Acid-base Interactions Research Articles

Preparation and Application of Decanoic Acid/Arginine Hydrogels to a Transdermal Formulation.

We prepared a supramolecular hydrogel composed of decanoic acid and arginine (C10/Arg gel) and evaluated its application to a transdermal formulation. C10/Arg gel adjusted to pH 7 with 1 M NaOH aq or 1 M HCl aq provided a translucent hydrogel with a lamellar liquid crystal structure in the concentration region of decanoic acid ≥12% and arginine ≤9%. Rheological measurements showed that C10/Arg gel is a viscoelastic material with both solid and liquid properties, with elasticity being dominant over viscosity in the low shear stress region. The skin permeability of hydrocortisone (HC) and indomethacin (IM) from C10/Arg gels was investigated in vitro using hairless mouse skin and compared to control formulation drug suspensions (IM or HC) in water. The cumulative permeation amount of HC and IM from the C10/Arg gel at 10 h after application was approximately 16 and 11 times higher than that of the control, respectively. On the other hand, the flux of IM decreased with increasing arginine concentration, likely due to the acid-base interaction between Arg and IM in C10/Arg gel. Adequate drug skin permeation enhancement by C10/Arg gel requires optimizing the gel composition for each specific drug.

Coordination networks in accordion-like copper based metal–organic frameworks facilitate efficient catalytic strategies in high performance lithium-sulfur batteries

Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) are attractive for electric vehicles due to their high theoretical capacity and low cost. However, they severely suffer from the “shuttle effect”, which causes capacity fading and self-discharge. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been proposed as an effective sulfur-loaded matrix material to mitigate this problem via providing sufficient catalytic sites for accelerating sulfur redox reactions (SRR). In this study, a novel accordion-like copper-based coordination network matrix material is constructed with pyridine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid as the ligands, which the layered structure can effectively adsorbs LiPSs, thereby avoiding the loss of reactive active material. Besides that, the coordination network can reduce the activation energy barrier of Li2S decomposition and the redox conversion rate between S8 and Li2S. It is revealed that the materials with ideal layered structure can facilitate SRR via providing Lewis acid-base interactions between Cu atoms and LiPSs. Electrochemical results in a high discharge capacity of 751.25 mAh·g−1 at a high current density of 2C has been achieved and when returns to 0.2C after 60 cycles, it can recover a high reversible capacity of 1093.63 mAh·g−1. It demonstrates that coordination network materials with ideal layered structure can be as a promising strategy for overcoming the challenges of LSBs and expanding their potential applications.

Zirconium-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks with Free Hydroxy Groups for Enhanced Perfluorooctanoic Acid Uptake in Water.

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a highly recalcitrant organic pollutant, and its bioaccumulation severely endangers human health. While various methods are developed for PFOA removal, the targeted design of adsorbents with high efficiency and reusability remains largely unexplored. Here the rational design and synthesis of two novel zirconium-based metal‒organic frameworks (MOFs) bearing free ortho-hydroxy sites, namely noninterpenetrated PCN-1001 and twofold interpenetrated PCN-1002,are presented. Single crystal analysis of the pure ligand reveals that intramolecular hydrogen bonding plays a pivotal role in directing the formation of MOFs with free hydroxy groups. Furthermore, the transformation from PCN-1001 to PCN-1002 is realized. Compared to PCN-1001, PCN-1002 displays higher chemical stability due to interpenetration, thereby demonstrating an exceptional PFOA adsorption capacity of up to 632mgg-1 (1.53mmolg-1), which is comparable to the reported record values. Moreover, PCN-1002 shows rapid kinetics, high selectivity, and long-life cycles in PFOA removal tests. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance results and density functional theory calculations reveal that multiple hydrogen bonds between the free ortho-hydroxy sites and PFOA, along with Lewis acid-base interaction, work collaboratively to enhance PFOA adsorption.

