Breeding Achievements Research Articles

Селекция раннеспелых гибридов кукурузы универсального использования

Abstract. The expansion of the northern zone of corn-sowing in the Russian Federation, the increase in demand for corn hybrids capable of maturing in zones with a short frost-free period, forming a high yield of grain and green mass, adapted to various soil and climatic zones, requires intensification of breeding work for early maturity. The purpose of the research is the creation of a new early-ripening corn hybrid of universal use, characterized by adaptability to various soil and climatic conditions. The research was carried out at the Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” and research institutions in Russia in 2018–2021. Methods. The main method of creating hybrids is the method of interline hybridization using heterosis in the first generation. Topcross crosses were used to obtain hybrid combinations. Object of the study are early ripe corn hybrids. A new early-ripening corn hybrid Vityaz’ MV of universal use was created jointly by the ARC “Donskoy” and the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution of the National Grain Center named after. P. P. Lukyanenko. It is included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements and approved for use in the production of the North Caucasian, Central, Central Black Earth and Middle Volga regions for grain and silage. According to the research results, the new hybrid is distinguished by high grain yield and plasticity. In the environmental test of research institutions in Russia, located in different soil and climatic conditions, the grain yield was 5.03–10.30 t/ha. In the ARC “Donskoy”, the average grain yield, including dry years, was 4.31 t/ha, which is significantly (by 0.36 t/ha) higher than that of the Krasnodarskiy 194 MV standard. The yield of green mass – 28.2 t/ha, dry matter – 9.41 t/ha. The new hybrid is drought-resistant, resistant to lodging and bunt smut, and is characterized by low harvest grain moisture content (14.0 %). The scientific novelty should be considered the creation of a new early-ripening corn hybrid Vityaz’ MV of universal use, adapted to various soil and climatic zones of the Russian Federation.

ОЦЕНКА СУСЛА И ВИНА ИЗ НОВЫХ ГИБРИДНЫХ ФОРМ ВИНОГРАДА СЕЛЕКЦИИ АНАПСКОЙ ОПЫТНОЙ СТАНЦИИ

To produce new brands of high quality wines, it is necessary to select a grape assortment, in-cluding the latest achievements of domestic breeding. The article presents research materials on must and dry wines from hybrid forms of grapes of the AZOSViV breeding – 62-21, 62-20 and 62-24 (F/U Dzhemete×Cabernet Sauvi-gnon). These hybrids are studied in the hybrid plot to identify a set of economically valuable and adaptively significant traits and properties that exceed the standard varieties. All hybrid forms are of technical direction and medium maturity. Productivity is high, tolerant to phyl-loxera. Must and wine from the Cabernet Sauvignon variety were used as controls. Train-ing system "Spiral cordon AZOS-1". Planting scheme 3.5×2.0 m. As a result of the techno-chemical analysis of the must from the studied hybrids, it was revealed that by the time of har-vesting they had accumulated more sugars than the control variety. The titratable acidity of the must of the hybrid form 62-20 and control (Cabernet Sauvignon) was significantly higher than in other variants of the experiment. Based on the glucoacidometric index, the must of hy-brids 62-21 and 62-24 was the most optimal for obtaining high-quality red wines. All hybrid forms contained more phenolic substances in berries than Cabernet Sauvignon (control). Wine materials from the studied hybrids have a high alcohol content and a reserve of extractive and phenolic substances, which exceeds the control in these parameters. As a result of the tasting analysis of wine materials from the stud-ied hybrids, it was revealed that they are not inferior to the control Cabernet Sauvignon, and the forms 62-21 and 62-24 are rated higher than it.

