Acid Black Research Articles

Extraction Properties of Calix[4]arenes towards Sulphonated Dyes

Extraction of sulphonated dyes through supramolecular interaction with calix[4]arene derivatives is being presented here. The selectivity of calixarene derivatives namely piperidine derivative of calix[4]arene (calix-1), 1-methyl piperazine derivative of calix[4]arene (calix-2), and di-methyl amine derivative of calix[4]arene (calix-3) were evaluated initially against reactive red 2 (RR-2), acid black (AB), reactive blue 19 (B-19) and synthetic dye (D-2) by liquid-liquid extraction experiment. The results showed that the above three calixarenes possess excellent complexation abilities toward the selected dyes. The stoichiometric ratio for the calixarene derivatives and dyes was estimated through Job’s plot, whereas Hildebrand-Benesi equation was used to calculate formation constant (Ks) and molar absorptivity (Δε) of complexes. The binding association (Ka) and dissociation (Kd) constants were calculated by Scatchard plot additionally to further support the complexation data obtained from Hildebrand-Benesi equation. Conversely association constants from, both Hildebrand-Benesi equation and Scatchard plot i.e. Ks and Ka favor strong binding interaction between calix-1: D-2, calix-2: B-19, and calix-3: AB complexes. Thus present study adeptly supports the complexation of calixarene derivatives for sulfonated dyes.

Carbon Nanotube-Based Electrochemical Sensor for the Determination of Anthraquinone Hair Dyes in Wastewaters

The present work describes the development of a voltammetric sensor for the selective determination of Acid Green 25 (AG25) hair dye, widely used in commercial temporary hair dyes. The method is based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with multiwalled carbon nanotubes activated in the presence of sulfuric acid, where the anthraquinone group present as a chromophore in the dye molecule is reduced at −0.44 V vs. Ag/AgCl in a reversible process involving two electrons in Britton-Robinson (B-R) buffer solution at pH 4.0. Analytical curves were obtained using square wave voltammetry in the range from 1.0 × 10−7 to 7.0 × 10−6 mol·L−1, achieving a detection limit of 2.7 × 10−9 mol·L−1. The voltammograms recorded for the Acid Black 1 (AB1) dye showed that the azo groups of the dye were reduced on the carbon nanotube-modified electrode (CNTME), presenting a pair of redox peaks at −0.27 V and −0.24 V in the reverse scan. Under these experimental conditions, both dyes could be detected in the water sample, since the AG25 dye is reduced at −0.47 V. The presence of other hair dyes bearing other chromophore groups, such as Acid Black 1, Acid Red 33 and basic blue 99, did not interfere with the method, which showed an average recovery of 96.7 ± 3.5% (n = 5) for AG25 dye determination in the presence of all of these dyes. The method was successfully applied to tap water and wastewater samples collected from a water treatment plant.

Breakthrough Curve Analysis for Fixed-Bed Adsorption of Azo Dyes Using Novel Pine Cone—Derived Active Carbon

A novel activated carbon has been produced from pine cone, a sustainable resource, by phosphoric activation at 900 °C. The BET surface area of the activated carbon was 869 m2/g and the methylene blue isotherm area was 734 m2/g. The adsorption of two single-component acid azo dyes, Acid Blue 113 (AB113) and Acid Black 1 (AB1), onto this activated carbon was studied using fixed-bed adsorption. Breakthrough curves and equilibrium isotherms were obtained for the adsorption of these two dyes onto the prepared active carbon. The highest adsorption capacities achieved for AB113 and AB1 were 485 and 286 mg dye/g carbon, respectively. Two-column breakthrough curve models were applied to correlate the experimental adsorption breakthrough curves for each dye: the Thomas model, based on solid-phase internal diffusion, has been applied with considerable success; and the saturation isotherm model approach of Michaels was used with a reasonable degree of success.

