Acetic Acid Group Research Articles

Preparation of chitosan hydrogel and its solubility in organic acids

The increase of the stability of chitosan (CS) in the solution is extremely important for the application of CS in various fields. In this study, we describe that the hydrogelation of CS can solve this problem. CS hydrogel was readily prepared by addition of a sodium hydroxide solution to a CS acetic acid solution. The CS hydrogel was stable in the wet state and could maintain its molecular weight for a long period of time at room temperature. The obtained CS hydrogel could be readily dissolved with addition of acids, such as acetic acid and other organic acids, as determined by measuring the pH and transmittance of the solutions. Dissolution of the CS hydrogel indicated that the amount of carboxylate ion per amino group of CS was only 0.5 molar equivalents. Moreover, the binding state between the acetic acid and amino groups of CS in an aqueous solution is discussed using results from 1H NMR spectroscopy. The methyl signals attributed to free acetic acid, acetic acid in an ionic bond, and the acetamido group of the N-acetylglucosamine residue were clearly observed, and the strength of each peak changed quantitatively with the addition of acetic acid.

P2Y1R is involved in visceral hypersensitivity in rats with experimental irritable bowel syndrome.

AIMTo evaluate the role of P2Y1R in visceral hypersensitivity in rats with experimental irritable bowel syndrome.METHODSA rat model of irritable bowel syndrome was generated by intra-colonic administration of acetic acid (AA) and assessed by histology and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity assay. Then P2Y1R expression in the colonic tissue was detected by Western blot. In order to explore the regulatory role of P2Y1R in visceral hypersensitivity, an agonist (MRS2365) and an antagonist (MRS2179) of P2Y1R were intra-colonically administered and effects were tested through a colorectal distension test. The abdominal withdrawal reflex and abdominal electromyography were tested during the course.RESULTSModel assessment tests showed an obvious inflammatory reaction that appeared on the 2nd d after the AA injection, and the inflammatory reaction gradually recovered and almost disappeared on the 7th d. The model finished on day 8 and showed a clear feature of IBS that had no organic lesion. The average expression of P2Y1R was significantly higher in the AA group than in the naïve group (0.319 ± 0.02 vs 0.094 ± 0.016, P < 0.001). MRS2365 could effectively raise the colonic hypersensitivity status at intervention doses of 10 (AUC value from 0.30 ± 0.089 to 1.973 ± 0.127 mv·s, P < 0.01) and 100 μmol/L (AUC value from 0.290 ± 0.079 to 1.983 ± 0.195 mv·s, P < 0.01); MRS2179 could effectively reduce the hypersensitivity status at intervention dose of 100 μmol/L (from a mean baseline AUC value of 1.587 ± 0.099 mv·s to 0.140 ± 0.089 mv·s, P < 0.0001). Differences between the MRS2179 group (1.88 ± 1.45) and either the MRS2365 group (3.96 ± 0.19) or the combined treatment (MRS2179 and MRS2365) group (3.28 ± 0.11) were significant (P < 0.01).CONCLUSIONP2Y1R plays a regulatory role in visceral hypersensitivity in rats with experimental IBS. Specific antagonists of P2Y1R may have potential therapeutic value in treating abdominal pain in IBS.

Rotational study of the bimolecule acetic acid-fluoroacetic acid

The rotational spectrum of the acetic acid-fluoroacetic acid bimolecule was measured by using a pulsed jet Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. One conformer, in which fluoroacetic acid is in trans form, has been observed. The rotational transitions are split into two component lines, due to the internal rotation of the methyl group of acetic acid. From these splittings, the corresponding V3 barrier has been determined. The dissociation energy of this complex has been estimated to 66kJ/mol. An increase of the distance between the two monomers upon the OH→OD substitution (Ubbelohde effect) has been observed.

Tissue integrity, costs and time associated with different agents for histological bone preparation.

