Acetone Gas Research Articles

A Hybrid Machine Learning Algorithm for Detection of Simulated Expiratory Markers of Diabetic Patients Based on Gas Sensor Array

The method for breath detection using gas sensor array is gaining popularity. It was found that acetone can be used as breath marker in diabetic patients. In this article, seven metal oxide gas sensors were used to collect acetone and ethanol gas, which are used to simulate the exhaled breath of diabetic patients to obtain multidimensional response data. The kernel principal component analysis (KPCA) algorithm is used to extract the characteristics from the data collected by the sensor array. The kind of gases is qualitatively identified using the adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) algorithm, and the grid search (GS) method is used to automatically optimize the parameters of AdaBoost algorithm. The quantitative analysis of gas concentration is performed using multivariate relevance vector machine (MVRVM) and it is also trained using the gas sensor array drift dataset at different concentrations from the University of California (UCI) database. The experimental results show that the accuracy of the algorithm in the qualitative identification of acetone and ethanol gas reaches 99.722%, and the root-mean-square errors (RMSE) for quantification of acetone and ethanol gases are 0.027 and 0.030, respectively. The algorithm is used for qualitative identification on the gas sensor array drift dataset at different concentrations with an accuracy of 94.55%, and the RMSE for quantification of acetone and ethanol gases are 11.59 and 8.72, respectively.

Synthesis of hybridized fireworks-like go-Co3O4 nanorods for acetone gas sensing applications

Hybridization between graphene nanoplatelets oxide-cobalt oxides (GO-Co3O4) has led to the formation of porous fireworks-like nanorods structures, that might hold the key to reducing the operating temperature of pristine Co3O4. This is essential for low-concentration gas sensing purposes. This study will be comparing different ratios of GO and Co3O4 used during the synthesis of GO-Co3O4 and comparisons of each different will be further discussed based on its gas sensing performance. Here, the 0.2 GO- Co3O4 sensor has shown the best response with a value of 9.26 upon injection of 20 ppm of acetone gas at 225 °C. The response exhibited is significantly higher compared to the response exhibited by pristine Co3O4 gas sensor (0.04). With a response and recovery period of 38 s and 99 s respectively, the fabricated 0.2 GO- Co3O4 sensor has the potential for highly responsive, low-detection acetone gas sensing materials along with its unique and distinguishable nanostructure.

Enhancement of SnO2 sensitivity to acetone by Au loading: An application of Evans–Polanyi principle in gas sensing

Acetone gas sensitivity enhancement by gold loading on tin dioxide surface pyramids using density functional theory is discussed in the present work. Arrhenius equations are used with suitable parametrization to represent the different structures. Thermal energies, such as Gibbs free energy and enthalpy, are used to obtain the response of different structures. Evans–Polanyi principle is used to extract the activation energies of the different structures from enthalpies of the reaction. Temperature variation of reaction rate with different Au concentrations is shown. Peak theoretical response agrees with the experiment. Sigmoid functions are used to represent the burning of acetone as it reaches its autoignition temperature. The variation of reaction rate, response time, and recovery time with acetone gas concentration is calculated and compared with available experimental data. Au decorated SnO2 pyramid cluster has a shorter response time than pristine SnO2.

Exposed {1 0 0} planes of Co3O4 with modified MWCNT for selective sensing of acetone gas

A concise solution approach is designed to prepare the unique exposed {100} planes of the MWCNTs-Co3O4 heterojunction structure. The MWCNTs-Co3O4 sensor displays excellent gas sensitivity, which is higher around 3.5 times than that of pristine Co3O4-based sensor exposed to 100 ppm of acetone at 180 °C. Moreover, the sensor based on MWCNTs-Co3O4 reveals high selectivity, good long-term stability and anti-humidity. The possible mechanism of the boosted gas sensing performance can be ascribed to the exposed {100} planes and promising heterojunction.

Monitoring Air Quality Around Users With IOT Based NODEMCU ESP8266

For regional issues and issues related to a healthy environment, there were issues related to water and air quality. The biggest source of air pollution is vehicle exhaust fumes, and the increase in the number of vehicles in Sidoarjo City grows by an average of 18 percent per year. To overcome this problem, an air quality monitoring device is needed. The goal to be achieved by creating an air quality monitoring system as an Internet of Things application is to become a prototype for monitoring environmental health problems related to air quality in Sidoarjo City. Monitoring is carried out online through the Thingspeak IoT platform. This tool applies Ohm's law theory to reading conversion calculations when the MQ sensor operates as a CO, CO2, and Acetone gas detector. NODEMCU ESP8266 as microcontroller. This tool can be used as a prototype for monitoring in highway areas with high vehicle intensity.