Photo-transformation of graphene oxide in synthetic and natural waters

Graphene oxide (GO) is widely employed due to its outstanding properties, leading to an increasing release into the environment and natural waters. Although some studies have reported on the photo-transformation of GO, its behavior in complex natural waters remains inadequately explored. This study demonstrates that different types of ions may promote the photoreduction of GO in the order of Ca2+ > K+ > NO3− > Na+ by interacting with the functional groups on the surface of GO, and the photoreduction is enhanced with increasing ion concentrations. Additionally, natural organic matter (NOM) can inhibit the photoreduction of GO by scavenging reactive oxygen species. However, with increasing NOM concentrations (≥ 5 mgC/L), more NOM adsorb onto the surface of GO through hydrogen bonding, Lewis acid-base interactions, and π-π interactions, thereby enhancing the photoreduction of GO. On this basis, our results further indicate that the combined effects of different ions, such as Ca2+, Mg2+, NOM, and other complex hydrochemical conditions in different natural waters can promote the photoreduction of GO, resulting in a reduction in oxygen functional groups and the formation of defects. This study provides a theoretical basis for assessing the long-term transformation and fate of GO in natural waters.

Ultralong Cycling and Interfacial Regulation of Bilayer Heterogeneous Composite Solid-State Electrolytes in Lithium Metal Batteries.

Under the background of "carbon neutral", lithium-ion batteries (LIB) have been widely used in portable electronic devices and large-scale energy storage systems, but the current commercial electrolyte is mainly liquid organic compounds, which have serious safety risks. In this paper, a bilayer heterogeneous composite solid-state electrolyte (PLPE) was constructed with the 3D LiX zeolite nanofiber (LiX-NF) layer and in-situ interfacial layer, which greatly extends the life span of lithium metal batteries (LMB). LiX-NF not only offers a continuous fast path for Li+, but also zeolite's Lewis acid-base interaction can immobilize large anions, which significantly improves the electrochemical performance of the electrolyte. In addition, the in-situ interfacial layer at the electrode-electrolyte interface can effectively facilitate the uniform deposition of Li+ and inhibit the growth of lithium dendrites. As a result, the Li/Li battery assembled with PLPE can be stably cycled for more than 2500 h at 0.1 mA cm-2. Meanwhile, the initial discharge capacity of the LiFePO4/PLPE/Li battery can be 162.43 mAh g-1 at 0.5 C, and the capacity retention rate is 82.74% after 500 cycles. These results emphasize that this bilayer heterogeneous composite solid-state electrolyte has distinct properties and shows excellent potential for application in LMB.

Unveiling the bifunctional roles of Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in construction of Nb2CTx@MoSe2 heterojunction for fast potassium storage

Exploring robust electrode materials which could permit fast and reversible insertion/extraction of large K+ is a crucial challenge for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs). Smart interfacial design could facilitate electron/ion transport as well as assure the integrity of electrode. Herein, Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was found to play bifunctional roles in construction of Nb2CTx@MoSe2 heterostructure. Firstly, functionalization of CTAB on the surface of Nb2CTx could influence the subsequent growth of MoSe2 by electrostatic effect, stereochemical effect and the synergetic Lewis acid-base interaction, leading to the formation of Nb2CTx@MoSe2 with tiled heterostructure. Secondly, the interlayer spacing of Nb2CTx was expanded from 0.77 to 1.21 nm owing to the pillar effect of CTAB. As excepted, the capacity retention was 80 % from 100 mA g−1 (406 mA h g−1) to 1000 mA g−1 concerning rate capability and the specific capacity maintained at 240 mA h g−1 (at 2000 mA g−1) over 300 cycles. The calculated DK values from Galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) measurement of the titled C-T-Nb2CTx@MoSe2@C electrode is two orders of magnitude larger than the traditional T-Nb2CTx@MoSe2@C electrode, further confirming intimate interface between MoSe2 and Nb2CTx could provide convenient potassium-ion transport channels and fast diffusion kinetics. Finally, ex-situ characterizations at different charging and discharging voltage stages, including ex-situ XRD/Raman/HRTEM/XPS have been carried out to reveal the potassium storage mechanism. This work provides a facile strategy for the regulation of interface engineering by the assist of CTAB which could extend to other MXenes-TMDs (Transition metal dichalcogenides) hybrid electrodes.