The selection of an appropriate demineralizing solution in pathology laboratories depends on several factors such as the preservation of cellularity, urgency of diagnostic and financial costs. The aim of this study was to test different decalcification bone procedures in order to establish the best value of these in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples. Femurs were removed from 13 adult male Wistar rats to obtain 130 bone disks randomly divided into five groups that were demineralized in different concentrations of nitric acid (Group I); formic acid (Group II); acetic acid (Group III); EDTA, pH7.4 (Group IV) and Morsés solution (Group V). Serial, 3-μm-thick sections were obtained and stained with hematoxylin-eosin to calculate the percentage of osteocyte-occupied lacunae. The sections were also stained with Masson's trichrome in conjunction with picrosirius red under polarized light followed by a semi-quantitative analysis to verify the adjacent muscle-to-bone integrity and preservation of collagen fibres. The highest percentage of osteocyte-occupied lacunae was found with 10% acetic acid solution (95.64 ± 0.95%) and Group I (nitric acid) demanded the shorter time (0.8-5.7days). Of all solutions, 5% nitric acid incurred the lowest cost to achieve complete demineralization compared with other solutions (p < .001). Group IV (EDTA) had the highest integrity of muscle and collagen type I and III (P < 0.01). Demineralization with 10% acetic acid was the most effective at preserving bone tissue, while 5% EDTA was the best at maintaining collagen and adjacent muscle to bone. In conclusion, nitric acid at 5% showed the most efficient result as it balanced both time and cost as a demineralizing solution.

Impact of Covalent Functionalization on the Aqueous Processability, Catalytic Activity, and Biocompatibility of Chemically Exfoliated MoS2 Nanosheets

Chemically exfoliated MoS2 (ce-MoS2) has emerged in recent years as an attractive two-dimensional material for use in relevant technological applications, but fully exploiting its potential and versatility will most probably require the deployment of appropriate chemical modification strategies. Here, we demonstrate that extensive covalent functionalization of ce-MoS2 nanosheets with acetic acid groups (∼0.4 groups grafted per MoS2 unit) based on the organoiodide chemistry brings a number of benefits in terms of their processability and functionality. Specifically, the acetic acid-functionalized nanosheets were furnished with long-term (>6 months) colloidal stability in aqueous medium at relatively high concentrations, exhibited a markedly improved temporal retention of catalytic activity toward the reduction of nitroarenes, and could be more effectively coupled with silver nanoparticles to form hybrid nanostructures. Furthermore, in vitro cell proliferation tests carried out with murine fibroblasts suggested that the chemical derivatization had a positive effect on the biocompatibility of ce-MoS2. A hydrothermal annealing procedure was also implemented to promote the structural conversion of the functionalized nanosheets from the 1T phase that was induced during the chemical exfoliation step to the original 2H phase of the starting bulk material, while retaining at the same time the aqueous colloidal stability afforded by the presence of the acetic acid groups. Overall, by highlighting the benefits of this type of chemical derivatization, the present work should contribute to strengthen the position of ce-MoS2 as a two-dimensional material of significant practical utility.

A series of pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-3(4H)-one derivatives as aldose reductase inhibitors with antioxidant activity

A series of pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-3(4H)-one based derivatives were designed as inhibitors of aldose reductase (ALR2), the enzyme which plays a key role in the development of diabetes complications as well as in the oxidative stress processes associated with diabetes and other pathologies. Most of the derivatives, having a substituted C2 aromatic group and a N4 acetic acid group on the core structure, were found to be potent and selective aldose reductase inhibitors with submicromolar IC50 values, and 9c was the most active with IC50 value 0.009 μM. Particularly, a number of the designed compounds bearing phenolic hydroxyl substituted C2-styryl side chain showed excellent not only in ALR2 inhibition but also in antioxidant, and among these 11i was proved to be the top one with an antioxidant ability even comparable to that of the well-known antioxidant Trolox. Structure-activity relationship and molecular docking studies highlighted the importance of phenolic hydroxyl substituents and vinyl spacer in C2 side chain of the scaffold for the construction of efficient and multifunctional ALR2 inhibitors.

Research on the Room Temperature and Vacuum Preservation of Fresh Beef Treated by Multiplicate Methods

After being treated by surface processing, vacuum package and hot water sterilizing respectively, the sample fresh beef was well preserved at normal temperature. The shelf life was up to 27 days. Methods used in the surface processing included Acetic acid and formic acid, ginger juice, lactic acid and maltose coating. Evaluating on the PH value, TVB-N content, the total number of colonies, HS's determination, the experiment showed that the acetic acid and formic acid group is the best one for freshment preservation, the second is the ginger juice group and the third is the lactic acid group and the last is the coating group.

