Aqueous Acid Medium Research Articles

Multi-Stimuli Responsive Viologen-Imprinted Polyvinyl Alcohol and Tricarboxy Cellulose Nanocomposite Hydrogels

Photochromic inks have shown disadvantages, such as poor durability and high cost. Self-healable hydrogels have shown photostability and durability. Herein, a viologen-based covalent polymer was printed onto a paper surface toward the development of a multi-stimuli responsive chromogenic sheet with thermochromic, photochromic, and vapochromic properties. Viologen polymer was created by polymerizing a dialdehyde-based viologen with a hydroxyl-bearing dihydrazide in an acidic aqueous medium. The viologen polymer was well immobilized as a colorimetric agent into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/tricarboxy cellulose (TCC)-based self-healable hydrogel. The viologen/hydrogel nanocomposite films were applied onto a paper surface. The coloration measurements showed that when exposed to ultraviolet light, the orange layer printed on the paper surface switched to green. The photochromic film was used to develop anti-counterfeiting prints using the organic hydrogel composed of a PVA/TCC composite and a viologen polymer. Reversible photochromism with strong photostability was observed when the printed papers were exposed to UV irradiation. A detection limit was monitored in the range of 0.5–300 ppm for NH3(aq). The exposure to heat (70 °C) was found to reversibly initiate a colorimetric change.

One-dimensional lepidocrocite titania mesoparticles integrated with activated carbon for high-performance supercapacitor applications

Herein, we mix titania-based, TiO2, porous mesostructured, comprised of one-dimensional lepidocrocite nanofilaments, 1DLs, ≈ 5 × 7 Å2 in cross-section, with activated carbon, AC, to create unique composite structures with exceptional electrochemical properties. The synthesis method is facile, cost-effective, and scalable. While the porous mesoparticles, PMs, possess excellent protonic conductivity and exhibit enhanced faradic behavior in acidic aqueous media, their low electronic conductivity restricts their power output. The problem is solved by mixing the PMs with AC powders with various loadings. Electrolytes used were sulfuric acid, H2SO4, potassium hydroxide, KOH, lithium and Na-sulphates. The best PM loading was found to be 25 wt%. The resulting composite exhibits a specific capacitance (capacity) of 1024 Fg−1 (554 mAhg−1) at a 2 mVs−1 scan rate, with 97 % cyclic stability over 10,000 cycles when the electrolyte was 1 M H2SO4. Upon integration into a symmetrical device, the composite exhibited a specific energy of 135 Whkg−1 at 0.5 Ag−1. Further, it demonstrated a peak specific power of 18 kWkg−1, while retaining a specific energy of 54 Whkg−1 at 5 Ag−1. Notably, following 100,000 cycles at 1 Ag−1, the symmetrical cell sustained approximately 50 % of its initial specific capacitance. Subsequently, a 24 h self-discharge test revealed a decrease in cell voltage from 1.95 V to 0.48 V, thereby highlighting the potential suitability of these supercapacitors for short-term energy storage applications.

Chitosan-Polyaniline (Bio)Polymer Hybrids by Two Pathways: A Tale of Two Biocomposites.

Previous research highlights the potential of polyaniline-based biocomposites as unique adsorbents for humidity sensors. This study examines several preparative routes for creating polyaniline (PANI) and chitosan (CHT) composites: Type 1-in situ polymerization of aniline with CHT; Type 2-molecular association in acidic aqueous media; and a control, Type 3-physical mixing of PANI and CHT powders (without solvent). The study aims to differentiate the bonding nature (covalent vs. noncovalent) within these composites, which posits that noncovalent composites should exhibit similar physicochemical properties regardless of the preparative route. The results indicate that Type 1 composites display features consistent with covalent and hydrogen bonding, which result in reduced water swelling versus Type 2 and 3 composites. These findings align with spectral and thermogravimetric data, suggesting more compact structure for Type 1 materials. Dye adsorption studies corroborate the unique properties for Type 1 composites, and 1H NMR results confirm the role of covalent bonding for the in situ polymerized samples. The structural stability adopts the following trend: Type 1 (covalent and noncovalent) > Type 2 (possible trace covalent and mainly noncovalent) > Type 3 (noncovalent). Types 2 and 3 are anticipated to differ based on solvent-driven complex formation. This study provides greater understanding of structure-function relationships in PANI-biopolymer composites and highlights the role of CHT as a template that involves variable (non)covalent contributions with PANI, according to the mode of preparation. The formation of composites with tailored bonding modalities will contribute to the design of improved adsorbent materials for environmental remediation to versatile humidity sensor systems.