Additive engineering by dicyandiamide for high-performance carbon-based inorganic perovskite solar cells

Hole transport layer (HTL)-free, all-inorganic CsPbIxBr3-x carbon-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) have attracted much attention due to their low cost and excellent stability. The poor device efficiency is a barrier to constrain its commercialization, mainly due to the large amount of interfacial and bulk defects existed in inorganic perovskite films. In this study, an organic small molecule dicyandiamide (DCD) is added to the perovskite precursor as an additive to adjust the crystallization kinetics and passivate defects of inorganic perovskite films, simultaneously. It is demonstrated that the introduction of DCD can not only accelerate the transition process from intermediate-phase DMAPbI3 to inorganic perovskite, but also passivate defects through the Lewis acid-base interaction between cyano (CN), imine (CN) groups, and uncoordinated Pb2+. Meanwhile, the energy level alignment was optimized, which effectively improves the charge transport efficiency of CsPbIxBr3-x C-PSCs. As a result, optimized device shows an enhanced efficiency from 14.07% to 15.84%, accompanied by improved long-term stability.

Composite of activated carbon-hydroxyapatite from corn (Zea mays L.) cob and catfish (Pangasius sp.) bones with H3PO4 activation for methylene blue dye adsorption

Methylene blue (MB) is a synthetic dye in wastewater that causes serious environmental problems due to its toxicity, carcinogenicity, and resistance to environmental degradation. To overcome this problem, activated carbon (AC) from corncob waste and natural Hydroxyapatite (HAp) from catfish bone were synthesized to generate a simple, cost-effective, and efficient composite adsorbent for removing MB dye in wastewater. The performance of the AC/HAp composite adsorbent was assessed under varying conditions, including initial dye concentration, contact time, adsorbent dosage, pH, and reusability. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) morphology and BET results showed that the composite had an irregular shape, with a specific surface area of 419.02 m2/g. The results showed that the isotherm model followed the Langmuir model with an adsorption capacity of 109.90 mg/g. Reusing the composite adsorbent after 3 cycles resulted in an insignificant decrease in the MB removal percentage from 73.52 % to 55.32 % at an initial dye concentration of 200 mg/L. Ion exchange, hydrogen bonding, Lewis acid-base interaction, electrostatic interaction, and π–π bond interactions were several adsorption mechanisms. Based on these findings, the composite had the potential to be an MB adsorbent by enhancing agricultural and aquaculture waste value and supporting the implementation of a circular economy and net zero carbon in Indonesia.

Efficient Glucose Isomerization to Fructose using Photoregenerable MgSnO3 Catalyst with Cooperative Acid-Base Sites.

The isomerization of glucose to fructose plays a crucial role in the food industry and the production of biomass-derived chemicals in biorefineries. However, the catalyst used in this reaction suffers from low selectivity and catalyst deactivation due to carbon or by-product deposition. In this study, MgSnO3 catalyst, synthesized via a facile two-step process involving hydrothermal treatment and calcination, was used for glucose isomerization to fructose. The catalyst demonstrated outstanding catalytic performance, achieving a fructose equilibrium yield of 29.8 % with a selectivity exceeding 90 % under mild conditions owing to its acid-base interaction. Notably, spent catalysts can be regenerated by photoirradiation to remove surface carbon, thereby avoiding the changes in properties and subsequent loss of activity associated with conventional calcination regeneration method. This novel approach eliminates the energy consumption and potential structural aggregation associated with traditional calcination regeneration methods. The acid-base active sites of the catalyst, along with their corresponding catalytic reaction mechanism and photoregeneration mechanism were investigated. This study presents a demonstration of the comprehensive utilization of catalytic material properties, i. e., acid-base and photocatalytic functionalities, for the development of a green and sustainable biomass thermochemical conversion system.

Simultaneous removal of fluorine and dissolved silica from semiconductor wastewater by an in-situ crystal nucleation method towards near-zero liquid discharge