Comparison of acetic acid and ethanol sclerotherapy for simple renal cysts: clinical experience with 86 patients.

Background To compare the efficacy and treatment session numbers of acetic acid to that of ethanol sclerotherapy for the treatment of simple renal cysts. Between February 2004 and June 2013, 86 patients with simple renal cysts underwent percutaneous aspiration and injection of 50 %-acetic-acid (42 cysts) and 95 %-ethanol (44 cysts). The patient demographics, volume reduction rate, number of treatment sessions, and complications were then analyzed.ResultsThe volume reduction rate was 94.1 ± 7.6 % in the 50 %-acetic acid group and 94.7 ± 11.7 % in the 95 %-ethanol group, and without a statistical difference. The rates of complete remission, partial remission, and no response were 57.1, 42.9 and 0 %, respectively, for the acetic acid group, and 70.5, 25.0, and 4.5 %, respectively, for the ethanol group. No statistical difference was observed between the two groups. Compared to the acetic acid group, the ethanol group had a higher number of treatment sessions, i.e. 1.10 ± 0.30 in the acetic acid group and 1.80 ± 0.79 in the ethanol group. Mild flank pain was a minor complication that occurred in both groups.ConclusionsAcetic acid seems to have equivalent sclerosing effects on simple renal cysts compared with those of ethanol despites of fewer treatment sessions.

A pilot study of chemical ablation of peripheral non-small-cell lung cancer: a novel, effective, safe, and inexpensive method

Chemical ablation with acetic acid or ethanol is effective against hepatocellular carcinoma and therefore its application in peripheral non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may be beneficial. The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy and safety of percutaneous chemical ablation using acetic acid or ethanol in peripheral NSCLC cases. This was a prospective randomized control study conducted at the Chest and Clinical Oncology Departments, Mansoura, Egypt, from 2011 to 2014. Thirty-three patients were included with a mean age of 60 years, and were randomly divided into three groups: group A (acetic acid plus chemotherapy group) consisted of nine patients; group B (ethanol plus chemotherapy group) consisted of nine patients; and the control group C (chemotherapy alone group) consisted of 15 patients. Patients who were operable, who had tumors infiltrating the main stem bronchi or mediastinum, and those who refused to complete the study were excluded. Clinical and radiological data were evaluated before treatment and 3 and 6 months after treatment. There was a significant reduction in both cough score and chest pain in group A after 6 months of treatment, in the hemoptysis score in group A and group B after 6 months of treatment, and in dyspnea score in groups A and B after 3 and 6 months of treatment. There was a statistically significant difference in the tumor response results in both groups after 3 and 6 months of treatment when compared with the control group. There were one or more immediate complications but all were controllable with no mortality. Survival was better in groups A and B than in the control group. The cost of acetic acid and ethanol palliation for each patient was 10 $US. Chemical ablation is an effective and inexpensive adjuvant palliative treatment for patients with inoperable peripheral NSCLC.

Comprehensive comparison of alkali metal extraction with a series of calix[4]arene derivatives with propyl and/or acetic acid groups

A series of cone conformational p-t-octylcalix[4]arene derivatives with propyl and/or acetic acid groups have been synthesized and investigated for alkali metal extraction in individual and competitive metal systems. All ion-exchangeable derivatives exhibited extraction ability. Tripropyl—monoacetic acid derivative exhibited lithium selectivity, whereas other derivatives with multiple acetic acid groups exhibited sodium selectivity over lithium in an individual metal system. The significant metal selectivity was observed in a competitive system, because only the preferential metal ion occupied the derivative. A coordinatively-inert lipophilic propyl group or a few introduced on the calix[4]arene contributed to the size-discriminating property not only for the first metal ion but also for the second ion. The metal selectivity is discussed based on structural change before and after metal loading by using 1H-NMR spectra and an effect of lipophilic propyl groups.

Linear polymer separation using carbon-nanotube-modified centrifugal filter units.