Variability in antioxidant/detoxification enzymes of Labeo rohita exposed to an azo dye, acid black (AB)

The aim of the present study was to evaluate effect of a highly toxic azo dye, acid black (AB) (CI: 20470, 96h LC50=10mg/L) on the biochemical responses of Labeo rohita. Antioxidant/detoxification enzymes such as glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), acid phosphatase (AcP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) were determined in liver, kidney, gill, muscle and brain of L. rohita after 96h exposure to 6mg/L (LC10), 8mg/L (LC30) and 10mg/L (LC50) of dye with an aim to find out the target tissue and biomarker enzyme for AB. The fish were then kept for a recovery period of 90days, and activity of the selected enzymes was determined at the end of this period. Present dye altered the activities of all these enzymes in the selected tissues of the experimental fish in a dose-dependent manner. SOD was the maximally affected enzyme, and liver was the most affected tissue. The results indicate that AB is very toxic to L. rohita as there was a significant effect of even 6mg/L dose of the dye and the toxicity prolonged for a long time because the fish was not able to recover from the stress even 90days after the exposure. The study suggests that SOD can be used as a biomarker enzyme and liver is the target tissue for AB.

Application of AzollaFiliculoides Biomass in Acid Black 1 Dye Adsorption from Aqueous Solution

Background and purpose: The textile dyes are considered as important pollut ants due to the toxicity on human and environment. Therefore, the d ye removal from industrial effluents is necessary. This study evaluates the ability of Azol la for the adsorption of acid black 1 (AB1) dye from aqueous solution. Materials and Methods: This was an experimental-laboratory study. The Azol la biomass was sun dried, crushed and sieved to particle sizes in the range of 1-2 mm. Then, it treated with 0.1 M HCl for 5 h, followed by washing with distilled wat er, and it used as an adsorbent. The effect of study parameter was investigated, and the residues AB1 concentration was measured by DR2800 spectrophotometer at in λmax = 622 nm . Results: The results indicated that the efficiency of AB1 ad sorption decreased with increased initial dye concentration. It increased with increa sed contact time and adsorbent. The highest adsorption efficiency was occurred at pH = 2. The e quilibrium data were the best fitted on Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Conclusion: The Azolla could present high ability in dye remov al. Therefore, it can be used as inexpensive and effective adsorbent in textile effl uent treatment. [Zazouli MA, Yousefi Z, Yazdani-Charati J, *Mahdavi Y. Application of Azolla filiculoides Biomass for Acid Black 1 Dye Adsorption from Aqueous Solution . IJHS 2014; 2(3): 24-32] http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir

Preparation and photocatalytic activity of mesoporous-assembled nano-titania thin films derived from a laurylamine hydrochloride surfactant-aided sol–gel method

The utilization of mesoporous-assembled nano-titania (TiO2) thin films immobilized on glass plates for the photocatalytic degradation of Acid Black (AB) azo dye under UV light irradiation is investigated. The mesoporous-assembled TiO2 nanoparticle photocatalyst is synthesized by a sol–gel process with the aid of laurylamine hydrochloride (LAHC) surfactant as an effective mesopore-forming agent. The effects of calcination temperature and number of TiO2 coatings on the photocatalytic AB dye degradation performance are investigated. The experimental results reveal that an increase in calcination temperature in the range of 400–500°C can improve the photocatalytic activity of the mesoporous-assembled TiO2 films, but thick multilayer TiO2 films cannot be prepared at a higher calcination temperature. In addition, an increase in number of TiO2 coatings significantly enhances the photocatalytic activity to reach maximum and optimum three coatings.

Positive role of incorporating P-25 TiO2 to mesoporous-assembled TiO2 thin films for improving photocatalytic dye degradation efficiency

In this work, a simple and effective strategy to improve the photocatalytic dye degradation efficiency of the mesoporous-assembled TiO2 nanoparticle thin films by incorporating small contents of commercial P-25 TiO2 during the thin film preparation was developed. The mesoporous-assembled TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by a sol–gel method with the aid of a mesopore-directing surfactant, followed by homogeneously mixing with P-25 TiO2 prior to the thin film coating on glass substrate. The mesoporous-assembled TiO2 film with 5wt.% P-25 TiO2 incorporation and calcined at 400°C provided an improved photocatalytic Acid Black (AB) dye degradation efficiency. The increase in number of coated layers to the optimum four layers of the aforementioned film was found to further improve the degradation efficiency. The recyclability test of this 5wt.% P-25 TiO2-incorporated mesoporous-assembled TiO2 film with four coated layers revealed that it can be reused for multiple cycles without a requirement of post-treatment while the degradation efficiency was retained.