A highly efficient acetone gas sensor based on 2D porous ZnFe2O4 nanosheets

In this study, 2D porous ZnFe2O4 nanosheets (ZnFe2O4 NSs) were fabricated for use as sensing materials using a 3-stage process involving soaking, freeze-drying, and calcination steps. The ZnFe2O4 NS-based sensor produced exhibited satisfactory sensing performance and selectively for acetone and achieved a response value of 64.9 at 50 ppm and response/recovery times of 23 and 9 s at operating temperature, which was far better than the performances of ZnO NSs and Fe2O3 NSs (controls) produced using the same method. The excellent sensing properties of ZnFe2O4 NSs were attributed to greater porosity, larger pore sizes, and higher proportions of oxygen-deficient and chemisorbed oxygen species. The study shows that the ZnFe2O4 NS-based sensing material produced for the detection of VOCs, especially acetone, shows considerable promise.

Sea urchin-like SnO2/α-Fe2O3 heterostructural microspheres for enhanced acetone gas sensing: Materials preparation, performance evaluation, and mechanism investigation

Herein, sea urchin-like SnO2/α-Fe2O3 (SU-SnO2/α-Fe2O3) heterostructural microspheres was prepared successfully by two-steps hydrothermal treatment, and used as semiconductor for acetone gas sensing. SEM and TEM characterizations showed that as-prepared composites exhibited sea urchin-like morphology with microstructures of inner SnO2 microspheres and outer vertically grown α-Fe2O3 nanorods. SnO2/α-Fe2O3 microspheres presented higher and faster response / recovery for acetone in comparison to pure SnO2. At the optimum temperature of 300 °C, response value of SU-SnO2/α-Fe2O3 sensor reached 18.7 towards acetone vapor with concentration of 100 ppm. The response time was 8 s, and recovery time was 2 s. Moreover, the proposed method displayed an excellent linearity for measuring acetone vapor with concentration range of 1–200 ppm. The improvement of gas sensing properties for SnO2/α-Fe2O3 microspheres was ascribed to the unique microstructures, formation of heterojunction, and abundant adsorbed oxygen. To further demonstrate the promoted mechanism, adsorption behavior of as-prepared composites for acetone molecule was investigated by density-functional theory (DFT), with results that Fe sites on the hetero-interface possessed strong interaction with acetone molecule, which enhanced the gas sensing properties towards acetone. This study confirmed the gas sensor performance of SnO2/α-Fe2O3 microspheres towards acetone, and supplemented the promotion mechanism by DFT calculations.

Photocatalytic Degradation of Gaseous Acetone by Photocatalysts with Visible Light and their Potential Applications in Painting

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are air pollutants associated with health problem. Paints mixed with photocatalytic (PC) materials are considered to be effective in the removal of VOCs. Therefore, this investigation aimed to produce a novel visible induced photocatalyst component in paint. The synthesized photocatalysts (i.e., Ag/TiO2 and Fe/TiO2) were self-prepared by sol-gel method and further used to produce paints. The effects of the paints on VOC (i.e., acetone) degradation under the irradiation of visible light were tested in a batch PC reactor and an environmental chamber. In order to evaluate the control effect of VOCs using the paint, a simulated test was conducted in a real room. The results of batch experiments showed that the degradation efficiencies of acetone by the paints were lower than that by the related photocatalysts. The paints made of 3% Fe/TiO2 and 1% Ag/TiO2 achieved the highest acetone degradation efficiency of 32.7% and 21.3%, respectively. The degradation test conducted in the environmental chamber indicated that the degradation efficiencies of acetone were 24.9%, 46.2%, and 32.4% for the paints made of TiO2, 3% Fe/TiO2 and 1% Ag/TiO2, respectively. It was evidently provided that the paint made of 3%Fe/TiO2 could effectively degrade organic pollutants in indoor environments.

Enhanced detection of low concentration volatile organic compounds using advanced doped zinc oxide sensors.