Charge Photogeneration and Transfer in Polyaniline/Titanium Dioxide Heterostructure

The photoinduction process in a p-n heterogeneous structure should be in correlation with the electronic properties of its semiconductor components. Based on that assumption, a double layer made of polyaniline (PANi) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) on glass substrate is used to investigate the charge photogenerated and transferred in the structure. The PANi layer is made by in situ polymerization of aniline in HCl acidic aqueous medium, while the TiO2 layer is made by thermolysis of TiCl3 dilute solution. It has been found that the PANi/TiO2 double layer is a composition of a PANi emeraldine salt layer (p-type semiconductor) covered by a TiO2 rutile layer (n-type conductor), creating a p-n heterogeneous structure. Upon exposure to the excitation light, the light sensitivity of the PANi layer in the PANi/TiO2 structure reveals a response mode distinct from those of the neat PANi layer. The conductance of the PANi layer in the coupling structure shows two modes of response: (1) a negative mode, i.e., a decrease in conductance in response to the excitation light of wavelength 369, 396 and 447 nm, and (2) a positive mode, namely an increase in conductance, as with the excitation light of wavelength 667 nm. On the other hand, the neat PANi layer simply shows a single positive response to excitation light. Those response modes account for a modulation of the PANi/TiO2 depletion region that in turn depends upon the photoexcited electrons and holes in the heterostructure. The diffusion of excess photogenerated electrons and holes over the heterojunction results in an expansion or reduction of depletion width that gives rise to an increase or decrease of the PANi layer conductance, i.e., a positive or negative response, respectively. In addition, the negative mode in response to the excitation light of wavelength 447 nm (~2.8 eV) is assumed to be an impact of the PANi in extending the photoinduction of the TiO2 component into the vision range at the blue region.

Addressing the Challenge of a Simultaneous Destructive Assay of Plutonium and Uranium: Highly Precise, Robust, Universal, and Reagent-Free Differential Pulse Voltametric Method Development in Biodegradable Methanesulfonic Acid Medium.

The destructive assay of bulk uranium and plutonium, a cornerstone for chemical quality control and nuclear material accounting of fuel matrices, mandates robust and precise methodologies. Despite ongoing research, simultaneous, matrix independent determination of U and Pu has eluded solution owing to inherent limitations in aqueous acid medium, viz., coexistence of multiple oxidation states, coupled electrochemical reactions, smaller potential window, and requirement for multistep sample preconditioning and tedious electrode modification. The present study addresses this challenge wherein non-aqueous methanesulfonic acid (MSA) served the dual role of solvent and analyte media with a bare glassy carbon (GC) electrode. Fuel matrices, viz., (U, Pu)C, (U, Pu)O2, PuO2, UO3, UO2, and U3O8, were quantitatively dissolved in biodegradable MSA, without using any additives. Redox speciation of the analytes, U and Pu, in MSA was probed by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry and electrometry, revealing the absence of electrocatalytic regeneration and stabilization of single oxidation state, viz., U(VI) and Pu(IV), along with relevant redox-energetic (electron transfer and reversibility) and kinetic data. Bidentate coordination of MSA with the U analyte was indicated by X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies and was corroborated by density functional theory-based investigations, providing the optimized structure, viz., [UO2(MSA)2] and [Pu(MSA)4], binding modes and energy, partial charges, and molecular orbital diagrams. Based on these insights, the feasibility of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV)-based assay method development for U and Pu separately and in different U/Pu ratios, representing assorted fuel matrices, was probed. Analytical figures of merit for both U and Pu (detection limit of ∼10-5 M, precision of ∼0.2%, accuracy of ∼0.2%, high sensitivity, repeatability, and non-influence of relevant interferences) were determined, method validated employing actual fuel samples, and compared with the established, multi-step biamperometry method. Hence, a universal, simultaneous U and Pu destructive assay method in non-aqueous MSA media based on DPV with a commercial GC electrode was demonstrated.