Feldspar/titanium dioxide/chitosan as a biophotocatalyst hybrid for the removal of organic dyes from aquatic phases

ABSTRACTFeldspar/titanium dioxide/chitosan hybrid, a photoactive biocompatible adsorbent for anionic dyes, was synthesized, characterized, and successfully tested. The adsorbent characterization, pH role, adsorbent dose effect, equilibrium data, kinetic plats, and thermodynamic parameters are reported. The point of zero charge for the hybrid was measured to be 8.3, and the most favorable pH range for the adsorption process was found to be below this pH value. The adsorption equilibrium study demonstrated that the Freundlich model was best fitted to the experimental data. Without UV light exposure, the prepared adsorbent adsorbed 72 mg of Acid Black 1 (AB1)/g of sorbent (86% removal) from a 100‐mL solution with an initial dye concentration of 50 mg/L, whereas UV irradiation resulted in an increase in the elimination of AB1 dye (97% removal). The kinetic data was depicted well by the pseudo‐second‐order model. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that the reaction between the hybrid and the dye was exothermic and also spontaneous at lower temperatures. In the batch desorption process, several aqueous solutions adjusted to different pH values were tested, and the best desorption performance (90% desorption) was achieved at pH 11. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40247.

Adsorption removal of acid black 1 from aqueous solution using ordered mesoporous carbon

A novel ordered mesoporous carbon CMK-3 and synthetic CMK-3 containing nitrogen functional groups by ammonia-treated were applied for acid black 1(AB1) dye adsorption. The ammonia-treated(chemical vapor deposition method) before and after CMK-3 were characterized by using a Micrometitics ASAP 2020 surface area analyzer (ASAP 2020), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FT–IR), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and equilibrium studies. This result indicates that the prepared CMK-3 and modified CMK-3 were almost uniform, as rope-like domains and their uniform mesopore with diameter centered at 3.2nm and 3.7nm. The FIIR analysis depicted that the presence of a variety of new basic functional groups on the modified CMK-3 surface. Several effect variables of pH, dye concentration and temperature were studied. The pseudo second-order model showed the fitter well to agree with the kinetic data. The experimental data were analyzed by the Langmuir and Freundlich models, with the latter found to closely the isotherm model. The adsorption kinetics was found to follow the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The results show that CMK-3 using ammonia gas modified by thermal treatment system is an effective method to improvement capacity as it shows the highest adsorption capacity of AB1, as compared to the unmodified CMK-3 and the bamboo-based carbon, respectively.

Evaluating the sensitizing effect on the photocatalytic decoloration of dyes using anatase-TiO2

This work tries to clarify the contribution of the dye-sensitizing effect on the photocatalytic decoloration of dyes dissolved in aqueous media using an anatase TiO2 (A-TiO2) photocatalyst. The photocurrent-voltage (J–V) curves of a typical dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) with the A-TiO2 photoanodes adsorbed with various dyes, including methylene blue (MB), orange G (OG), rhodamine B (RhB), metanil yellow (MY), acid black 24 (AB24), and N719, are employed to demonstrate the sensitizing characteristics of dyes on A-TiO2. Unlike RhB, the MB, OG, MY, and AB24 cannot work as the photo-sensitizer on A-TiO2 from the J–V curves of DSSCs, reasonably due to the unmatched band position between dyes and A-TiO2. In the photocatalytic decoloration test of these dyes on A-TiO2 in aqueous media, dye adsorption onto A-TiO2 becomes the key factors affecting the photocatalytic decoloration rate because the generation of oxidants species (e.g., O2−, OH• or photo-excited holes) occurs on the A-TiO2 surface. The contribution of dye-sensitizing on the photocatalytic decoloration of RhB is negligible since the dye-sensitizing/electron-injection/dye-regeneration cycle cannot be completed in the degradation media while adsorbed RhB molecules are unstable when few photo-generated electrons have been injected into the conduction band of A-TiO2, probably leading to the decomposition of RhB.

