Indian Ocean Tsunami Research Articles

Indonesian “tsunami-generation” in a nutshell: systematic literature review

Publications related to tsunami-generation phase hold 42.8% of all the publications over all tsunami hazard literatures in Indonesia. Corroborating the fact, tsunami-generation studies are also vital in determining the type of propagation and inundation that may appear in the surrounding coastal regions, which in practice, can also help determining disaster management specifics and risk reduction activities. A literature review regarding tsunami-generation has been done for those purpose by using our CARI! Knowledge Engine, which includes collections of both International and Indonesian journals within the scope of Indonesian locus context. This study unpacks publication trend, the most influential articles, top contributing journals, top main authors, top institutions, and dominant countries as well as the science mapping of tsunami-generation subjects. To gain deeper understanding, we also develop tsunami-generation research framework within the basis of tsunami generation force, time occurrence, monitoring, and measurement approach, as well as hazard analysis approach. From the review, an interesting peak of tsunami-generation publications has been shown in 2020 (39 publications), following the occurrence of several Indonesian major tsunamis in the previous decade and the globally impacting Aceh Tsunami (or the Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami) in 2004. Among all the publications of tsunami-generation force, tsunamigenic earthquake has become the most studied topic (67.7% of all publications), while the most discussed atypical sources mainly come from volcanic eruption (46.67% of all atypical literatures) and submarine landslide (33.33% of all atypical literatures). In terms of tsunami-generation source, it is found that the Sunda Megathrust has been the most-discussed location, which is mentioned within 39 publications, followed by the Palu-Koro Fault with 18 publications and the Krakatau Volcano by 16 publications. Apart from the notice of significant difference between research of historical tsunami and paleotsunami (120:5 publications), some gaps also can be found when discussing the meteotsunami-generation mechanism in Indonesia and the Global Navigation Satellite System’s Total Electron Content (GNSS-TEC) method, which, although proven beneficial for the development of tsunami early warning system, accuracy is still the main issue in capturing tsunami signals and positioning actual source location of tsunami. These were some highlighted limitations that arise in our process to understand tsunami-generation mechanisms and the exploitations of the knowledge. Therefore, future studies specifically within these areas are further encouraged.

TSUNAMI WAVE LOADING ON A STRUCTURAL ARRAY PARTIALLY SHELTERED BY A SEAWALL

In recent years tsunamis have been recognized as one of the most catastrophic natural disasters in the world, highlighted by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami. These countries affected by tsunamis like Indonesia, Thailand and Japan usually arm their coast with sea walls to provide protection for coastal urban regions; however, surveys have found during both tsunami events, several sections of breached sea walls had led to extensive damage in those coastal regions (Dalrymple and Kriebel, 2005; Sato, 2015). Previous studies have examined the sheltering effect by macroroughness to individual structures, but limited knowledge is available on the sheltering and flow concentration effect by a partially standing wall to a field of structural array. The result from this experiment will serve to provide a better understanding on the tsunami loading variation induced by different length of partial seawalls, and help prepare more accurate hazard maps for tsunami events.

Coral reef response in the Maldives during the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami

The impact of tsunamis on buildings or infrastructures has been globally studied. However, the relationship tsunami waves-marine ecosystems remains unclear. During the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami (IOT), damage to coral reefs were surveyed in the Maldives. Coral reef system is essential for fisheries, tourism and represent a natural coastal protection against large waves events, so it is urgent to better understand how the IOT impacted such an ecosystem. First, we reproduce the tsunami hydrodynamic characteristics along the Maldivian shores using TUNAMI-N2 model. We then define a database gathering all the post-tsunami reef datapoints. Third, we develop fragility curves for the reefs that have been impacted by the tsunami, based on the Global Earthquake Model (GEM) guidelines, for the maximum amplitude and flow velocity of the IOT. For example, when the amplitude and the flow velocity are higher than 1 m and 1 m/s, the probability to impact the reefs is 50%. Finally, we present a reef vulnerability map in Malé City and one of its surrounding Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). This work is the first attempt to quantify the tsunami impact on coral reefs using fragility curves. Based on the 2004 IOT, we aim to provide a better understanding of the reef response during a tsunami attack. These findings have implications for the development of long-term reef monitoring and strategies to enhance reef resilience against future tsunamis.