Exploring the potential of chlorogenic acid/chitosan nanoparticle-loaded edible films with photodynamic technology for Mongolian cheese application

This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of edible films made from chlorogenic acid/chitosan (CGA/CS) nanoparticles combined with photodynamic technology (PDT). Hydroxypropyl starch (HS) and κ-carrageenan (KC) were used as the main ingredients in the preservation of Mongolian cheese under the PDT condition. The mechanical characteristics, water vapor adsorption, solubility, permeability, and release of chlorogenic acid in aqueous media were evaluated. The incorporation of CGA/CS significantly enhanced the tensile strength and barrier characteristics of the edible films. The antimicrobial efficacy of the edible film was assessed over a period of 7 days while the cheese was being stored, followed by PDT application. The use of antimicrobial PDT did not cause lipid oxidation in cheese samples. Additionally, the combination of CGA/CS@HS/KC helped to reduce fat oxidation in Mongolian cheese. Utilizing an edible film in conjunction with PDT presents a viable solution for prolonging the shelf life of Mongolian cheese while maintaining its sensory attributes and nutritional qualities.

A Study of Micellar Catalyses on Oxidation of Glycine by QDC in the Presence of Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS) in Aqueous Perchloric Acid Medium

Aims: To study the micellar effect of SDS on the oxidation of glycine by Quinolinium Dichromate (QDC) in perchloric acid medium. Background: Among the amino acids, glycine plays a major role in multiple metabolic reactions, such as glutathione synthesis and one-carbon metabolism. The oxidation of glycine has received importance because it is the major neurotransmitter inhibitor in the spinal cord and brainstem. In the oxidation process of amino acids, highly toxic chromium (VI) compounds are converted into non-toxic chromium (III) by quinolinium dichromate (QDC) oxidant in an appropriate pH value medium. Objective: 1. To study the catalytic role of anionic surfactant (SDS) on the oxidation of glycine by QDC through micellization, evaluation of critical micelles concentration (CMC) in the presence and absence of glycine and other surface properties along with thermodynamic quantities. 2. Determination of rate constant and order of reaction with respect to QDC, glycine, acid and surfactant which will help to study the kinetics of the reaction 3. Analysis of oxidation product by FT-IR and calculation of activation parameters. 4. Synthesis of oxidant (QDC) and its characterization by UV-Visible spectrophotometer and NMR spectroscopy. Results: First-order kinetics was observed with respect to oxidant, glycine and hydrogen ions. The rate of reaction increased remarkably with an increase in the concentration of surfactant (SDS). The kinetic results show that the ionic strength variation does not have any significant effect on the rate whereas the increase in the dielectric constant of the medium shows a remarkable effect on the rate constant. From stoichiometry study, it was found that 2 moles of oxidant (QDC) consumed 3 moles of glycine to produce aldehyde (Formaldehyde). Conclusion: The observed negative value of (ΔS) entropy of activation and positive (ΔH) enthalpy of activation suggests a more ordered activated complex formation and highly solvated transition state. The kinetics of the reaction in a perchloric acid medium is found to be accelerated in the presence of surfactant (SDS). The kinetics of the reaction follow pseudo first-order decay of Cr(VI) species (QDC), a unity dependence of rate on glycine and perchloric acid. The oxidation product formaldehyde was identified by FTIR. NMR spectrum analysis of synthesized QDC shows a resemblance with pure QDC.