Pure zinc oxide nanoparticles, as well as those doped with 3% calcium, aluminum, and gallium, were synthesized using a sol-gel method and then deposited onto an alumina substrate for sensing tests. The resulting nanoparticles were characterized using a variety of techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-VIS-NIR absorption spectroscopy, and photoluminescence (PL) measurements, to examine their structural, morphological, and optical properties. The prepared nanoparticles were found to have the hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO with a P63mC space group. The UV-Vis-IR spectra showed that the samples are highly absorbent in the UV range, while the PL spectra confirmed the presence of many defects in the ZnO structure, such as oxygen vacancies and zinc interstitials. The doped samples exhibited more defects than the pure sample. SEM images of the deposited film surface showed agglomerates with a spherical shape and confirmed the nanometer scale size of our prepared samples, as corroborated by the TEM images. The EDX spectra indicated the high purity of the ZnO deposited films, with a high presence of Zn and O and the presence of the doped elements (Ca, Al, and Ga) in each doped sample. Sensing tests were performed on ZnO, Ca3%-doped ZnO (C3ZO), Al3%-doped ZnO (A3ZO), and Ga3%-doped ZnO (G3ZO) sensors in the presence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) gases such as ethanol, formaldehyde, methanol, and acetone at low concentrations. The sensors exhibited high responses to low ppm level concentrations of the VOCs gases. At a low operational temperature of 250 °C, the C3ZO sensor had the highest response to 5 ppm of ethanol, methanol, and formaldehyde gases compared to the pure and other doped sensors. Additionally, the A3ZO sensor exhibited the highest response to acetone gas. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the doping of zinc oxide can enhance the low concentration detection of VOCs gases, with the C3ZO and A3ZO sensors showing the highest response to specific gases.

Hexagonal WO3 Acetone Gas Sensor Modified by Graphene-COOH Functionalized (GCOOH)

Hexagonal WO3 Acetone Gas Sensor Modified by Graphene-COOH Functionalized (GCOOH)

Highly sensitive and fast response acetone gas sensor based on Co3O4–ZnO heterojunction assembled by porous nanoflowers

Highly sensitive and fast response acetone gas sensor based on Co3O4–ZnO heterojunction assembled by porous nanoflowers

Real-time detection of acetone gas molecules at ppt levels in an air atmosphere using a partially suspended graphene surface acoustic wave skin gas sensor.

To improve the quality of modern life in the current society, low-power, highly sensitive, and reliable healthcare technology is necessary to monitor human health in real-time. In this study, we fabricated partially suspended monolayer graphene surface acoustic wave gas sensors (G-SAWs) with a love-mode wave to effectively detect ppt-level acetone gas molecules at room temperature. The sputtered SiO2 thin film on the surface of a black 36°YX-LiTaO3 (B-LT) substrate acted as a guiding layer, effectively reducing the noise and insertion loss. The G-SAWs exhibited enhanced gas response towards acetone gas molecules (800 ppt) in a real-time atmosphere. The high sensitivity of the G-SAW sensor can be attributed to the elasticity and surface roughness of the SiO2 film. In addition, the G-SAW sensor exhibited rapid response and recovery at room temperature. This study provides a potential strategy for diagnosing different stages of diabetes in the human body.

The Effect of Couple Doping Gd and Co on The Physical Characteristics of LaFeO3 Thick Film for Acetone Gas Sensor Application

The acetone gas sensor is one type of sensor being researched for its application because it detects the presence of diabetes in sufferers. Gas sensors with high sensitivity and low operating temperature have been extensively investigated for this purpose, and this research is focused on the same purpose. Synthetization and characterization of LaFeO3 with co-doping Gd2O3 and CoO thick film ceramics for acetone gas sensor was conducted. LaFeO3 was made using the co-precipitation method with 2.5% CoO for each and 0%, 2.5%, and 5% Gd2O3 variation to the LaFeO3. The LaFeO3 thick film was prepared using the screen-printing technique and calcined at 800°C for two hours. The analysis of crystal structure characterization using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) resulted in LaFeO3 with co-doping Gd2O3 and CoO thick film ceramics having the same cubic crystal phase with smaller lattice parameters and crystallite sizes after doping were added. The results of morphology structure characterization using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed the grain size of the LaFeO3 with co-doping 2.5% CoO and 0%, 2.5%, and 5% Gd2O3 samples to support the analysis of electric property characterization later on. The electric property characterization showed that LaFeO3 with various Gd2O3 concentrations, as part of co-doping with 2.5% CoO, resulted in higher sensitivity compared to the lacking of Gd2O3 one. In order, the maximum sensitivity values of each Gd2O3 concentration are 2.74, 3.06, and 8.76 when exposed to 270 ppm acetone gas at 310°C. Gd2O3, as part of co-doping in LaFeO3 with CoO 2.5%, has successfully increased the sensitivity to the gas sensor yet still can not meet the expectation towards the operating temperature, which is still high compared to other references.