Policy Review and Regional Development in Disaster Mitigation (Case Study: 2004 Aceh Tsunami and 2011 Tōhoku Tsunami)

The geological location of Indonesia and Japan means that both countries experience frequent disasters. On December 26, 2004, Aceh, located on the northern tip of the island of Sumatra and the westernmost province in Indonesia, was hit by a tsunami that left 166,000 people dead or missing and 500,000 people displaced. While on March 11, 2011, the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tōhoku Tsunami with a magnitude of 9.0 occurred and resulted in approximately 15,800 fatalities and 220,000 displaced persons. This study uses a descriptive comparative study method by reviewing policies and regional development in disaster mitigation after the Aceh Tsunami (2004) and the Tōhoku Tsunami (2011) occurred. Policies related to disaster mitigation in Aceh show that tsunamis were never considered in urban planning before the 2004 Aceh Tsunami, while Japan has developed them since 1896 after the Great Meiji Sanriku Tsunami occurred. Existing disaster mitigation policies in Aceh's spatial planning have also not been implemented optimally and consistently. Japan's policies and regional development in disaster mitigation can be a lesson learned as Japan is considered worldwide as a model country in the field of tsunami preparedness and resilience.

Cost Estimation of Structural Work for Residential Building with Seismic Design Consideration

The Sumatra-Andaman earthquakes had triggered local earthquakes in Malaysia by reactivation of ancient inactive faults. Previously on 5thJune 2015, Ranau, a region located in Sabah, Malaysia, had experienced a moderate earthquake of Mw6.1. The structural failures occurred because all existing buildings only designed for gravity load without any seismic provision. Recent research work exhibits the seismic designs’ impact on the cost of material and its parameters thatimpact the cost. There are two types reinforced concrete residential buildings called Type 1 and Type 2 for two storey and four storeywhich had been used as models. This research applied four seismicity levels to the reference peak ground acceleration value, αgR= 0.07g, 0.10g, 0.13g & 0.16g, and two soil types: Soil Types B and D. The result shows that for twostorey reinforced concreteresidential buildings on soil types B and D, seismic design increases structural work costs, which is around 0.62% to 1.31% and 0.61% to 2.16%, respectively,for Type 1 modelcompared to non-seismic design. Besides,model Type 2, the increment is around 0.24% to 1.22% and 0.20% to 1.71%, respectively.Otherwise, for reinforced concreteresidential building with four storeyon soil types B and D,the result shows that seismic design tends to have a higher structural work’s costaround 0.41% to 2.48% and 0.98% to 11.23%, respectively, for Type 1 model. Besides, for model Type 2 the increment is around 1.80% to 2.05% and 2.34% to 8.53%, respectively, compared to non-seismicdesign.

Artificial intelligence in forensic odontology – A review

Revolutionary advancements in dentistry have been brought about by robotic advancements that mimic the functions of the human brain. Over an extended period, both dental and medical documentation has undergone computerization, with cloud servers serving as reliable backups. These records have played a crucial role in identifying victims of major catastrophes such as the World Trade Centre disaster and the Indian Ocean tsunami. Often, in these cases, the bodies are severely damaged and unidentifiable, except for the remaining teeth and the resilient jawbone, which exhibit remarkable resistance to harsh conditions. These elements have proven to be vital in the process of identifying disaster victims. To conduct the present review, extensive online research was performed using databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline, and IEEE Xplore, up until December 2022.

Social capital and community integration in post-disaster relocation settlements after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami in Indonesia