The separation of linear polymers such as polysaccharides and polyethylene glycol was performed with modified commercial centrifugal filter units. The deposition of a 0.16-0.35 μm layer of modified carbon nanotubes prevented permeation of linear polymers of molecular weight higher than 20 000 Da through the membrane. It allowed facile purification of solution of 0.1 g of polymer samples from small molecules within 25 min by using a bench-top centrifuge. The structure of modified carbon nanotubes was optimized in order to achieve good adhesion to the low binding regenerated cellulose surface and low solubility in aqueous solutions after deposition. The best modification of carbon nanotubes was oxidation and subsequent amide formation of diethanolamine. Introduction of acetic acid groups using sodium chloroacetate worked equally well. The modified filter could be used multiple times without the decrease of the efficiency. The carbon nanotubes layer was stable in aqueous solutions in a pH range of 1-7. The proposed method provides a convenient way of purification of modified polymers in research areas such as drug delivery or macromolecular probes synthesis.

Role of Topical Acetic Acid in Comparison to Gentamicin for the Management of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media

Introduction: Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM) is one of the diseases resistant to current antibiotics; persisting for more than two week; and capable of causing severe discharge, tympanic membrane perforation and deafness. This may cause distress and affect their quality of life and productivity. Aims: To assess the role of topical Acetic Acid in comparison to Gentamycin for management of CSOM. Methods: It was a Randomized, open label study. Patients diagnosed as CSOM (safe type) were randomly divided into two groups, group I - topical 1.5% Acetic acid and group II - topical 0.3% Gentamicin sulphate in a dose of three otic drops thrice daily. Follow up was done every week for two weeks and was compared on the basis of otological symptoms score. Results: The mean difference of otological symptom score at day 7 and day 14 from baseline in Group I was 1.90±1.01 and 3.40±1.08; and in Group II 1.96±0.57 and 3.12±0.74; p<0.05. Among the study groups, reduction of otological symptom scores at day 7 (Group I =3.22±1, Group II=2.66±1.76; p=0.14) and at day 14 (Group I = 1.72±1.76, Group II= 1.50±1.79; p=0.56) respectively. Also, “Treatment success” seen in 46 (92%) patients in the Acetic acid group and 44 (88%) patients in Gentamicin sulphate group. Moreover, cost of the treatment for Acetic acid was 102.94 and for Gentamicin sulphate was Rs.160.25 per person. Conclusion: Topical Acetic acid was found to be equally effective to Gentamicin sulphate for the treatment of CSOM.

Efficacy of 1% acetic acid in the treatment of chronic wounds infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa: prospective randomised controlled clinical trial.

All patients with chronic wounds infected with P. aeruginosa. Wounds due to massive burns, suspected malignancy, immunocompromised individuals and individuals with sepsis. A total of 32 patients enrolled in the study. Subjects were randomised equally to the 1% acetic acid group and saline dressing group. None of the patients received any systemic antibiotics during the study period and received twice daily dressings. The endpoint of the treatment was wounds free of P. aeruginosa. The duration of treatment required to eliminate the Pseudomonas from the wounds in the acetic acid group was on an average 7 days less than that required by the saline group. P value was <0·001. In the 1% acetic acid group irrespective of the sensitivity of the organism to antibiotics, Pseudomonas organisms were eliminated within the same time period - 4·5 days. In the saline group, susceptible organisms were eliminated within 11·5 days and multidrug-resistant organisms were eliminated by 15·5 days. 1% acetic acid is a simple, safe and effective topical antiseptic that can be used in the elimination of P. aeruginosa from chronic infected wounds.

Synthesis and Antifungal Activity of Complexes of Cu(II), Co(II) and Fe(III) with Quaternary Ammonium Salts Derivatives of Diethylaminoethyl Methacrylate Containing Acetic Acid Group

In the present paper the synthesis and characterization of three new metal complexes of Cu(II), Fe(III) and Co(II), with quaternary ammonium salts used as ligand derived from 2-(diethylamino)ethylmethacylate (DEAEMA) have been successfully prepared in alcoholic medium. The ligand has got -COOH moiety which is capable of chelation. The ligand and its metal complexes were characterized by conductivity measurements, FTIR spectroscopy, electronic spectroscopy, 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopies and have been screened for their antifungal activities

Synthesis and structural determination of mononuclear nine-coordinate (EnH2)[YbIII(Egta)(H2O)]2 · 6H2O and [YbIII(Eg3a)(H2O)2] · 6H2O