Method of ISSR-marking in the study of genetic diversity of flax varieties

The genetic diversity of crop varieties should be assessed using modern molecular markers. One of the most promising and simple methods of plant genetic analysis is intermicrosatellite labeling (ISSR). The purpose of this research is to study the polymorphism of varieties of fiber flax and linseed flax included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation, as well as local forms of fiber flax using ISSR markers. The objects for the research were 83 samples from the collection of the Federal Research Center for Bast Fiber Crops, among them 24 varieties of linseed flax, 56 varieties of fiber flax of domestic and foreign breeding, and three local forms from the Central Non-Black Earth Region. Genetic analysis was carried out by PCR method using a set of 25 ISSR primers. Detection of amplification products was carried out using electrophoresis in 1.5% agarose gel. Based on intraspecific selection of flax varieties to oilseed and fiber forms, a cluster analysis was performed according to the results of ISSR labeling independently in each of two groups that allowed to increase the reliability of conclusions on the existing dependences. Dendrograms of the genetic similarity of the studied samples of linseed flax and fiber flax were studied independently from each other. As a result of the analysis, linseed flax varieties were divided into five clusters, which made it possible to establish dependencies related to their origin (originator of the variety) and oil content in the seed. The dendrogram which included varieties of fiber flax and its local forms, revealed twelve subclusters forming three uneven groups. Almost every group had its own characteristic feature, not related to the geography of origin. The grouping of varieties occurred mainly on the basis of their various characteristics in terms of flax fiber content, ripening time and resistance to environmental stress factors. The results of the research show the applicability of using the ISSR-markers as a valid and accessible method for developing the elements of marker-associative breeding of bast fiber crops.

Current trends and prospects of apple breeding (<i>Malus</i> Mill) in Russia: review

In the Russian Federation, 506 varieties of apple trees are approved for use (10 included in 2023) with different periods of consumer ripeness of the fruit. The activities of breeding institutions have made it possible to improve the assortment of apple trees, while it is necessary to obtain new varieties of apple trees with a complex of adaptive traits and commercial and consumer qualities of fruits that ensure stable fruiting, productivity in unstable climatic conditions, as well as a long period of post-harvest storage of fruits; and, accordingly, determining the profitability of using these varieties in production plantings. In accordance with the increasing requirements for varieties, new breeding achievements must surpass previous analogues in a set of valuable breeding traits, which confirms the need to improve breeding programs. The key areas of apple tree selection are increasing winter hardiness, drought resistance, disease resistance, improving the biochemical composition and shelf life of the fruit, and columnar crown shape. Intensification of the selection process is necessary to reduce the time to obtain a new variety and its production development; in connection with this, marker-mediated selection is a promising direction for accelerating the selection process. The review article presents data on the work of scientific institutions where apple tree selection is carried out. The results of many years of work by leading research organizations of the Russian Federation in the field of apple breeding are covered. Data on scientific institutions, depending on their territorial location, are sorted by regions of admission of the State Register of Selection Achievements approved for use. The results of many years of work of leading research organizations, the main directions of apple breeding are covered, data on the use of modern methods for studying breeding material in research institutions are provided, and approaches to the early selection of economically valuable genotypes are presented. The analytical review is supplemented with information on ways to expand the genetic variability of hybrid offspring. The creation of varieties with a high level of adaptability, commercial and consumer characteristics of fruits will contribute to the further improvement of the apple tree assortment in the Russian Federation.

Creation and introduction into production of a new variety of soft winter wheat for cultivation in fallows and the best non-fallow predecessors

Relevance. Winter wheat is the main food crop in Russia, having the leading role in gross grain harvest improvement. The use of new adaptive varieties of winter common wheat in agriculture is the most realistic means of reducing the adverse effects of climate change ensuring a productivity rise and improving the technological properties of grain and flour. The developed winter wheat varieties should combine potential productivity and resistance to abiotic and biotic environmental factors through improved adaptability.Methods. The study was carried out in 2018–2022 on the fields of the research crop rotation of the FSBSI «ARC “Donskoy”», according to a green manure fallow due to the methods of SVT and a field trial.Results. The winter common wheat variety Zodiak can form a consistently high yield after various forecrops from 5.63 t/ha, when sown after sunflower to 10.23 t/ha when sown in green fallow. The variety formed the maximum productivity of 11.14 t/ha when sown in weed free fallow in 2018 and 2022. The study of the physicochemical properties of grain showed that the quality of grain and flour in the Zodiac variety corresponds to valuable wheat varieties. The protein percentage is 14.15%, gluten is 28.5%, the gluten quality corresponds to group I (IDK is 67 bp), the alveograph index is 255 f. a., the volume yield per 100 g of flour is 700 cm³, the baking assessment is 4.4 points, valorimetric estimation is 79 bp, SDS-sedimentation is 59 ml. The new winter common wheat variety Zodiak has been included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements since 2022 and recommended for cultivation in the 6th North Caucasus region.