The permanent relocation of persons from areas threatened by environmental stress is widely seen within the international humanitarian sector as problematic due to negative social and economic impacts. However, relocation is increasingly seen as a likely, if unfortunate, response to climate change as rising sea-levels, changing ecological conditions, and increasingly intense disasters create powerful push factors. The more dramatic examples of environmental migration focus on long-distance movements, including crossing national borders, which raise issues about the importance of social capital for migrants trying to build community cohesion and integrate into different cultural contexts. However, it is likely that most relocation because of environment stress will occur at sub-national to very local geographic scales, similar to what happens after large-scale disasters, meaning that persons might be resettled within familiar cultural, linguistic, and religious contexts. In this paper we use qualitative data collected in 12 resettlement complexes built in Aceh, Indonesia for persons displaced by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami to analyze the importance of social capital for building cohesion within resettlement complexes and between resettlement complexes and host communities. We find that even though tsunami-affected persons were generally relocated less than 20 km from their pre-tsunami homes, there were clear social distinctions between resettled persons and host communities, which had practical impacts on integration, access to resources, and participation within local governance structures. We found shared cultural and religious traditions and social practices served as important sources of bonding capital within resettlement complexes. However, the same attributes were less effective as bridging capital between resettlement complexes and their host communities. These findings show that governments and NGOs need to be cautious about underestimating the negative social disruptions caused by short-distance relocation and the importance of bonding social capital for fostering stable and sustainable resettlement communities.

Determination of Paleotsunami Inundation Zone Using Finite Difference Method in Southern Coastal Lebak, Banten

Paleotsunami deposits have been found in Indonesia, including in Pacitan, Kulon Progo, Cilacap, Pangandaran, and Sukabumi. This research aims to obtain an ideal model for determining the paleotsunami inundation zone along the southern coastal Lebak, Banten using finite difference numerical modeling through the MOST (Method of Splitting Tsunamis)-based ComMIT software. Field observations were made to identify the presence of paleotsunami deposits in the swale area on the southern coastal Lebak, Banten. Several tsunami scenarios such as Pangandaran in 2006, Indian Ocean Tsunami (IOT) in 2004, Tohoku in 2011, Sunda Strait megathrust segment, and megathrust along the south of Java were used in the modeling process to identify the characteristics of paleotsunami that were produced the tsunami deposits in the study area. Modeling is carried out using two schemes, such as using the ComMIT database unit source (subduction zone segments) and using the earthquake source parameters that are entered manually. The results show the best tsunami scenario that may have ever occurred in research area is the tsunami event with magnitude of 9.1 Mw, with maximum inundation range of 5.2 km, and run-off of up to 32 m, which is estimated as a tsunami event that precipates paleotsunami deposits in study area.

Remarriage strategies for post-disaster widows and widowers following the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Aceh, Indonesia

The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami caused extensive loss of life and disrupted family units, leaving large numbers of widows, widowers, and orphans. While it is common to identify disaster widows and orphans as potentially vulnerable groups, there has been limited research about how families are reconstructed after a major disaster. The main objective of this paper is to better understand what factors motivate persons who lost a spouse in a disaster to either re-marry or stay single. We use quantitative data from a statistically representative survey of tsunami-affected households in the Banda Aceh, Aceh Besar, and Aceh Jaya districts in the Aceh province of Indonesia conducted a decade after the tsunami to show that 18% of households reported the death of a spouse during the tsunami. Out of these, 66% of widows/widowers reported marrying again within a decade after the tsunami, with most remarried within the first three years after the disaster. We use qualitative data from in-depth interviews with 36 widows and widowers to identify motivations behind the decision to remarry or stay single. We found that widows were most likely to get remarried to provide economic security, support for their surviving children, and because of concerns about their reputation if they were unmarried. Widowers were more likely to remarry to secure domestic support and caregiving for themselves as they got older and to help them care for their surviving children. Some widows and widowers decided not to remarry because of concerns about assuming additional financial liabilities, distressing their surviving children, and (for women) giving up personal freedoms. Our research on the re-marriage decisions of tsunami widows and widowers shows that very personal decisions about family should be seen within the framework of household and community resilience.