Optimization of triazo Acid Black 210 dye degradation by Providencia sp. SRS82 and elucidation of degradation pathway

The current work is aimed to evaluate the degradation of triazo textile dye Acid Black 210 (AB210) by Providencia sp. SRS82 that degrade 100mg/L dye within 90min under optimum conditions and was also found tolerant to as high as 2000ppm of dye AB210. Optimum conditions for decolourization and degradation of AB210 with the isolate were viz. temperature 30°C, pH 8, NaCl concentration 2.5% (w/v) and initial cell load of 8×108 cells/mL under static condition. Induction of intracellular and extracellular lignin peroxidase, intracellular laccase and tyrosinase, azoreductase, and DCIP reductase indicated their contribution in the biodegradation of AB210. The products obtained from Providencia sp. SRS82 degradation was monitored through UV–Vis spectrophotometer and were characterized by FTIR, HPTLC, HPLC, GC/MS and LCMS. The proposed metabolic pathway for the biodegradation of AB210 is elucidated for the first time, which showed production of 4 molecules of benzene, one of naphthalene and 4-aminophenyl-N-(4-amino phenyl) benzene sulphonamide. Microbial toxicity and cytotoxicity studies revealed the comparatively less toxic nature of metabolites generated after degradation of AB210. Providencia sp. SRS82 was found competent to degrade actual effluent and diverse dyes that could be present in textile industry effluent showing usefulness of the organism for possible commercial application.

Effect of solution temperature, pH and ionic strength on dye adsorption onto Magellanic peat

The aim of this research was to study the effect of the solution temperature, pH and ionic strength on the adsorption of the Basic Blue 3 (BB3) and Acid Black 1 (AB1) dyes in Magellanic peat. The peat used was physically characterized as fibrous, of low decomposition level, without the presence of crystalline material and with a highly porous morphology. The functional groups with major concentration in the surface adsorbent were the carboxylics and phenolics, with values of 0.91 and 0.47 mmol/g, respectively. The results of the batch assays showed that the adsorption of the AB1 dye was strongly dependent of electrical charge density on the surface, contrary to what occurred to the BB3 dye, because the interactions between the dyes and carboxylic groups of the peat could be either electrostatic or non-electrostatic. The Langmuir, Freundlich and Sips isotherm models were fitted to the experimental data; among them, the Sips model presented the best adjustment quality. The maximum adsorption capacities for BB3 and AB1 dyes were 33.1 and 33.7 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption of BB3 dye onto Magellan peat has an exothermic behaviour, obtaining an adsorption enthalpy of –3.44 kJ/mol. Contrarily the adsorption of AB1 has an adsorption enthalpy of 56.76 kJ/mol.

Decolorization of organic dye solution by ozonation; Optimization with response surface methodology

Background: Ozone was used as a strong oxidant for decolorization of solution containing organic dyes. Three azo dyes, CI acid black 1 (AB1), CI acid yellow 19 (AY19) and CI acid orange 7 (AO7) which are widely used colorants in leather dyeing and finishing processes, were quantified with colorimetry. The effects of influential parameters including the ozone dosage, initial concentration of the dyes, initial pH of the solution, and temperature on the decolorization efficiency were studied. Central composite design (CCD) was applied to the optimization of decolorization of the dye solution by ozonation, and a second-order polynomial equation was proposed to predict the process efficiency. Results and discussion: Predicted results were found to be in good agreement with experimental values (R 2 = 0.9365, 0.9643, and 0.9296 for AB1, AY19, and AO7 respectively), which proves the suitability of the model employed and the success of CCD in optimizing the conditions of ozonation process. The variation of process efficiency as a function of independent variables was shown by graphical response surfaces. Conclusions: It was found that response surface methodology could effectively predict and optimize the performance of ozonation process for decolorization of solution containing organic dyes, AB1, AY19, and AO7. Also, the optimum values of the process variables to achieve the maximum decolorization efficiency could be calculated and verified experimentally.