Биологические особенности и направления селекции видов полевицы (Agrostis L.)

The modern concept of crop production development, focused on the biologization of agriculture, provides for an increase in the diversity of plant species and varieties used, most adapted to the conditions of specific areas of their use and providing maximum ecological and economic effect. To do this, it is necessary to intensify the selection and seed-growing work on the breeding of new varieties of herbs with the simultaneous expansion of species representation. Representatives of the genus bentgrass (Agrostis L.) have a high biological potential, cenotic activity and productive longevity when creating artificial agrocenoses for various purposes. The article analyzes the features of the taxonomic classification of the genus Agrostis, biological features of the most promising bentgrass species for economic use. In the State Register of Breeding achievements approved for use in the territory of the Russian Federation as of 2023, 8 varieties of giant bentgrass (A. gigantea Roth.), 9 — creeping bent (A. stolonifera L.) and 7 — brown top (ordinary) (A. tenuis Sibth.). The last two types are mainly used to create lawns for various purposes. The most promising Agrostis species for establishing agrocenoses for fodder use, primarily in grassland farming in the Non-Chernozem Zone, is giant bentgrass. The article presents the results of breeding work of the Federal Scientific Center "VIK named after V.R. Williams" on the development of new varieties of giant bentgrass.

Биологические особенности и хозяйственно полезные признаки сортов полевицы гигантской Чара и Альба

From the genus bentgrass (Agrostis L.) red top (A. gigantea Roth.) is the most adaptive species. Red top varieties Chara and Alba have been created and registered in the State Register of Breeding Achievements Approved for Use in the territory of the Russian Federation in the Federal Scientific Center "VIK named after V.R. Williams". The varieties are characterized by high adaptive potential and unpretentiousness. They are characterized by competitiveness when cultivated in poly-species grass mixtures. In the conditions of the Central region of Russia, the Chara variety forms high yields of green mass in the mode of triple mowing, up to 47.2 t/ha, dry weight 12.1 t/ha, which is 25.4 and 38.3% higher than the standard. The yield of seeds of the Chara variety from grass stands of the first year of use is 400 kg/ha, which is 36.8% higher than the standard. The Alba variety is characterized by increased drought resistance. Designed for lawn and pasture use. In the conditions of the Central Chernozem region, the yield of green mass is 27.3–34.5 t/ha, seeds — depending on the year of use of the herbage, 412–194 kg/ha. When lawn varieties are used, the density of shoots in the herbage of the second year of life can reach 76.0 thousand pcs/m2. In conditions of sufficient moisture, with the observance of lawn care technology, a high density of shoots can be maintained for 6 years. The varieties are resistant to disease.

CULTIVATION OF VARIABLE LUCERNE VARIETY VICTORIA IN MONOCULTURAL AND POLYCULTURE AGROPHYTOCENOSIS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF UDMURT REPUBLIC

Variable lucerne is a valuable perennial legume crop known for its high fodder productivity, elevated raw protein content (up to 24%), drought resistance, winter hardiness, extended utilisation period, and the ability to maintain soil fertility. This crop is cultivated in pure stands and grass mixtures with other legumes and grasses. In 2016, a new variety of variable lucerne, Victoria, was included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements and approved for use in the Volga-Vyatka, Ural, West Siberian, North-Western, Central Chernozem, East Siberian, and Middle Volga regions of the Russian Federation, with the FSBI «UFARC UB RAS» (Federal State Budgetary Institution "Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences") as the originator. The research was conducted in 2019–2022 to study the fodder productivity and nutritional value of monocultural and polyculture agrophytocenosis with the Victoria variety of variable lucerne on derno-podzolic soils in the Udmurt Republic. It was found that variable lucerne made the main contribution to agrophytocenosis yield over three years, accounting for 56–87% in two-component grass mixtures and 44–69% in three-component ones. The prevalence of Festuca rubra and Festuca pratensis in mixed crops increased from 18–26% in the first year of use to 32–43% in the third year. The highest yield (7.3 t/ha) of dry matter was obtained from the grass mixture of variable lucerne and red fescue at a stem density of 727–951 pcs/m2, with variable lucerne accounting for 74–80% and red fescue for 11–21%. Among lucerne-grass agrophytocenoses, the mixtures with Festuca pratensis were the most productive, yielding 6.3–t/ha of dry matter. The feed value of the selected grass mixtures was high: in 1 kg of dry weight, there was 17.4–21.3% raw protein, 0.69–0.76 feed units, and 9.2–10.0 MJ of metabolisable energy.