Multi-criteria decision-making methods: application in humanitarian operations

PurposeThis paper aims to examine and compare extant literature on the application of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques in humanitarian operations (HOs) and humanitarian supply chains (HSCs). It identifies the status of existing research in the field and suggests a roadmap for academicians to undertake further research in HOs and HSCs using MCDM techniques.Design/methodology/approachThe paper systematically reviews the research on MCDM applications in HO and HSC domains from 2011 to 2022, as the field gained traction post-2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami phenomena. In the first step, an exhaustive search for journal articles is conducted using 48 keyword searches. To ensure quality, only those articles published in journals featuring in the first quartile of the Scimago Journal Ranking were selected. A total of 103 peer-reviewed articles were selected for the review and then segregated into different categories for analysis.FindingsThe paper highlights insufficient high-quality research in HOs that utilizes MCDM methods. It proposes a roadmap for scholars to enhance the research outcomes by advocating adopting mixed methods. The analysis of various studies revealed a notable absence of contextual reference. A contextual mind map specific to HOs has been developed to assist future research endeavors. This resource can guide researchers in determining the appropriate contextual framework for their studies.Practical implicationsThis paper will help practitioners understand the research carried out in the field. The aspiring researchers will identify the gap in the extant research and work on future research directions.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first literature review on applying MCDM in HOs and HSCs. It summarises the current status and proposes future research directions.

Trauma is not the whole story: Trajectories of responses to childhood disasters intertwining with Life following the Indian Ocean tsunami

AbstractIn an era of global threats, understanding the implications of disasters on young people's life course is of central importance. A particular emphasis should be placed on non‐Western economically developing societies that are considered as vulnerable and are less studied, and on social groups within these societies that are underrepresented. The present study focuses on young Sri Lankan women who experienced the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami as children. Thirteen young women generated their life stories in semi‐structured interviews, 12 years after the disaster had elapsed. Holistic narrative analysis revealed new variations and in‐depth meanings in disaster response trajectories and presented the intertwining courses of the responses to the Potentially Traumatic Event (PTE) with ecological aspects throughout development, as in Trajectories intertwining with Life (TiL). This study provides empirical, methodological, conceptual and practical innovations to the study of human development throughout the life course, within the interdisciplinary fields of trauma and disasters.Highlights This research is interested in how childhood disaster response trajectories among an understudied population are understood through an ecological‐developmental perspective. Life stories uncover Trajectories intertwining with Life (TiL) among Sri Lankan women who were children during the Indian Ocean tsunami. The TiL unique outcomes, integrating trauma responses as inseparable from ecological and developmental aspects, offer various theoretical and applied implications.

Evaluating How Tenure Security in Disaster Management Depends on Land Governance Based on Indonesian Case Study

Tenure security is a critical variable in disaster management, yet is dependent on the rules and regulations of a country with regards to land ownership and use. This study draws on three disasters that occurred in Indonesia as case studies: the tsunami in Aceh in 2004, the Sidoarjo mudflow in 2006, and the tidal flood and permanent inundation in Kabupaten Demak, reported in 1997. Using literature review approach, we compare the government responses in these examples and evaluate how they affected tenure security in each case, and presented it qualitatively. We discovered that there were different responses in terms of the declaration of a national disaster, Central Government support, the presence of a responsible agency, and how the government threatened it as a 'pure natural disaster' or a 'human-induced disaster.' We conclude that the Central Government plays an important role in ensuring tenure security during a disaster in terms of supporting laws and regulations, but the Local Government is also critical in the implementation process in land right reconstruction. Furthermore, for destroyed or lost land due to a disaster, the regulations on disaster management should distinguish between the root and cause of the disaster to ensure land rights protection and justice for the victims.

Assessing the Impact of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami on South Andaman’s Coastal Shoreline: A Geospatial Analysis of Erosion and Accretion Patterns

The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami significantly impacted the coastal shoreline of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, causing widespread destruction of infrastructure and ecological damage. This study aims to analyze the short- and long-term shoreline changes in South Andaman, focusing on 2004–2005 (pre- and post-tsunami) and 1990–2023 (to assess periodic changes). Using remote sensing techniques and geospatial tools such as the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS), shoreline change rates were calculated in four zones, revealing the extent of the tsunami’s impact. During the pre- and post-tsunami periods, the maximum coastal erosion rate was −410.55 m/year, while the maximum accretion was 359.07 m/year in zone A, the island’s east side. For the 1990–2023 period, the most significant coastal shoreline erosion rate was also recorded in zone A, which was recorded at −2.3 m/year. After analyzing the result, it can be seen that the tsunami severely affected the island’s east side. To validate the coastal shoreline measurements, the root mean square error (RMSE) of Landsat-7 and Google Earth was 18.53 m, enabling comparisons of the accuracy of different models on the same dataset. The results demonstrate the extensive impact of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami on South Andaman’s coastal shoreline and the value of analyzing shoreline changes to understand the short- and long-term consequences of such events on coastal ecosystems. This information can inform conservation efforts, management strategies, and disaster response plans to mitigate future damage and allocate resources more efficiently. By better understanding the impact of tsunamis on coastal shorelines, emergency responders, government agencies, and conservationists can develop more effective strategies to protect these fragile ecosystems and the communities that rely on them.