Near-zero liquid discharge (Near-ZLD) treatment process for semiconductor (SC) wastewater often encounters membrane fouling caused by calcium fluoride (CaF2) and silicates, which affect the process stability and efficiency. However, achieving low chemical dosing while simultaneously removing fluoride ions (F−) and dissolved silica (D-SiO2) remains a significant challenge in SC wastewater treatment. This study developed an in-situ crystal nucleation (ICN) method for Near-ZLD pretreatment, ensuring the simultaneous removal of F− (<8.0 mg/L) and D-SiO2 (<6.0 mg/L) to meet Near-ZLD requirements while mitigating membrane fouling. The method induced the in-situ generation of CaF2 seeds through a simple process adjustment without external additions, promoting the growth of CaF2 particles size and enhancing the subsequent coagulation effect. Consequently, membrane fouling was significantly reduced, and its reversibility was increased by more than ten-fold. In addition, the coagulant dosing was further optimized (Fe/Al mixed coagulants), which enhanced the acid-base interaction between the membrane surface and flocs, reducing irreversible membrane fouling by 70 %. In practical applications, the ICN method consistently achieved a 104.87 % increase in membrane flux compared to the conventional method, significantly extending the membrane's service life. This method provides a new perspective with practical guidance for the stable and efficient Near-ZLD operation in SC wastewater.

RGO/ZIF-8 Aerogel for Effective Removal of Malachite Green from Wastewater.

In this study, dopamine-modified graphene aerogel (DGA) is synthesized through a one-step hydrothermal method using graphene oxide as the precursor and dopamine as the reducing agent. Subsequently, in situ immersion synthesis is conducted to obtain ZIF-8 loaded on a dopamine-modified graphene aerogel skeleton (ZDGA), featuring a regular honeycomb interconnected mesoporosity and a high specific surface area of 532.8 m2/g. The synthesized ZDGA exhibited exceptional adsorption performance for the cationic dye malachite green. At room temperature, ZDGA achieved an impressive equilibrium adsorption capacity of 6578.34 mg/g. The adsorption process followed pseudo-secondary kinetics and adhered to the Langmuir model, indicating chemically dominated adsorption on a monomolecular layer. Intraparticle diffusion was the primary rate determinant, with π-π stacking, electrostatic adsorption, hydrogen bonding, and Lewis acid-base interactions serving as the key driving forces. It has an ideal specific surface area and good cycling performance, which highlights its potential application in dye wastewater treatment.

Kinetically Controlled Acid–Base Interaction of Tetra-4-chloro-tetra-5(5-methyl-2-isopropylphenoxy)phthalocyanine with Nitrogen-Containing Organic Bases

Kinetically Controlled Acid–Base Interaction of Tetra-4-chloro-tetra-5(5-methyl-2-isopropylphenoxy)phthalocyanine with Nitrogen-Containing Organic Bases

When covalent organic frameworks meet zeolites: Enhancing rhodamine B removal through the synergy in the emerging organic–inorganic nanoadsorbents

The development of new porous materials has attracted intense attention as adsorbents for removing pollutants from wastewater. However, pure inorganic and organic porous materials confront various problems in purifying the wastewater. In this work, we integrated a covalent organic framework (TpPa-1) with an inorganic zeolite (TS-1) for the first time via a solvothermal method to fabricate new-type nanoadsorbents. The covalent organic framework/zeolite (TpPa-1/TS-1) nanoadsorbents combined the merits of the zeolite and COF components and possessed efficient adsorptive removal of organic contaminants from solution. Structural morphology and chemical composition characterization by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated the successful preparation of TpPa-1/TS-1 composite nanoadsorbents. The resultant composite adsorbent TpPa-1/TS-1 removed rhodamine B at 1.7 and 2.6 times the efficiency of TpPa-1 and TS-1, respectively. Additional investigation revealed that the Freundlich adsorption isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model could be employed to represent the adsorption process more appropriately. Thermodynamic calculation analysis showed that the adsorption process proceeded spontaneously and exothermically. Besides, the effects of pH, absorbent mass and ionic strength on the adsorption performance were systematically investigated. The prepared composite adsorbent showed a slight decrease in removal efficiency after eight cycles of repeated use, and real water environment experiments also showed the high stability of the adsorbent. The enhanced performance can be attributed to electrostatic interaction, acid-base interaction, hydrogen bonding and π–π interactions.