Interrelationship between yield of oat varieties and key traits in the Priobskaya forest-steppe zone

This study presents the research results on the interrelationship between biological oat yield and its components in the Priobskaya Forest-Steppe zone of the Novosibirsk region. The experiments were conducted at the Siberian Research Institute of Plant Cultivation and Breeding - a Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS branch from 2012 to 2021. The material for the study consisted of 37 oat varieties included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements. It is approved for use in the West Siberian and East Siberian regions of the Russian Federation. The study aims to determine the priority elements of oat yield structure by ripening groups and varieties in contrasting meteorological conditions. Of the 37 types, three are early, 14 are mid-early, 19 are mid-season, and one is mid-late. All years of the study are divided into two categories based on the average yield over ten years, with favourable and unfavourable conditions for yield formation. It has been established that the density of productive stems remaining at harvest is the main element in oat yield formation for mid-early and mid-season varieties in the Priobskaya Forest-Steppe zone under suitable conditions. Under unfavourable conditions, the productivity of the ear is crucial. The study demonstrates the correlation between structural elements and the biological yield of varieties in contrasting conditions. The influence of stem density on yield in unfavourable conditions was observed in Tubinskiy, Phobos, Tayezhnik, Uran, Anchar, Mustang, and Barguzin. In contrast, it was evident in favourable conditions in varieties like Anchar, Otrada, Korifey, Togurchanin, Krupnozerny, and Kemerovskiy 90. A strong correlation between increased grain weight from the ear and higher yields was found in unfavourable conditions for varieties like Tarskiy 2, Tubinskiy, Otrada, Talisman, Orion, Phobos, Barguzin, Irtish 22, Uran, Pamyati Bogachkova, Altayskiy Krupnozerny, Narymskiy 943, Pegas, and in favourable conditions for varieties like Rovyesnik, Belozerny, Anchar. In both sets of states, a strong correlation was observed in types like Tayezhnik, Novosibirskiy 88, Tulunskiy 19, Irtish 21, Kemerovskiy 90, Korifey, Togurchanin, Sig, Tayezhnik, Krasnoobskiy, Sibiryak, Baykal, Novosibirskiy 5, Mustang, Irtish 13, Togurchanin, Krupnozerny, Sig. The impact of 1000-grain weight on yield was noted in unfavorable conditions for varieties like Krasnoobskiy, Sibiryak, Baykal, Anchar, Oven, Tubinskiy, Sig, Orion, Korifey, Uran, Novosibirskiy 88, Mustang, Togurchanin, Otrada, Altayskiy Krupnozerny, Irtish 21, Egorich, Narymskiy 943, and in favorable conditions for varieties like Novosibirskiy 88, Creol, Irtish 21, Belozerny, Metis, Irtish 13.

Resistance of Modern Russian Winter Wheat Cultivars to Yellow Rust.