Description of the 1907 Aceh tsunami: impact (height, inundation and the travel time) on Cities of Banda Aceh, Meulaboh and Gunung Sitoli, Indonesia

There was tsunami in Aceh in 2004 with the height reached to 30 meter. It was caused by a 9.2 magnitude earthquake on the Sunda megathrust. The tsunami destroyed most of the buildings in affected cities and claimed many fatalities. However, there were many tsunami incidents around Aceh before 2004. Aceh is located in the northern Sumatera Island of Indonesia. It is part of the Great Sunda Arc subduction zone, a convergent boundary between the Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates. Records of pre-instrumental tsunami in this region are scarce. Here we describe a tsunami in Aceh that happened in 1907. It was caused by a magnitude 7.6 earthquake on the Sunda megathrust, similar to the tsunami Aceh in 2004. Details of parameter information like the height, inundation, and the arrival times as the parameters after shaking was felt to some cities like Banda Aceh, Meulaboh and Gunung Sitoli are lacking and we want to calculate the these parameters to the cities although with the poor information. Based on the magnitude, the deformation and the possibilities of the parameter of the tsunami to the cities are calculated and modelled from Well and Coppersmith (1994) equation. After that we estimate the tsunami height, inundation and the travel time with Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo and we get the result in the cities that the tsunami height is about 3 m, arrival times ranging from 20 second to 48 second and an inundation between 66 m to 127 m.

Population distribution analysis in Banda Aceh City for tsunami disaster risk reduction

Areas affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami have recovered following a long-term reconstruction process, including Banda Aceh City, Indonesia. Using data from the Statistics Indonesia, this study aims to analyze population dynamics in Banda Aceh City, starting from 2004 (pre-tsunami), 2005 (shortly after the tsunami), as well as 2010 and 2020 (post-reconstruction phase). Population dynamics are calculated at the sub-district (kecamatan) level by observing trends and changes in size and rank based on population density and population growth rate values. Some of the tsunami-affected sub-districts have experienced population recovery to pre-disaster levels, while population growth in safe areas is relatively high in line with development directions to the east and south of the city. However, disaster risk reduction tasks will be even more challenging as the population in coastal areas is growing at an alarming rate. Therefore, the government needs to design a comprehensive policy to minimize the population’s exposure to the tsunami hazard.

Current Status of the Disaster Health, Medical, and Welfare Coordination in Japan

Introduction:Non-coordinated support during disasters has negative effects on affected communities and people. From the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, the United Nations introduced a cluster approach to avoid gaps and duplication of aid. Japan's disaster coordination of support for health and medical care was organized after the 2017 Kumamoto earthquake. The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) announced and issued the notice that the prefectures need to establish a system related to health and medical activities in the event of a large-scale disaster. In July 2022, welfare content was added. This study investigated the current status of health sector organizational coordination among health, medical, and welfare responders during 2022 the Large-Scale Earthquake National Exercise (LSENE).Method:The 2022 LSENE was conducted on October 1, 2022 with participation from the Disaster Medical Assistant Team (DMAT) and responders from each prefecture's health and welfare divisions and organizations. Each responder's exercise log sheet and the exercise controller's evaluation were reviewed.Results:Even though there was a notice from the MHLW, organized coordination was conducted only by several medical and health teams. DMAT is the only team with a system to dispatch teams from non-affected prefectures and coordinate well to allocate teams. Some other health and welfare organizations did not have a dispatching system. They had difficulty sending teams to affected areas, especially due to a lack of a systematic response system, training, coordination headquarters, and information sharing. It was suggested that information sharing and coordination among responders is necessary, although information gathering and request judgments related to dispatch coordination are different for each organization.Conclusion:In order to smoothly coordinate support teams for health, medical, and welfare in the event of a disaster, it is necessary not only to improve the coordination headquarters for health, medical, and welfare but also to verify its operation through training.