Acidic dye wastewater treatment onto a marine macroalga, Nizamuddina zanardini (Phylum: Ochrophyta)

Biosorption of Acid Black 1 (AB1) onto brown macroalgae, Nizamuddina zanardinii, was investigated. The effects of different parameters including pH, biomass loading, dye concentration, temperature, and salinity on the biosorption capacity were studies. The result at equilibrium was successfully described by the Freundlich model, and the estimated biosorption capacity was 29.79mg/g. The kinetic of biosorption at different agitation speeds (70–180rpm) and particle sizes (56–500μm) were evaluated by pseudo-second-order, pseudo-first-order, and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models. The results showed that the pseudo-second-order model could be used as a successful model for the biosorption kinetics. Thermodynamics of sorption was investigated at different temperatures from 283 to 313K. The negative values of Gibbs free energy, ΔG0, and positive value of enthalpy, ΔH0, confirm the possibility of the biosorption process and the spontaneous nature of the biosorption. A decrease in particle size of N. zanardinii biomass increased AB1 biosorption capacity. Furthermore, addition of NaCl (0–40g/L) resulted in minor improvement in the dye biosorption. Role of different functional groups on the surface of biomass for biosorption of AB1 was investigated using FTIR.

Acidic dye biosorption onto marine brown macroalgae: Isotherms, kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Acid Black 1 (AB1) is a diazo dye containing both NN and CC chromophores groups that has considerable health effects being irritating for skin, eye and respiratory system. It is essential to remove this dye from wastewater. In this study, the removal of AB1 with brown macroalgae Sargassum glaucescens and Stoechospermum marginatum was studied using a batch system. The effects of parameters such as initial pH (in the range 2–10), contact time (within 90min), biomass dosage (in the range 1–9g L−1), initial dye concentration (in the range 10–50mgL−1), particle size of biosorbent (0.53–500μm) and agitation speed (from 70 to 180rpm) on the adsorption capacity of AB1 were investigated. The equilibrium data indicated that the Freundlich model provided the best correlation of the experimental data for both biosorbents at least in the concentration range investigated in this study. The biosorption kinetic data were successfully described with pseudo-second order model (PSORE) for two biosorbents. Thermodynamic parameters showed adsorption of dye was feasible and endothermic at all temperatures (283–313K) for both biosorbents. A decrease in particle size of biosorbents increased acidic dye removal capacity. The agitation speed influences AB1 sorption capacity and optimum agitation speed observed at 130rpm among different agitation speed (i.e. 70–180rpm). FT-IR analysis demonstrated the involvement of different functional groups, mainly hydroxyl, carboxyl and amine groups. These results confirm that these algae have a good potential for removal of AB1 from aqueous solution at low dye concentration.

Removal of organic dyes by UV/H2O2 process: modelling and optimization

The effects of different operational parameters on the decolorization of a dye solution containing C.I. Acid Blue 92 (AB92) or C.I. Acid Black 1 (AB1) by the UV/H2O2 process were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The reaction time, dye and H2O2 initial concentrations and distance of the UV lamp from the solution were chosen as input variables. The removal process was performed according to a central composite design. Predicted results by the proposed models were in good agreement with experimental values (R 2=0.942 and 0.957 for AB92 and AB1, respectively). The optimum points were located by graphical response surfaces and contour plots. The removal process of the dyes was compared and the efficiency difference justified by considering the chemical structure of the dyes. Additionally, the electrical energy consumption and the related treatment costs were estimated employing the figure-of-merit electrical energy per order (EEO).

Biosorption of three acid dyes by the brown macroalga Stoechospermum marginatum: Isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic studies