Over the last decade, the significance of yellow rust caused by Puccinia striiformis (Pst) has substantially increased worldwide, including in Russia. The development and cultivation of resistant genotypes is the most efficient control method. The present study was conducted to explore the yellow rust resistance potential of modern common winter wheat cultivars included in the Russian Register of Breeding Achievements in 2019-2022 using the seedling tests with an array of Pst races and molecular markers linked with Yr resistance genes. Seventy-two winter wheat cultivars were inoculated with five Pst isolates differing in virulence and origin. Molecular markers were used to identify genes Yr2, Yr5, Yr7, Yr9, Yr10, Yr15, Yr17, Yr18, Yr24, Yr25 and Yr60. Thirteen cultivars were resistant to all Pst isolates. The genes Yr5, Yr10, Yr15 and Yr24 that are effective against all Russian Pst races in resistant cultivars were not found. Using molecular methods, gene Yr9 located in translocation 1BL.1RS was detected in 12 cultivars, gene Yr18 in 24, gene Yr17 in 3 and 1AL.1RS translocation with unknown Yr gene in 2. While these genes have lost effectiveness individually, they can still enhance genetic diversity and overall yellow rust resistance, whether used in combination with each other or alongside other Yr genes.

Rural Development perspective factors in the Russian Federation: breeding, seed farming and pedigree work

The article studies the specific Rural Development features, defines the main Rural Development elements as systems: village-forming enterprises (agricultural enterprises, as well as enterprises of other activity spheres within a given agricultural area), rural infrastructure, housing complex, etc., which is necessary for the life of the population in rural areas. The necessity of the breeding, seed production and pedigree business development as an important condition for the agricultural plants seeds provision of higher reproductions and high-productive breeds of farm animals is substantiated. Trends in the agricultural plants and animals breeding development are analyzed. The breeding research development problems have been analyzed, including the poor level of Public Research Institutes material and technical base development, lack of modern equipment and technologies, qualified personnel, which makes it difficult to carry out breeding work. The conditions for the rural areas development are defined and grouped, namely: conditions that have a direct and indirect impact on the rural areas development. The need for the enterprises development that form the core of rural areas (agricultural enterprises and enterprises of other spheres of activity), including through the agricultural enterprises interaction with scientific organizations in the field of breeding is determined. The authors justify the need for revival and development of experimental production farm, seed farms and breeding farms for successful implementation of the scientific research results in the breeding, seed production and breeding field. It is justified the fact that the full rural areas development is possible only by ensuring the cumulative effect of these conditions. The main constraining factors in the practical use field of breeding varieties and breeds of animals in the agrosphere are determined. The directions of rural areas development on the basis of use by agricultural producers of achievements of domestic breeding are formulated.

Carotenoid content in <i>Prunus armeniaca</i> L. apricot fruits depending on the extraction method

In the middle of the 20th century, specialists of the Tsitsin Main Moscow Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences collected a valuable apricot gene pool characterized by high diversity and winter hardiness. From this gene pool, L.A. Kramarenko carried out selection work to develop winter-hardy apricot varieties, such as Aisberg, Vodoley, Guiani, Lel’, Tsarsky and others, which were included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation. The use of these varieties in further selective breeding requires information on their carotenoid content. In this work, we determine carotenoids in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L., Rosaceae) fruits of Moscow breeding varieties Aisberg, Vodoley, Guiani, Lel’, Tsarsky and Zachat’ievsky. We employed different extraction methods of plant raw materials, contributing to the optimal extraction of carotenoids from apricot fruits. Extraction was performed with hexane, 96% ethanol at room temperature, and EtOH heated to 60°C (water bath) for 40 min. The highest carotenoid content was observed in Lel’ (31.73 mg%) and Vodoley (31.77 mg%) varieties, while the lowest content was observed in the Zachat’ievsky sample (11.93 mg%). The application of multiple solvents increases the reliability of determining carotenoids in plants for computational and experimental studies. The discovered range of their content can be used for description of promising forms during breeding works. In this way, new and beneficial for health varieties may emerge.

Перспективы селекции расторопши пятнистой (Silybum marianum L.)

Currently, the world medical practice is focused on the use of medicinal and preventive preparations of plant origin. Milk thistle is a very valuable agricultural crop, which is interesting for medicine and has great opportunities and prospects for theoretical and practical study. Interest in milk thistle as a medicinal plant is increasing. However, information about this culture is very fragmentary and scattered, most publications are of a popular scientific nature, and issues in the field of breeding, seed production and technology of cultivation of milk thistle are not widely studied. This article is devoted to the consideration of questions about the peculiarities of cultivation of existing varieties of milk thistle, as well as about the prospects for creating new breeding achievements for this crop, since obtaining environmentally friendly pharmaceutical raw materials is a strategic task of medicinal plant growing in the Russian Federation. Keywords: MILK THISTLE, SEED PRODUCTION, BREEDING, STATE REGISTER, MEDICINAL RAW MATERIALS, PRODUCTIVITY, OIL CONTENT