Gas sensing response of ion beam irradiated Ga-doped ZnO thin films

The ion beam induced modified gallium doped ZnO thin films are studied for their gas sensing applications. The Ag9+ and Si6+ irradiated gallium doped zinc oxide thin films were exposed to various concentrations of ethanol and acetone gas for gas sensing applications. The Ag9+ ion irradiated Ga-doped ZnO thin was optimized at different operating temperature. It was observed that gas sensing response for both ethanol and acetone gas increases with increasing Ag9+ ion fluence. This indicates that the swift heavy ions have improved the sensitivity of Ga-doled ZnO thin film by reducing the particle size. The Si6+ ion irradiated Ga-doped ZnO thin films were also exposed to ethanol and acetone gas for gas sensing applications. In comparison to Ag9+ ion irradiated thin film, the film irradiated with Si6+ ion beam exhibits a greater sensing response to both ethanol and acetone gas.

Enhanced specific surface area of ZIF-8 derived ZnO induced by sulfuric acid modification for high-performance acetone gas sensor

Zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)-8-derived zinc oxide (ZnO) is considered one of the most promising acetone sensing candidate materials for the diagnosis of type-I diabetes. However, very few studies focus on the effect of acidic conditions induced shape change of ZIF-8 derived ZnO on the diffusion and adsorption of acetone gas on the material surface. Here, novel ZIF-8-derived hierarchical ZnO micro-dodecahedra/flower structures (ZnO-DFs) were designed by using sulfuric acid modification. Interestingly, enhanced acetone sensing performance was achieved for the hierarchical ZnO-DFs-2.5 (derived from 2.5 μL sulfuric acid-modified ZIF-8) with a distinguished acetone response (∼120.6 to 100 ppm at 350 °C), which was ∼30 times higher than that of pristine ZnO-DFs. Moreover, the sensors exhibited fast response time (∼0.95 s), low detection limit (∼50 ppb), and superior selectivity. The enhanced performance in hierarchical ZnO-DFs could be ascribed to the improved specific surface area and gas transport channels resulted from the damage of Zn–N bonds in pristine ZIF-8 under acidic conditions. This finding represents an alternative strategy for highly efficient acetone gas sensors and structural-functionalism of MOF-derived metal oxide catalysts.

Performance of 1D tin (Sn) decorated spherical shape ZnO nanostructures as an acetone gas sensor for room and high temperature

Spherical ZnO nanostructures doped with Sn nanoparticles (2 %, 5%, 7 %, and 10 %) were created using the hydrothermal technique. Characterizations included XRD, FTIR, XPS, HR-TEM, FESEM, SAED, EDS, BET and UV–Visible. Maximum gas response was achieved by optimising doping concentration. When ZnO and Sn doped ZnO nanostructures were examined at various temperatures (room temperature, 100, 150, 200, and 250 °C), it was discovered that 150 °C provided the best gas response. Using several saturated solutions, the gas sensing study was conducted at various humidity rates (11, 32, 51, 63, and 84 %). In comparison to the undoped and doped sensors (2, 7 and 10 %), the 5 % Sn doped ZnO sensor has the highest response (75 %). Compared to other gases, acetone gas exhibits improved selectivity towards Sn doped ZnO sensors. Response and recovery times for 5 % Sn doped ZnO are 30.19 and 63.54 s, respectively, and repeatability was examined for roughly 60 days.

Harvesting the Gas Molecules by Bioinspired Design of 1D/2D Hybrids Toward Sensitive Acetone Detecting

Single‐atom catalysts (SACs) are highly attractive in many surface‐dependent reactions due to their extraordinary reactivity and maximum atomic efficiency. However, in a practical catalytic system, guiding and transferring the reactant molecules to target single‐atom sites are crucial processes for achieving high‐efficient reactions. Herein, gas‐microchannels on TiO2 nanorod‐supported Pt single‐atom catalyst by in situ growing derivative TiO2 nanosheets are constructed. Those perpendicular‐grown TiO2 nanosheets can guide gas molecules to the reactive single Pt sites and thus realize an intact system of guidance‐transfer‐reaction. Experimentally, the local coordination and electronic states of Pt species decrease with the growth of nanosheets, which could significantly strengthen the adsorption and activation of oxygen molecules toward the acetone sensing. The final Pt1/TiO2 catalysts exhibit a high sensing response (13.6–50 ppm) to acetone gas, which are approximately three times higher than that of catalysts without scaly shell (4.8–50 ppm).