Study of the fouling behavior of typical inorganic-organic foulants in silicates-bearing mine wastewater on reverse osmosis membrane

Inorganic-organic contaminants in mine wastewater treatment constantly challenge the performance of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. In this work, the main pollutants are calcium ions, soluble silicate, and fulvic acid (FA). We investigate the membrane contamination response of these contaminants in single cases and several composite scenarios. It turns out that membrane fouling is significantly affected by differences in feed composition and content. When all three contaminants coexist, the Lewis acid-base (AB) interaction may dominate the contamination process. When the Ca2+ concentration was raised from 0 to 7 mM, the AB energy between foulants decreased from −77.47 KT to −98.84 KT at the minimum separation distance. This study highlights the impact of typical inorganic and organic pollutants in the RO process, which could help optimize feed conditions while also giving a comparable theory for the water treatment sector.

Extraction of Dibenzyl Disulfide from Transformer Oils by Acidic Ionic Liquid.

In recent years, dibenzyl disulfide (DBDS) in transformer oils has caused many transformer failures around the world, and its removal has attracted more attention. In this work, nine imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) were applied as effective, green desulfurization extractants for DBDS-containing transformer oil for the first time. The results show that the desulfurization ability of the ILs for DBDS followed the order of [BMIM]FeCl4 > [BMIM]N(CN)2 > [BMIM]SCN > [BMIM](C4H9O)2PO2 > [BMIM]MeSO4 > [BMIM]NTf2 > [BMIM]OTf > [BMIM]PF6 > [BMIM]BF4. Especially, [BMIM]FeCl4 ionic liquid had excellent removal efficiency for DBDS, with its S partition coefficient KN (S) being up to 2642, which was much higher than the other eight imidazolium-based ILs. Moreover, the extractive performance of [BMIM]FeCl4 increased with an increasing molar ratio of FeCl3 to [BMIM]Cl, which was attributed to its Lewis acidity and fluidity. [BMIM]FeCl4 ionic liquid could also avail in the desulfurization of diphenyl sulfide (DPS) from model oils. The experimental results demonstrate that π-π action, π-complexation, and Lewis acid-base interaction played important roles in the desulfurization process. Finally, the ([BMIM]FeCl4) ionic liquid could be recycled five times without a significant decrease in extractive ability.

Metal-organic framework-based porous liquids via surface functionalization engineering for selective gas adsorption

Porous liquids (PLs) combine the distinct porosity of solids with the fluidity of liquids, offering new solutions for carbon capture, membrane separation, and more. This study introduces the development of unique UIO-66-PLs through a meticulous surface functionalization strategy, using surface-modified UIO-66-(OH)2 with the organic oligomer SIT8378.3 (SIT) and polyether amines (PEAs) of various molecular weights (M1000, M2070, and M3085) as the hindering solvents. The resulting UIO-66-PLs exhibit exceptional stability and dispersibility in both aqueous and organic environments. Importantly, benefiting from preserving UIO-66-(OH)2′s porosity in PLs, the affinity of PEAs’ ethylene oxide segments for CO2 via Lewis acid-base interactions, and additional free space within organic chains, UIO-66-PLs revealed enhanced CO2 adsorption capabilities, particularly for CO2 over N2. Encouragingly, CO2 adsorption of UIO-66-PLs was enhanced by 117.54 % (UIO-66-M1000), 106.01 % (UIO-66-M2070), and 22.45 % (UIO-66-M3085) in capacity relative to the respective pure organic outer layer. It is also observed that while surface engineering improves gas adsorption performance, PEAs with a high molecular weight may partially block UIO-66-(OH)2 pores, decreasing gas adsorption capacities. Our research showcases the potential of UIO-66-PLs in gas storage and separation applications, offering a new approach to developing materials functionalized with customized organic molecular weights for advanced CO2 capture technologies.

Mechanistical Insights into the Ultrasensitive Detection of Radioactive and Chemotoxic UO22+ Ions by a Porous Anionic Co-Metal-Organic Framework.