Sensing performance of Schiff base-calix[4]arene including amide units for detection of pharmaceutically active compounds on QCM sensor system

This study aimed to investigate the sensing performance of a Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) sensor coated with a calix[4]arene derivative (calixarene phenol amide, CPhA), containing both Schiff base and amide groups against various pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) such as ibuprofen, diphenhydramine, naproxen, and ascorbic acid in aqueous media. CPhA was successfully coated on the QCM crystal surface, and its surface properties were studied using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and contact angle measurements. Sensing studies showed that the CPhA-coated QCM sensor detected more PhACs than the compound 4 (unfunctionalized derivative)-coated sensor. The highest frequency variation and binding ratio values were achieved with the QCM sensor with a relatively low coating amount. The CPhA-coated QCM sensor achieved higher adsorption capacity and was significantly more sensitive to all PhACs than the compound 4-coated one. The fabricated sensor showed remarkable reproducibility for all PhACs except naproxen (NAP). The fabricated sensor exhibited a remarkable sensing performance for detecting PhACs, which is promising for developing novel calix[4]arene-coated QCM sensors for PhACs.

The Preparation of Tetraarylethylene-Based Porous Polymer Nanoparticles for the Sensitive Detection of Picric Acid in Aqueous Media

The Preparation of Tetraarylethylene-Based Porous Polymer Nanoparticles for the Sensitive Detection of Picric Acid in Aqueous Media

The Surface Deterioration of Prefabricated Zirconia Crowns on Exposure to Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride Gel: An In Vitro Study.

Introduction Zirconia is a widely used restorative material in dentistry due to its superior aesthetic and mechanical properties. The oral cavity is a complex ecosystem with various components, which affect the teeth, as well as artificial restorative materials. Various personal and professional interventions carried out can severely affect the properties of restorative materials, thus altering the longevity of the prosthesis; 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel is one such professionally applied topical fluoride agent used to prevent caries. The interaction of this APF gel with highly aesthetic restorative material such as zirconia crowns is unknown. Objective The objective of this study is the evaluation of the surface deterioration of prefabricated zirconia crowns on exposure to deionised water and 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel with field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and mass loss analysis. Material and method Sixty prefabricated paediatric zirconia crowns were taken, 10 samples were immersed in deionised water, 40 samples were immersed in 1.23% APF gel and 10 samples were used ascontrol. Surface morphology and mass loss analysis were carried out at time intervals of four minutes, 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours using FE-SEM and digital weighing machine. Results No visual change was observed in the samples immersed in deionised water at the time interval of 72 hours. There was a marked visual change in samples immersed in 1.23% APF gel at the time interval of four minutes to 72 hours; this change involved a loss of gloss to the appearance of chalkiness. FE-SEM analysis for the control group and samples immersed in deionised water showed a smooth, continuous, undisrupted top layer, while samples immersed in 1.23% APF gel showed changes ranging from surface etching, to pinhole porosities, to crack formation and disruption of the surface depending upon the exposure time. Conclusions On the immersion of zirconia crowns in an aqueous acidic medium of 1.23% APF gel, the crowns showed flaws, imperfectionsand uneven superficial layers. It has been observed that surface grains are disrupted and micropores have been formed. This degraded superficial surface when undergoes cyclic mechanical loading can accelerate the ageing phenomenon of zirconia. Mechanical forces along with a dynamic electrochemical environment can degrade the material properties of zirconia.