Disaster Medicine Compendium and the Necessity of Preparation of Medical Techniques for Handling NBC/CBRNE Hazards, for General Surgeons

Introduction:The risks of NBC (Nuclear, Biological and Chemical) or CBRNE (R: radiological, E: explosive) hazards are rapidly increasing even in civilian areas, as well as those of natural disasters (earthquakes, hurricanes, etc.). Therefore, one of the most important and emergent issues for medical staff, especially for general surgeons is the necessity of skills to deal with various mega- or major disasters to help people as well as, protecting themselves. This has been a point of emphasis since 2005, when the Disaster Medicine Compendium was published and continues to be updated today.Method:The research focuses on NBC/CBRNE hazards: Pandemics such as COVID-19, Monkeypox, influenza, the Tokyo Subway Sarin Incident, and the 2011 Tōhoku Earthquake, followed by Fukushima Plant Incident, Chernobyl, earthquakes with tsunami, such as the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, and the September 11 terrorist attacks in the US.Results:The skills that should be accustomed to are protection, prevention, diminution of toxicity, decontamination, as well as routine medical/surgical treatments. The relevant education is varied and not easily performed. For example, it was found that Japan DMAT or disaster medical assistant teams struggled with a lack of techniques to deal with the nuclear plant hazard during the above-mentioned Fukushima plant accident.Conclusion:In the event of hazards including NBC/CBRNE, surgical skills are necessary. However, medical teams require training in advance. Surgical methods and other skills, intensive care, and examinations performed wearing PPE or personal protection equipment is important, as well as the safety and security of the medical teams, in addition, to supporting the vulnerable/weak victims, ensured using an Incident Command System.

Another loss of radioactive material in Thailand highlights the need for effective risk communication

On March 10th 2023, a cylinder containing caesium-137 was found missing from a power plant near Bangkok, Thailand. This generated lots of fear and anxiety, fuelled by social media and inadequate statements from the authorities. Later it was discovered in a foundry, compressed and partially melted. It is clear from this incident that risk communication was inadequate. Two case studies from Southeast Asia, the 2004 Asian Earthquake and Tsunami in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, and the COVID-19 pandemic illustrate the significance of effective risk communication in crisis management and public policy. This incident in Thailand serves as a "wake-up call" for other countries in Southeast Asia and beyond, urging them to ensure the safe management of radioactive materials as well as to pay attention to their own investments in creating efficient risk communication frameworks to deal with future disasters.

Evolution of risk aversion over five years after a major natural disaster

The impact of exposure to a major unanticipated natural disaster on the evolution of survivors’ attitudes toward risk is examined, exploiting plausibly exogenous variation in exposure to the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in combination with rich population-representative longitudinal survey data spanning the five years after the tsunami. Respondents chose among pairs of hypothetical income streams. Those directly exposed to the tsunami made choices consistent with greater willingness to take on risk relative to those not directly exposed to the tsunami. These differences are short-lived: starting a year later, there is no evidence of differences in willingness to take on risk between the two groups. These conclusions hold for tsunami-related exposures measured at the individual and community level. Apparently, tsunami survivors were inclined to assume greater financial risk in the short-term while rebuilding their lives after the disaster.

Disaster mobilities, temporalities, and recovery: experiences of the tsunami in the Maldives.

Large-scale disasters are frequently portrayed as temporally bounded, linear events after which survivors are encouraged to 'move on' as quickly as possible. In this paper, we explore how understandings of disaster mobilities and temporalities challenge such perspectives. Drawing on empirical research undertaken on Dhuvaafaru in the Maldives, a small island uninhabited until 2009 when it was populated by people displaced by the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004, we examine what such understandings mean in the context of sudden population displacement followed by prolonged resettlement. The study reveals the diversity of disaster mobilities, how these reflect varied and complex temporalities of past, present, and future, and how processes of disaster recovery are temporally extended, uncertain, and often linger. In addition, the paper shows how attending to these dynamics contributes to understandings of how post-disaster settlement brings stability for some people while producing ongoing feelings of loss, longing, and unsettlement in others.