Development of a simple, cost-efficient, and portable UO22+ sensory probe with high selectivity and sensitivity is highly desirable in the context of monitoring radioactive contaminants. Herein, we report a luminescent Co-based metal-organic framework (MOF), {[Me2NH2]0.5[Co(DATRz)0.5(NH2BDC)]·xG}n (1), equipped with abundant amino functionalities for the selective detection of uranyl cations. The ionic structure consists of two types of channels decorated with plentiful Lewis basic amino moieties, which trigger a stronger acid-base interaction with the diffused cationic units and thus can selectively quench the fluorescence intensity in the presence of other interfering ions. Furthermore, the limit of detection for selective UO22+ sensing was achieved to be as low as 0.13 μM (30.94 ppb) with rapid responsiveness and multiple recyclabilities, demonstrating its excellent efficacy. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further unraveled the preferred binding sites of the UO22+ ions in the tubular channel of the MOF structure. Orbital hybridization between NH2BDC/DATRz and UO22+ together with its significantly large electron-accepting ability is identified as responsible for the luminescence quenching. More importantly, the prepared 1@PVDF {poly(vinylidene difluoride)} mixed-matrix membrane (MMM) displayed good fluorescence activity comparable to 1, which is of great significance for their practical employment as MOF-based luminosensors in real-world sensing application.

Electron-transfer-driven spatial optimisation of anaerobic consortia for efficient methanogenesis: Neglected inductive effect of conductive materials

The inductive effect of conductive materials (CMs) on enhancing methanogenesis metabolism has been overlooked. Herein, we highlight role of CMs in inducing the spatial optimisation of methanogenic consortia by altering the Lewis acid–base (AB) interactions within microbial aggregates. In the presence of CMs and after their removal, the methane production and methane proportion in biogas significantly increase, with no significant difference between the two situations. Analyses of interactions between CMs and extracellular polymer substances (EPSs) with and without D2O reveal that CMs promote release and transfer potential of electron in EPSs, which induce and enhance the role of water molecules being primarily as proton acceptors in the hydrogen bonding between EPSs and water, thereby changing the electron-donor- and electron-acceptor-based AB interactions. Investigations of succession dynamics of microbial communities, co-occurrence networks, and metagenomics further indicate that electron transfer drives the microbial spatial optimisation for efficient methanogenesis through intensive interspecies interactions.

Mechanistic study of visible light driven photocatalytic degradation of clofibric acid using Fe-based metal organic frameworks (MOFs)

Although a series of past studies proved the potential usage of Fe-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as photocatalysts, there remains a knowledge gap of the photocatalytic mechanism stemming from the challenge to separate the simultaneous sorption and photocatalytic degradation. Thus, this article aimed to suggest a novel approach by desorbing target molecules during photocatalysis to excavate the underlying mechanisms of sorption and photocatalytic degradation. In this study, two Fe-based MOFs, MIL-101(Fe) and MIL-101(Fe)–NH2, were selected to remove clofibric acid under visible light irradiation. Prior to photocatalysis, sorption mechanism was uncovered based on the sorption kinetic, isotherm, thermodynamic interpretation, and of its dependence on solution pH. The results inferred that the primary sorption mechanism was through the π-π interaction between the benzene ring of clofibric acid and the organic ligand of Fe-based MOFs. Based on these results, photocatalytic mechanism could be independently or jointly assessed during the photocatalytic degradation of clofibric acid. Subsequently, the application of the Tauc method and XPS spectra revealed that the bandgap structure of Fe-based MOFs had the potential to oxidize clofibric acid by producing ROS through the electron excitation upon visible-light illumination. On top of that, the amine functionalization of Fe-based MOF altered the structural moiety that led to an additional strong acid-base interaction with clofibric acid but a decrease in the bandgap limiting the ROS production during photocatalytic activity.

Effects of calcium and barium chloride salts on the solubility and dissolution thermodynamics of glycine and DL-alanine from 288.15 K to 328.15 K

This investigation primarily examines the solubility at equilibrium and the dissolution thermodynamics of two crucial amino acids, glycine and DL-alanine, in aqueous solutions containing calcium and barium chloride salts. The solubilities were measured from 288.15 K to 328.15 K using the analytical gravimetric method. The resulting solubilities were then used to deduce the thermodynamics of the solutions. Subsequently, the free energies associated with solvation through transfer were examined.Furthermore, the research delved into various thermophysical characteristics within electrolyte solutions in aqueous media, establishing correlations. In addition, this study elucidated various non-covalent processes, including the solubility and stability of amino acids, by considering short-range interactions such as solute–solvent, solvent–solvent, and acid–base interactions. This analysis primarily provides insights into the involved molecular interactions and energetics that govern the solubility and behavior of amino acids in various solution environments.