Two novel rare earth metal coordination complexes, (EnH2)[YbIII(Egta)(H2O)]2 · 6H2O (I) and [YbIII(Eg3a)(H2O)2] · 6H2O (II), where En = ethylenediamine, H4Egta = ethyleneglycol-bis-(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid and H3Eg3a = ethyleneglycol-bis-(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N′-triacetic acid, have been successfully synthesized through direct heating reflux and natural transformation. Complexes I, II were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques (CIF files CCDC nos. 966211 (I) and 966210 (II)). X-ray diffraction reveals that I is a nine-coordinate structure with a monocapped square antiprism crystallizing in the monoclinic crystal system with P21/c space group. The cell dimensionsare: a = 12.9616(14) A, b = 12.7134(13) A, c = 15.0132(15) A, β = 105.3720(10)° and V = 2385.5(4) A3. Complex II is also mononuclear nine-coordinate and crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system with space group P21/c. The cell dimensions are as follows: a = 9.1926(10), b = 10.0046(12), c = 23.536(2) A, β = 98.9650(10)° and V = 2385.5(4) A3. However, when I is continued to direct heating reflux, the octadentate Egta ligand losts an acetic acid group and becomes a heptadentate Eg3a ligand. Thus, II was obtained, which was confirmed by means of single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. This finding may offer a fast and efficient one-step reaction synthesis method of asymmetric aminopolycarboxylic acid.

Carboxylic group-induced synthesis and characterization of selenium nanoparticles and its anti-tumor potential on Dalton's lymphoma cells

Carboxylic group-induced synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) was achieved using sodium selenosulphate as a precursor. The particles were stabilized and capped with 0.01% polyvinyl alcohol under ambient conditions. This is a simple and easy method of producing SeNPs in a size range from 35 to 105nm. The synthesized SeNPs were purified by centrifugation at 11,500×g for 20min and characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, DSC and TEM. It was observed that the synthesized SeNPs showed differences in their absorption spectra, phase composition and crystal structure, thermodynamic behaviour, size and shape. Further, to confirm anti-tumour potential of the synthesized SeNPs induced by the carboxylic group of acetic acid, pyruvic acid and benzoic acid, cell viability assay, nuclear morphology testing and DNA fragmentation assay were carried out using Dalton's lymphoma (DL) cells. DL cells treated with the SeNPs showed reduced cell viability, altered nuclear morphology, typical apoptotic DNA ladder and apoptosis. Therefore, these SeNPs may have therapeutic relevance to treat this type of cancer.

Modulation of PPARγ and TNFα by emu oil and glycyrrhizin in ulcerative colitis.

Ulcerative Colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disorder that affects colon and rectum. Treatments in many UC patients remain variably effective and are associated with considerable adverse effects. So the present study was undertaken to explore the antiinflammatory effects of emu oil, glycyrrhizin, and combination of emu oil and glycyrrhizin in acetic acid-induced UC in rats. UC was induced by intracolonic instillation of 5% acetic acid in rats. Emu oil and glycyrrhizin were orally administered to test groups. Severity of colitis was scored macroscopically and microscopically. The levels of myeloperoxidase and antioxidant enzymes namely catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were assessed spectrophotometrically. Expressions of PPARγ and TNFα were studied by real-time PCR. Acetic acid caused severe damage to colon and rectum. Emu oil and glycyrrhizin were found to significantly reduce macroscopic and microscopic lesions and decrease levels of myeloperoxidase. There was a significant improvement of antioxidant levels in treatment groups compared to acetic acid group. Combination of emu oil and glycyrrhizin showed a markedly greater modulation of PPARγ and TNFα expression than emu oil and glycyrrhizin when administered alone. Combination of emu oil and glycyrrhizin might have had synergistic effects in regulating PPARγ and TNFα. Further studies on mechanism of action of emu oil and glycyrrhizin combination would pave the way to define possibility of this combination as effective in the management of UC.

Protective Role of Curcumin and Flunixin Against Acetic Acid-Induced Inflammatory Bowel Disease via Modulating Inflammatory Mediators and Cytokine Profile in Rats.