The results of the study of multiple selections in a breeding nursery when creating new soybean varieties

Relevance. At the present stage for agricultural production, the creation of new domestic competitive varieties of various plants is of paramount importance within the framework of the large-scale program of the Russian Federation for import substitution, while one of the most important and sought-after crops in Russia is soybean.Methods. The material for the research was the hybrid populations F7-F17 generations of the breeding nursery (SP), which is annually replenished with selections of individual plants from the F6 hybrid nursery.Results. An estimate of the duration of multiple selections by the pedigry method in a breeding nursery (SP) until obtaining homozygous lines is given. The analysis of the conducted studies showed that out of 29 soybean varieties of hybrid origin included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation and being tested for 2023, 13 varieties (Harmoniya, Lydia, Nega 1, MK-100, Lebedushka, Zhuravushka, Lacemaker, Cinderella, Tisey, Lyana, Olimp, Lastochka, Tatiana) (44.8%) were obtained on the basis of multiple selections F7-F9 in the breeding nursery, and the variety Persona, which is included in the State Register for 11 regions and is in demand in the Amur Region, was isolated from the hybrid population of the F17 generation. As a result of the assessment for 2020–2022. F7-F17 generations of the breeding nursery according to the duration of splitting in hybrid populations, it was found that multiple selection up to the tenth generation is most effective (F7 — 35.1%, F8 — 30.8%, F9 — 12.1%), but promising highly productive lines with economically valuable traits can also be obtained from later generations

СЕЛЕКЦИОННАЯ РАБОТА АНАПСКОЙ ЗОНАЛЬНОЙ ОПЫТНОЙ СТАНЦИИ ВИНОГРАДАРСТВА И ВИНОДЕЛИЯ (2022)

This article presents the results of research breeding work carried out in 2022. As a result, 300 seedlings were obtained, which are currently planted in a permanent place on a hybrid plot. 20 combinations of crosses were carried out, ten of which were made to obtain new high-quality technical varieties with high quality of final products and resistant to the main biotic and abiotic stressors. Ten more combinations were carried out in order to obtain high-quality large-berry a nd seedless table varieties with an early ripening period. As a result of crosses, 4,500 seeds were obtained. 3 hybrid forms of grapes of average ripening period, average growth strength, high-yielding and tolerant to phylloxera have been allocated to the elite. As a result of the mechanical analysis, it was found that the studied hybrids are slightly superior in the mechanical composition of the bunches to the control variety. As a result of chemical analysis, it was found that elite hybrid forms have high sugar accumulation and optimal acidity compared to the control variety, as well as a high content of phenolic substances along with a low presence of nitrogenous substances in the must. These hybrids are promising for further study. In 2022, technical grape varieties Varvarovskiy and Garmoniya were included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation approved for use. In addition, 5 sources of valuable traits were identified among grape varieties, including: large–berry – 2 varieties – Yubiley Moldavii and Kobzar, and seedless – 3 varieties - Ruby Sedlless, Assol and Lotos. Some of them were used in crosses to create new varieties, clones and hybrids of grapes, providing increased stability of agrocenosis and stability of fruiting.

New spring barley variety ‘Stepnyak’

