acid composition in E. amoenus were more pronounced than those observed previously in non-hibernating species. Selective feeding and incorporation of high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids into tissues and cell membranes may be an important preparation for hibernation in E. amoenus which lowers its body temperature during torpor to about 0δC.

Meat from Sudan desert sheep and goats: Part 2—Composition of the muscular and fatty tissues

Muscle fibre diameter and proximate chemical compositions were investigated in forty Sudan desert sheep and goats on two treatments—control and fattened. The fatty acid composition of fat depots from the fattened animals was also determined. Sheep had thinner fibres, more intramuscular fat and less muscle protein than goats. Sheep responded to the nutritional treatment by depositing more fat and goats responded by laying down more muscle protein. The fatty acids composition of subcutaneous, kidney and intermuscular fat depots was reasonably similar in both species but goats tended to have more oleic acid in their fat depots than sheep. The results suggest that goat meat is not inferior to mutton from a nutritional viewpoint. Consumption of goat meat should be encouraged in the Sudan, especially within the low-income groups, to meet their needs for protein.

Fatty acid composition of depot fats, and rumen wall of the camel (Camelus dromedarius

Abstract 1. 1. Fatty acid composition of depot fats (hump, subcutaneous, mesentry, abdomen, perinephric and peticardiac) and rumen wall of Camelus dromedarius were studied by gas-liquid chromatography. 2. 2. All depot fats showed similar characteristics; major fatty acids found were palmitic, stearic, oleic and myristic. Small quantities of odd-numbered, palmitoleic, linoleic and linolenic acids were also present. 3. 3. Fatty acid of rumen wall showed some differences from the general pattern. 4. 4. Fatty acid composition of the camel is discussed in relation to that of other ruminants and monogastrics.

The effect of diet, ambient temperature and day length on the fatty acid composition in the depot fat of the European starling ( Sturnus vulgaris) and the rock partridge ( Alectoris chucar)

1. 1. Diets have a significant influence on the fatty acid composition of depot fats of the European starling and the Rock partridge. 2. 2. Environmental conditions affect mainly the percentage of linoleic acid (18:2)—its amount increases in birds kept in cold temperatures (4°C) and short days in comparison to high temperatures (30°C) and long days. 3. 3. The 18:1 18:2 ratio is affected by temperature and diet. 4. 4. The adaptive significance of these findings is discussed.

Fatty acid composition of depot fats from gnotobiotic lambs

SUMMARYThe fatty acid composition of the depot fats of lambs reared for 4–5 months under gnotobiotio conditions have been determined and an estimate made of the endogenous synthesis of stearic acid.In an uninoculated gnotobiotic lamb no hydrogenation of dietary lipids occurred in the rumen and this was reflected in the virtual absence oftransacids in depot lipids. In this animal the stearic acid content of perirenal depot fat accounted for 16% of the total fatty acids which was similar to the value found in newborn lambs (17%). Inoculation of the rumen of two gnotobiotic lambs with seven species of bacteria resulted in the establishment of partial hydrogenation processes in the rumen. Varioustransisomers of octadecenoic acids were produced in these lambs from the dietary fatty acids but no stearic acid was formed.These findings are compared with the fatty acid composition of depot fats of other herbivorous and omnivorous animals.

Fatty acid composition of adipose tissue of Jersey cattle during growth and development

SUMMARYThe effect of age on the fatty acid composition of depot fat of Jersey cattle has been investigated. Serial samples of subcutaneous fat were obtained by biopsy of the same animals from 3 months to 2 years of age. Samples of depot fat were also obtained from various anatomical locations of animals slaughtered between birth and 11 years of age.In subcutaneous fat at biopsy the percentage stearic acid remained constant to 1 year of age and then declined from 20% to 5% during the period 1–2 years post partum.In perinephric fat the stearic acid content increased from 10–15% at birth to 40% at 1 year of age, and then declined during the period 1–2 years post partum.Changes in the percentage stearic acid above the 10% level were accompanied by inverse change in octadecenoic (C18:1) acid, and below 10% mainly by change in hexadecenoic (C16:l) acid.There was a gradient of unsaturation between subcutaneous and internal body fats, and also within the subcutaneous fat itself.Evidence is presented to suggest that the decrease in the unsaturation of depot fat during the period 1–2 years post partum is associated with the deposition of more unsaturated fatty acids during the fattening phase of development.

The fatty acid composition of depot fat in childhood. II. A comparison of superficial and deep fat.

AbstractThe fatty acid composition of the triglycerides in samples of depot fat obtained from superficial abodominal wall and from deep properitoneal sites in children has been determined. Although no clear pattern was observed, differences in individual subjects could usually be demonstrated between composition at the two sites. Although the differences in most instances were relatively small, these findings provide further evidence aganist the concept of the uniform composition of human depot fat.

Fatty acid composition of depot fats in some game birds (Tetraonidae)

1. 1. Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis was used to determine the composition of long-chain fatty acids, as methyl esters, in the dietary lipids and in the adipose tissue lipids of red grouse ( Lagopus lagopus scoticus), ptarmigan ( Lagopus mutus), black grouse ( Lyrurus tetrix) and capercaillie ( Tetrao urogallus). 2. 2. The content of linoleic and linolenic acids in the depot lipids of the birds studied was high, as was the content of these acids in the dietary lipids. 3. 3. Marked similarities were observed between the fatty acid composition of dietary lipids compared with that of the lipids laid down by the birds.

Hydrogenated marine fat, its influence on the fatty acid composition of depot fats and liver lipids in the rat.

Hydrogenated marine fat, its influence on the fatty acid composition of depot fats and liver lipids in the rat.

Effects of Glucose Supplementation of High Lipid Diets Based on Free Fatty Acids for the Growing Chicken

Three experiments were conducted with chicks to evaluate the effects of glucose supplementation in diets high in soybean oil fatty acids (SOFA). Semipurified diets based on isolated soybean protein were used. The high fatty acid diet supplied 68% of total metabolizable calories as SOFA and the remaining 32% as protein. Supplemental glucose replaced an equicaloric amount of SOFA. Cellulose was added to maintain a mealy texture. The addition of glucose to the high fatty acid diet increased both food intake and growth. Over the range 1.5% to 18% glucose calories, the voluntary food intake provided nearly a constant amount of SOFA approximating 42 g/chick for the first 2 weeks. In contrast, the lipid intake of chicks fed the diets high in soybean oil was almost 60 g/chick. This suggests that food intake is regulated to avoid exceeding a limit on SOFA intake. The level of glucose in the blood of chicks fed the high SOFA diet was subnormal during the absorptive condition but increased to normal post-absorptive values after a fasting of 18 hours. Chicks fed diets high in SOFA were very lean, whereas those receiving the high soybean oil diet deposited as much fat as the reference group fed a high carbohydrate diet. The fatty acid composition of depot fat from chicks receiving the high lipid diets was highly unsaturated and resembled closely that of soybean oil.