Ulcerative colitis is a chronically recurrent inflammatory bowel disease of unknown origin. The present study is to evaluate the effect of flunixin and curcumin in experimentally induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Animals were randomly divided into four groups, each consisting of 12 animals: normal control group, acetic acid group, curcumin-treated group, and flunixin-treated group. Induction of colitis by intracolonic administration of 4% acetic acid produced severe macroscopic inflammation in the colon, 14 days after acetic acid administration as assessed by the colonic damage score. Microscopically, colonic tissues showed ulceration, edema, and inflammatory cells infiltration. Biochemical studies revealed increased serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), colonic alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Oxidative stress was indicated by elevated lipid peroxide formation and depleted reduced glutathione concentrations in colonic tissues. After induction of colitis, treatment with curcumin (50 mg/kg daily, p.o.) and flunixin (2.5 mg/kg daily, s.c.) decreased serum LDH, ALP, interleukin (IL)-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels, as well as colonic MPO and lipid peroxide levels, whereas increased colonic prostaglandin E2 and IL-10 concentrations were observed. Moreover, effective doses of curcumin and flunixin were effective in restoring the histopathological changes induced by acetic acid administration. The findings of the present study provide evidence that flunixin may be beneficial in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

Design of multi-N-functional magnetic PVA microspheres for the rapid removal of heavy metal ions with different valence

In this study, magnetic polyvinyl acetate (MPVA) microspheres were prepared with the inverse suspension cross-linked method by adding magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4) into the PVA gel. Then, the resulting MPVA microspheres were modified with amino and ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) groups, which are both associated with nitrogen chelation. The final product, multi-N-functional MPVA (N-MPVA) microspheres, was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer. Characterization results showed that the diameter of N-MPVA was about 10 μm; its saturation magnetization value was 4.89 emu g−1, and it possessed abundant amino and EDTA groups. A series of adsorption experiments were conducted to investigate the adsorption behavior, adsorption kinetics, and isotherms of different mono-, di-, and tri-valent heavy metals, i.e. Ag+, Cu2+, and Cr3+. Results showed that the adsorption capacity of heavy metals with different valences was Ag+ > Cu2+ > Cr3+. After three recycles, the loss of adsorption capacity did not exceed 25%. In addition, the chelating mechanism of the amino and EDTA groups with different valences was studied. This present work introduces the potential for using N-MPVA as an effective and recyclable adsorbent for the removal of heavy metal ions.

Confirmatory evidence other than 1hnmr spectroscopic technique for complex formation of diclofenac sodium with go-ghrita

Present investigation showing confirmatory evidence for complex formation of Diclofenac sodium (Dic) with Go-Ghrita (GG) by various sophisticated techniques like FT-IR, In-vitro release study, DSC, X-ray diffraction and SEM other than 1 NMR (which is reported earlier). Diclofenac sodium binary mixture in (1:0.5), (1:1), (1:2), (1:3) w/w proportions were prepared by adding to molten Go-Ghrita kept over a water bath at 65-70 o C with continuous stirring. Organoleptic and Physico-chemical properties of GG (procured from Magan Sangrahalaya, Wardha) were as per the specifications given in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia (AP) and Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP). All proportions were subjected for FT-IR and in-vitro release behaviour (SGF, P H 1.2 for 2 Hrs and SIF, P H 6.8 for 7 Hrs) and on basis of it, optimized (1:1) w/w proportions were further analyzed and characterized for Differential Scanning Calorimetry, X-ray diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Carbonyl stretching of benzene acetic acid group to slight higher frequency 9.23 % cm -1 (increase) and (–C=O) linked (-OH) band stretching to slight lower frequency 0.57 cm -1 (decrease) shown in FT-IR spectra, supported by in-vitro release of Diclofenac sodium 99.13±0.31% of (1:1) w/w in sustenance form than remaining. Retention of peaks with lesser intensity in binary mixture of drug with GG, revealed crystalline as well as non-crystalline (amorphous) nature in X-RD, Slight lowering of 17.6 0 C Tm and enthalpy change of 8.51 % (loss) in DSC, and entrapment of Diclofenac sodium crystals in Dic-GG binary mixture shown in SEM photographs, reflecting possible evidence for the formation of inclusion type complex between Diclofenac sodium and GG.