The purpose of the current study was to develop a new spring barley variety that can form consistently large productivity in different soil and climatic conditions, including regions with frequent droughts. As a result of breeding work at the experimental breeding station ‘Prikumskaya’, a branch of the FSBRI “North Caucasus FRAC”, there was developed a new spring barley variety ‘Stepnyak’ in 2009–2020. The new genotype was obtained as a result of intraspecific hybridization, followed by individual selection from the hybrid population of Nutans g-74840 (EBS ‘Prikumskaya’, a branch of the FSBRI “North Caucasus FRAC”) and Special (ICARDA, Syria). According to maturation terms, the variety belongs to the group of middle maturing varieties. The vegetation period lasts from 75 to 87 days. The new variety has high drought and heat resistance, resistance to lodging and damage by net blotch. During 2020–2022 at the EBS ‘Prikumskaya’, the new variety ‘Stepnyak’, in comparison with the standard, was characterized by a higher productive stem stand with 353 pcs/m2 (+9 pcs. to the standard), number of grain peer head with 21 pcs. (+6 pieces to the standard) and grain yield per total mass of a plant 39.1% (+4.5 % to the standard). The mean variety productivity in the Competitive Variety Testing was 2.42 t/ha and was higher than that of the standard variety ‘Strannik’ on 0.32 t/ ha (15.2 %). The high adaptation of the new variety to changing environmental conditions makes it possible to form a stable productivity increase to the standard variety ‘Strannik’. In 2020, at the EBS ‘Prikumskaya’, with a significant moisture deficit, the variety ‘Stepnyak’ exceeded productivity of the standard variety on 0.30 t/ha. In a more favorable 2021 and 2022 the yield increase varied from 0.24 to 0.43 t/ha. When studying the variety in the Kalmyk Research Institute of Agriculture (in 2021 and 2022), the yield increase to the standard variety ‘Strannik’ was 0.25 t/ha (12.8 %). During the years of the State Variety Testing (2021 and 2022) in the North Caucasus and Low Volga regions, the new variety ‘Stepnyak’ exceeded productivity of the standard on 0.17–0.18 t/ha, respectively. In 2023, the variety ‘Stepnyak’ was included in the State List of Breeding Achievements and recommended for cultivation in the North Caucasus and Lower Volga regions.

The spring durum wheat variety ‘Bezenchuksky Podarok’

The purpose of the current study was to determine the main economically valuable traits of the new spring durum wheat variety ‘Bezenchuksky podarok’, to establish its significance in the system of durum wheat varieties and to describe the main approbation traits. The variety was developed by individual selection from the hybrid population F9 746D-39/Pamyati Chekhovicha. Its pedigree includes such varieties as ‘Kharkovskaya 46’, ‘Bezenchuksky yantar’, ‘Saratovskaya zolotistaya’, ‘CIMMYT – Altar 84’, ‘Ahninga’, intermediate breeding lines ‘92D-4’, ‘2125D-4’, ‘746D-18’ of the Samara RIA and the breeding line ‘358s-94’ of the RIA of the South-East. Field trials, phenological observations and estimations in the competitive and ecological variety trials were carried out in accordance with the requirements of the methodology of the State Commission for Variety Testing and Protection of Breeding Achievements. The variety belongs to the Volga steppe ecological group, middle-maturing biotype, having a medium-sized stem (with the height reduction gene RhtAhng). Over the years of study (2018–2022), in the competitive variety testing, a new variety with a mean grain productivity of 2.36 t/ha exceeded the standard variety ‘Bezenchukskaya 210’ on 0.15 t/ha and the variety ‘Bezenchukskaya zolotistaya’, which is widespread in the Volga region and the Urals, on 0.19 t/ha. In the ecological variety testing in the Samara SAU (Kinel) and in the RIA of the South-East (Saratov), the excess over local standards was 1.05 t/ha and 0.06 t/ha, respectively. In the competitive variety testing (2018–2022), the new variety was the best in its responsiveness to environmental conditions (the regression coefficient bi was 1.06, the standard variety’s coefficient was 1.00), and its resistance to stem rust pathogens and leaf spots (Alternaria sp., Fusarium sp.). The new variety was the best in terms of gluten quality with the parameters of SDS (52 ml), and IG (94.0 %), which makes it possible to attribute it to the class of durum wheat varieties with excellent gluten. Thus, gluten quality and production capabilities of the variety ‘Bezenchuksky Podarok’ have enhanced the diversification of the durum wheat varietal system in the Middle Volga region.