P‐Toluene Sulphonic Acid (PTSA): An Efficient Catalyst for One‐Pot Three‐Component Synthesis of Novel 3‐Pyrazolyl‐Thiazolidin‐4‐One Derivatives

AbstractThis research article focuses on the pathway for metal‐free unprecedented one‐pot three‐component synthesis of biologically active 3‐pyrazolyl‐thiazolidin‐4‐one derivatives through cyclo‐condensation of aromatic aldehydes, 1H‐pyrazol‐3‐amine and thioglycolic acid in aqueous medium. p‐Toluene sulphonic acid (PTSA), a non‐toxic, cheaper, easily accessible, eco‐benign, organic acid‐catalyst was explored to mediate this reaction. Formation of novel 3‐pyrazolyl‐thiazolidin‐4‐one derivatives, environment‐benign conditions, quick reaction time, excellent functional group acceptance and moderate to high yield of the products are some of the chief advantages of the reaction. Further, this methodology will surely contribute in various fields of synthetic organic methodology, pharmaceutical industry and natural bio‐active product synthesis.

Fast and Selective Main-Chain Scission of Vinyl Polymers Using the Domino Reaction in the Alternating Sequence for Transesterification.

This communication reports on vinyl polymers capable of selective and fast main-chain scission (MCS). The trick is the domino reaction in an alternating sequence of methyl 2-(trimethylsiloxymethyl)acrylate and 5,6-benzo-2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane, a cyclic ketene acetal for radical ring-opening polymerization. Removal of the trimethylsilyl group using Bu4N+·F- readily led to MCS via irreversible transesterification of the ester backbone, affording a five-membered lactone fragment. The molar mass decreased drastically within 5 min, and no side reactions were observed. Control experiments suggest that the formation of a five-membered ring via a domino reaction is critical for fast and selective MCS. The terpolymers with methyl methacrylate and styrene also exhibited a large decrease in molar mass within 5 min. In addition, MCS was also observed for the heterogeneous reaction system in acidic aqueous media; treatment of the binary copolymer in a 50 wt % acetic acid solution resulted in a significant decrease in molar mass after 30 min. These results suggest efficient construction of degradable sites using a binary monomer system corresponding to the pendant trigger and ester backbone. Because this molecular design using a binary monomer system provides selective and fast MCS for terpolymers containing other vinyl monomers, it can provide various degradable vinyl polymers.

Investigation of Peroxidase-Like Activity of Flower-Shaped Nanobiocatalyst from Viburnum Opulus L. Extract on the Polymerization Reactions

Here, we report the effects of peroxidase-mimicking activity of flower shaped hybrid nanobiocatalyst obtained from Viburnum-Opulus L. (Gilaburu) extract and Cu2+ ions on the polymerization of phenol and its derivatives (guaiacol and salicylic acid). The obtained nanoflowers exhibited quite high catalytic activity upon the polymerization of phenol and guaiacol. The yields and the number average molecular weights of the obtained polymers were significantly high. Due to solubility issue of salicylic acid in aqueous media, polymerization of salicylic acid resulted in very low yields. Free-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme is known to be losing its catalytic activity at 60 °C and above temperatures. However, the synthesized nanoflowers exhibited quite high catalytic activity even at 60 °C and above reaction temperatures. This provides notable benefits for reactions needed at high temperatures, and it is very important to use these kinds of nanobiocatalysts for both scientific studies and industrial applications.

Kinetic and Mechanistic Pathway of Electron Transfer Reactions: Pyridine Oxidation by Peroxomonophosphoric Acid in Acidic Aqueous Medium

Abstract: The kinetic and mechanistic pathways of pyridine oxidation by peroxomonophosphate has been studied in an acidic aqueous medium. Reactions of peroxomonophosphoric acid are the least exploited kinetically. This reaction has been attempted to understand the role of oxidation of pyridine and the reactivity pattern of peroxomonophosphate. The reaction has been second order and First-order concerning the oxidant and substrate, respectively. The reaction rate showed a decreasing effect with increasing hydrogen ion concentration. Considering peroxomonophosphate reactions as non-chain reactions and all the results, a feasible mechanism for the reaction has been suggested. The calculated energy of activation and entropy of activation has been observed conventionally to be 80 ± 5 kJ mol-1 and – 45 ± 6 JK-1 mol-1. The oxidation product was pyridine-N-oxide in this reaction.