Hydrothermal synthesis of cubic-rhombohedral-In2O3 microspheres with superior acetone sensing performance

Efficient and reliable acetone gas sensors are of great significance to human health and safety. The acetone sensing properties of In2O3 materials can be further improved by morphology control and heterostructure engineering. Herein, rough microspheres of pure cubic-In2O3 nanoparticles, bumpy microspheres of cubic-rhombohedral-In2O3 nanoparticles, and porous aggregates of cubic-rhombohedral-In2O3 nanocubes and nanoparticles were prepared by setting the hydrothermal temperatures as 120℃, 160℃, and 200℃, respectively. At the lowest optimal working temperature of 190℃, the sensor based on the cubic-rhombohedral-In2O3 microspheres exhibited the highest gas response value of 16.9 to 100 ppm acetone, a shorter response/recovery time of 4.7/6.0 s, and the highest selectivity against N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), ethanol, ethylene glycol (EG), and methanol. The superior acetone sensing performance of the cubic-rhombohedral-In2O3 microspheres is attributed to its maximum BET specific surface area (45.5 m2/g), largest relative contents of surface In+ (62.39 %) and OV (28.19 %), and efficient heterojunction between cubic-In2O3 and rhombohedral-In2O3 nanocrystals, which in combination enhance the regulation of acetone molecules on the carrier concentration and conduction within the microspheres.

Synthesis of porous ZnFe2O4/SnO2 core-shell spheres for high-performance acetone gas sensing

For developing promising gas sensing materials, constructing porous and heterojunction structures within the whole semiconductor oxide composites was an ideal strategy. However, it was always difficult because there existed grain boundaries. Herein, the pre-synthesized tiny SnO2 nanospheres could be evenly combined with ZnFe2O4 to form the ZnFe2O4/SnO2 (ZFO/SNO) composite with porous core-shell spheres structure via a simple solvent thermal reaction followed by the calcination treatment. Molar ratios of Zn to Sn were adjusted, and the resultant porous ZFO/SNO composites with different morphology were obtained, and their gas sensing properties were investigated and compared. The result indicated that the porous ZFO/SNO composite with a Zn to Sn ratio of 1:0.7 (ZFO/SNO-0.7) showed much better acetone sensing performance than that of bare porous ZnFe2O4 spheres and other ZFO/SNO composites. It exhibited a high response value of 120 to 100 ppm of acetone at 210℃ with good stability, and the detection limit can reach 0.1 ppm. The remarkable sensor performance of the porous ZFO/SNO-0.7 composite was attributed to its rich heterojunctions, porous structure and small nanoparticle size.

Highly sensitive acetone sensor based on conjugated polymer nanocomposites

AbstractA copolymer of pyrrole and o‐aminophenol was synthesized by single step oxidative polymerization technique. Two different nanocomposites of copolymer with α‐Fe2O3 and Co‐α‐Fe2O3 were prepared and acetone sensing property of both composites were studied at room temperature with different gas concentrations. The calculated sensitivity of the Co‐α‐Fe2O3 nanocomposite was 0.68 and α‐Fe2O3 nanocomposite was 0.44. The sensitivity of prepared composites was higher than the pure polymer. The LOD of the α‐Fe2O3 composite was found to be 0.13 ppm and Co‐α‐Fe2O3 composite was 0.37 ppm. Both the prepared composites have showed excellent selectivity with good repeatability for the acetone gas. The 20% Co‐Fe2O3 containing nanocomposite sensor exhibited faster response time of 1.4 s and recovery time of 4.4 s towards the target gas and 15% α‐Fe2O3 containing nanocomposite sensor exhibited the response time of 1.4 s and recovery time of 4.8 s for the acetone gas. The polymer and the nanocomposites have shown excellent repeatability for 7 cycles. The faster response of the sensor can be attributed to the increased number of oxygen vacancies on the sensor as well as the free OH groups present in the polymer back bone.