ADAPTATION OF FIELD FORAGE PRODUCTION IN UKRAINE TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE “GREEN” COURSE

The article presents the results of a study of the state and prospects for developing field fodder production as a necessary component in reviving large-scale milk production in the conditions of various challenges today in the context of the “green” course of Ukraine. Field fodder production has a leading role in solving the problem of providing dairy herds with full-fledged bulk fodder in sufficient quantities, especially in arid regions. The creation of a strong and high-quality fodder base for cattle is possible through the innovative development of modern intensive field fodder production, which should be based on a high level of mechanization, electrification, intensive energy-saving technologies for growing and harvesting fodder, on the achievements of genetics, breeding, and biotechnology. In 2021, the sown area of fodder crops was determined to be 1,535 thousand ha, 4.6 times less compared to 2000, 1.7 times less since 2010, and 8.5% less since 2020. There is a clear tendency to decrease livestock and poultry in agricultural enterprises and households. The total number of farm animals for all categories of farms decreased by 1.7-3.6 times during the studied period, and only poultry increased by 1.6 times. In the structure of cultivated areas of crops in Ukraine in 2021, fodder crops occupied 5.4%. At the same time, the specific weight of crops of perennial grasses in the entire sown area was only 2.9%. The revival of animal husbandry in agrarian enterprises in general and dairy cattle breeding, in particular, is associated with the intensification and improvement of the economic efficiency of field fodder production. In this regard, the anticipatory provision of animal husbandry needs with high-quality, protein-balanced, cheap fodder is particularly important. The reasons for the unsatisfactory development of fodder production are summarized. In recent years, military operations in the country have exacerbated the negative trends in field fodder production and the livestock industry, including dairy farming. An important task of modern fodder production is to reduce the negative impact on the environment to counteract the deterioration of the natural environment further. Due to global warming, there is a need to change the land management principles and adapt field fodder production to new climatic conditions. Such a course is inevitable since Ukraine, aiming to further integrate into the European Union, must fulfill its commitments and adhere to sustainable land use and reliable environmental protection principles. In order to reap the benefits of climate change and compensate for potential damages, appropriate adaptation measures must be implemented with a multi-stakeholder approach and collaboration. At the same time, the leading role in reducing the potentially dangerous consequences of climate variability and extreme events, raising awareness of adaptation to new or changing conditions, determining priorities, and developing a coordinated approach belongs to the state and government. Types of measures and specific directions for the adaptation of domestic agricultural enterprises to today’s challenges in the field of field fodder production in the context of sustainable development are proposed, which will contribute to the adoption of balanced management decisions, which will increase the effectiveness of business entities and their competitiveness.

СЕЛЕКЦИЯ, ПОДСОЛНЕЧНИК, УРОЖАЙ

The results of long-term studies (1955-2022) carried out on typical chernozems of the Tambov region, the northernmost border of sunflower cultivation, are presented. The aim of the research is to create very early and early varieties of sunflower with a growing season of 85-95 days, ripening without the use of desiccants. The effect of moisture availability during the growing season and average air temperature on the productivity potential of various sunflower varieties bred by the Tambov Research Institute of Agriculture - branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “FSC named after I.V. Michurin" was studied. The negative impact of increased temperature and reduced precipitation on the yield capacity of sunflower varieties has been established. Over the years of research work on sunflower breeding, 19 varieties and 1 sunflower hybrid have been created. Currently, the State Register of Breeding Achievements approved for cultivation in the agricultural production of the Central Chernozem (5) and Middle Volga (7) regions contains 5 varieties: Spartak, Chakinsky 931, Chakinsky 77, PK 05, Chakinsky 100 and one sunflower hybrid Nadezhda, created jointly with OOO “Agroplazma”. In 2021, a new sunflower variety Zagrei 21 was submitted for the State Variety Test.

Обзор рынка раннеспелых гибридов кукурузы для производства ферментируемых кормов в Центральном регионе Российской Федерации

Corn silage is an important component of the rations for high productive dairy cattle due high nutritive value – about 30% of starch in the plants dry matter at harvesting in wax ripeness of grain. Specialized hybrids of corn are an excellent raw material for production of the fermented fodders with high energy concentration. The article presents market review of mid- and early-maturing corn hybrids, cultivated on farms in the Central region of the Russian Federation for silage over the past three years. The total 52 new early-maturing corn hybrids were included in the State Plant Register, but on the current moment the most part (about 60%) is the achievements of foreign breeding.