Impact on preferred orientation and crystal strain behavior of nanocrystal anatase-TiO2 by X-ray diffraction technique

The primary goal of this research outline is the conversion of titanium isopropoxide (TTIP) at 50.0 °C to form a high crystalline preferred oriented predominant (101) with a low crystal strain of 90.0 % anatase-TiO2 phase. With the interval of time, the peptizing agent (IP) reacts to an acidic aqueous medium and preferential growth of anatase-TiO2 has been identified. Exhaustive recombination in X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis ensures the crystal strain, lattice volume, lattice parameters, d-spacing and crystallite size. UV–vis-NIR showed maximum absorption of 320.0 nm with 0.78 a.u. at blue shift for decreasing nano-size and smaller bandgap 3.0313 eV of larger dimensions anatase-TiO2. The preferred orientation also revealed by nanobeam diffraction (NBD) of TEM enables qualitative lattice type and highly crystal orientated predominant (101) plane 5.60 nm−1 in a diffraction pattern imposed on 200.0 kv parallel electron bean from LaB6 filament.

Synthesis of Vanadyl Complexes of N-Confused Porphyrins and Their Bromoperoxidase-like Catalytic Activity.

Two new vanadyl complexes of N-confused porphyrins (NCPs), [VONCTPP] (V-1) and [VONCP(OMe)8] (V-2), have been synthesized for the first time and investigated as a catalyst for the oxidative bromination reaction of phenol and its derivatives. This article further delineates crystal structures, photophysical, and redox properties of both the vanadyl complexes. Complexes V-1 and V-2 exhibited a significant red shift in their absorption spectra compared with their respective free bases. The single-crystal structure of V-1 revealed that the complex is in the 2H tautomeric form, while EPR studies revealed the +4 oxidation state of vanadium metal having an axial compression with dxy1 configuration. Catalytic potential for bromoperoxidases-like activity has been explored for both complexes V-1 and V-2 for the first time in NCP chemistry with excellent TOF values (4.7-6.3 s-1 for V-1 and 7.3-8.7 s-1 for V-2) using KBr as a source of bromine and H2O2 as a green oxidant in aqueous acidic medium at 298 K. Notably, both catalysts show excellent recyclability over five cycles. The vanadyl-metalated NCPs exhibit excellent stability in the air.

Palladium‐catalyzed sequential Heck/Suzuki coupling reaction and the synthesis of diarylmethanes in aqueous media using indole‐based N‐heterocyclic carbene precursors

AbstractThis study introduced a versatile class of indole‐based benzimidazolium salts, offering distinct advantages: (1) the utilization of affordable and easily accessible starting materials; (2) a straightforward and uncomplicated synthesis process; (3) the diversity of the salt should provide fine‐tunability of steric and electronic properties. These salts, employed as N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) precursors, were effectively utilized in the Pd‐catalyzed C–C bond formation reactions involving aryl or benzyl halide. The catalytic system, arising from the in situ generation of Pd(OAc)2 and indole‐based benzimidazolium salts, demonstrated remarkable efficiency. It accomplished the synthesis of diarylmethanes via the Suzuki coupling of benzyl chlorides and arylboronic acids in aqueous media with a Pd loading of 0.5 mol%. Furthermore, it successfully achieved the one‐pot sequential Heck/Suzuki coupling reactions with a Pd loading of as low as 0.25 mol%.