The brown macroalga Stoechospermum marginatum was tested for its ability to remove the acid dyes Acid Blue 25 (AB25), Acid Orange 7 (AO7) and Acid Black 1 (AB1) from aqueous solution. Biosorption was investigated under different conditions of pH, biomass and initial dye concentrations, temperature, contact time and biosorbent particle size. The results at equilibrium were successfully described by the Freundlich model, and the estimated sorption capacities were 22.2, 6.73 and 6.57mg/g for AB25, AO7 and AB1, respectively. Among the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion models, which were applied to kinetically describe the biosorption, the second one showed the best fit of the experimental data (R2=0.99). The thermodynamic parameters of the process (ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS°) were estimated from tests carried out at different temperatures (283, 298 and 313K). For all dyes, the standard changes of the Gibbs free energy were negative (−5.22<ΔG°<−3.68kJ/mol for AB25; −2.49<ΔG°<−1.72kJ/mol for AO7; −1.94<ΔG°<−0.94kJ/mol for AB1) and those of the enthalpy positive (ΔH°=10.8, 5.52 and 8.46kJ/mol for AB25, AO7 and AB1, respectively), hence pointing out that biosorption was a spontaneous and endothermic process. A decrease in particle size of S. marginatum biomass increased AB25 and AB1 removal efficiencies per unit weight of sorbent. FT-IR analysis demonstrated the involvement of different functional groups, mainly hydroxyl and amine groups. This study highlights the potential of the selected macroalga as an effective biosorbent for the removal of dyes from wastewaters.

Surfactant‐modified feldspar: Isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic of binary system dye removal

AbstractIn this article, surface modification of feldspar using hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (HDTMA) and its dye removal ability in single and binary systems was studied. Acid Black 1 (AB1) and Acid Red 14 (AR14) were used as model dyes. The monocomponent Langmuir isotherm model was applied to experimental data and the isotherm constants were calculated for both dyes. The monolayer coverage capacities of surfactant‐modified feldspar (HDTMA‐feldspar) for AB1 and AR14 dyes in single solution system were found as 6.369 mg/g and 3.984 mg/g, respectively. It was observed that the equilibrium uptake amounts of AB1 and AR14 dye in binary mixture onto sorbent decreased with increasing concentrations of the other dye resulting in their antagonistic effect. Equilibrium adsorption for binary systems was analyzed by using the Extended Langmuir and Jain and Snoeyink Modified Extended Langmuir models. The rate of kinetic processes of single and binary dye systems onto adsorbent was described by using two kinetics adsorption models. The pseudo‐second‐order model was the best choice among the kinetic models to describe the adsorption behavior of single and binary dyes onto HDTMA‐feldspar. Thermodynamic parameters showed that dye adsorption on HDTMA‐feldspar were exothermic and unspontaneous in nature. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012

Optimization of C.I. Acid black 1 biosorption by Cystoseira indica and Gracilaria persica biomasses from aqueous solutions

The aim of this study is to optimize the removal conditions of C.I. Acid black 1 (AB1) by a brown alga biomass, Cystoseira indica, and a red alga biomass, Gracilaria persica, using Box-Behnken design. The variables examined were the biomass dosage (0.5–1.5 g L −1), initial AB1 concentration (10–50 mg L −1), initial pH (2–6) and time (20–80 min). The determination coefficients ( R 2) of predicted models were 0.9903 and 0.9955 for C. indica and G. persica biomass, respectively. These findings indicated models high validity in predicting the AB1 removal by both of biomasses. At the optimum conditions, the maximum removal efficiencies of AB1 achieved for C. indica and G. persica were 90.76 and 98.18%, respectively. These results also imply that the used brown and red algal biomasses are favorable biosorbents for the removal of AB1 from aqueous solutions.

Anionic Dye Adsorption on Chemically Modified Ordered Mesoporous Carbons

The surface chemistry of ordered mesoporous carbon CMK-3 was successfully modified by heat treatment in ammonia gas at a temperature of 1173 K, without destroying its hexagonally ordered mesoporous structure significantly. The adsorption kinetics and equilibrium of three commercial anionic dyes, i.e., orange II, reactive red 2 (RR2), and acid black 1(AB1), on the novel functionalized carbon were investigated. It was found that the ammonia-tailored CMK-3 showed a much higher uptake rate than that of a commercial activated carbon, due to its desirable ordered mesoporous structure and the electron-donating effect of the incorporated nitrogen-containing functional groups, particularly for the adsorption of the large molecule dye with a long chain, AB1. The dye initial concentration and adsorption temperature had little influence on the adsorption rate, while the size and spatial structure of dye molecules and the shaking speed played an important role during the adsorption process. The adsorption of AB1 which...