STUDY OF EXTRACTION OF SORBIC AND BENZOIC ACIDS USING BLOCK COPOLYMER “PLURONIC”

characterized by the use of harmless, environmentally friendly reagents. The relevance of the work is due to the increasing requirements for extractants capable of ensuring almost complete extraction of sorbic and benzoic acids from food objects for the purpose of their subsequent quantitative determination. The work is devoted to studying the extracting ability of the Pluronic block copolymer in relation to sorbic and benzoic acids and establishing the patterns of interphase distribution in the studied systems. Nonionic surfactant block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide provide high quantitative indicators of interfacial distribution of a wide class of organic substances. In small quantities, sorbic and benzoic acid in food products do not have a negative effect on human health, but high levels of preservatives cause pathologies in the body. Therefore, the development of new methods for the extraction and determination of sorbic and benzoic acids in aqueous media with the aim of further monitoring their content in food objects is an urgent task of analytical chemistry. The article presents the calculated distribution coefficients and the degree of extraction of sorbic and benzoic acids using the Pluronic block copolymer and ammonium sulfate as an extractant. The concentrations of analytes and extractant, as well as the ratio of the volumes of aqueous and organic phases at which maximum extraction characteristics are achieved, have been established. Еlectrophoretic analysis of the aqueous phase after extraction is used in the work. Parameters for the quantitative determination of sorbic and benzoic acids were established. Schemes for the interaction of the block copolymer with analytes due to hydrogen bonds are proposed, taking into account the structural features of Pluronic and the extracted substances. For citation: Pakhomova O.A., Polteva A.V., Mokshina N.Ya. Study of extraction of sorbic and benzoic acids using block copolymer “Pluronic”. ChemChemTech [Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol.]. 2024. V. 67. N 7. P. 41-47. DOI: 10.6060/ivkkt.20246707.7020.

Understanding of lactobionic acid in aqueous-glycol mixtures at different temperatures: Ultrasonic investigation and spectroscopic study

The proposed investigation focused on the study of liquid mixtures that contain polyethylene glycols (PEGs) such as polyethylene glycol-200 and polyethylene glycol-400, and lactobionic acid aqueous solutions. The study aimed to examine the density and ultrasonic speed of these mixtures at different temperatures (288.15 K, 298.15 K, 308.15 K, and 318.15 K) and concentrations (0.01, 0.02 and 0.03) mol.kg-1 of lactobionic acid in aqueous medium. The experimental data obtained were used to estimate various density and sound-speed characteristics, and to calculate the apparent molar, partial molar, and transfer properties of volume and isentropic compressions, including (Vϕ, Vϕ0, ΔVϕ0 and Kϕ,s,Kϕ,s0, ΔKϕ,s0). The interaction coefficients (VAB, VABB, KAB and KABB) were determined using the values of ΔVϕ0and ΔKϕ,s0. Additionally, the study computed the limiting apparent molar expansibilities, its derivative, and empirical parameters. The findings of the study were evaluated in terms of interactions among the solutes and solvents in the liquid mixtures. Moreover, the spectroscopic study of the binary mixture of lactobionic acid and water at different their concentrations was done to find the different stretching and bonds available in the mixture.

Insight into D-galactose Oxidation: Kinetic and Mechanistic Analysis with Imidazolium Fluorochromate

In a 50% (v/v) aqueous acetic acid medium, a study on the oxidation kinetics of D-galactose by imidazolium fluorochromate (IFC) was conducted. The study revealed unit-order dependence on [D-galactose], [IFC], and [perchloric Acid]. The reaction was catalyzed by perchloric acid, and followed a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio. Adding sodium hyperchlorate (VII) salt did not affect the reaction. Polymerization of acrylonitrile was not observed in the oxidation process. The oxidation rates were retarded on adding Mn2+ ions in the mixture, and rates increased as the reaction medium’s dielectric constant (D) decreased. The observed results follow the Amis and Kirkwood plots {log k1 vs. (1/D) and ((D-1/2D+1))}. Several thermodynamic variables were determined by analyzing the kinetic data across a temperature range. Arabinose and formic acid were formed as the products of the reaction. A mechanistic path involving the formation of an ester followed by hydride ion transfer was proposed.