Accurate Intervals Research Articles

Verilog-based digital clock design methodology

A digital electronic clock is a sophisticated instrument that employs digital circuits to render the timehours, minutes, and secondsin a digital format. This paper delves into the intricate design journey of creating a basic digital clock using the powerful Verilog HDL paired with a seven-segment digital tube. The core objective revolves around the realization of the clocks essential features, emphasizing both timing mechanics and its visual display. The architecture of the digital clock circuit is a seamless integration of three pivotal modules: the frequency divider, which ensures accurate time intervals; the counter, which keeps track of elapsed time; and the decoder, responsible for converting raw data into a format suitable for display. The clocks tangible representation of time is vividly brought to life on a light-emitting diode (LED) display of the seven-segment digital tube. This setup magnificently showcases two-digit representations for hours, minutes, and seconds, streamlining the users experience. Rigorous simulation revealed that the system adeptly meets its operational mandate, functioning seamlessly as a digital clock and thereby aligning perfectly with the stipulated design criteria.

Scale‐oriented temporal analysis of movement data: A series‐based approach

AbstractThe ubiquity of movement data has led to new research interest in aspects of temporal scale. Few of the approaches analyzing movement data have been developed specifically for scale‐oriented temporal analysis. To overcome this limitation, this article proposes a series‐based approach to perform scale‐oriented temporal analysis of movement data. Key to the proposed approach is the construction of four types of series (one type of identical‐scale series and three types of cross‐scale series) based on the continuous triangular model (CTM). Two distinct research goals are derived from this: to investigate the changes in motion attributes of moving individuals across different temporal scales, and to detect the time intervals during which active events might have occurred. The results based on real football movement data show that finer changes in motion attributes can be found and more accurate time intervals can be detected through the proposed approach.

The Rationality of Drug Use in GERD Patients at The Outpatient Installation of RSUD Dr. Soedarso Pontianak

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) prevalence has increased from 2016 to 2018 by 21,6%. Inappropriate indication, drug, dose, route of administration, and time interval of administration could lead to therapeutic failure. This study aimed to evaluate the rationality of drug use and the distribution of drug use patterns in GERD patients at the outpatient installation of RSUD Dr. Soedarso Pontianak. This research method is descriptive and observational with a cross-sectional design. Data collection was delivered retrospectively with medical records data and prescriptions of GERD patients during the 2020-2021 period. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling, where the sample selection is based on the specified inclusion criteria. The sample used in the study was 98 patients. The results showed that the percentage of rationality in patients without comorbidities was based on 100% correct indication, 93,85% correct drug, 100% correct dose, 100% valid route of administration, and 100% accurate time interval for administration and with comorbidities based on proper indication 87,88%, 57,58% correct drug, 100% correct dose, 100% correct route of administration, and 100% accurate time interval for administration. Distribution pattern of GERD drug use in GERD patients without/with comorbidities was the most widely used is Lansoprazole (monotherapy). The most commonly used is a Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) with sucralfate for the benefit of combination drugs.

Flexible Nearest Level Modulation for Modular Multilevel Converter

Modular multilevel converter (MMC) is one of the most promising converter topologies for medium/high-voltage applications, where the nearest level modulation (NLM) is widely applied. However, the capacitor voltage balancing methods under this modulation mode exist some inefficient actions, which are useless for capacitor voltage balancing but lead to unnecessary switching of power semiconductor devices. In this article, the disturbance and unbalance mechanisms of capacitor voltages in MMC under NLM are analytically revealed and solved. The disturbing metrics for capacitor voltage are digitally extracted to identify the accurate time interval in which the switching actions have immediate effects on capacitor voltage balancing. Then, a demand-oriented scaling factor is introduced to adjust the balancing strength by changing the range of the time intervals which are highly efficient with respect to capacitor voltage balancing, thus flexible tradeoff between the switching frequency of power semiconductor devices and the balancing level of capacitor voltages can be achieved. Finally, a dedicated mission-profile-emulator for the testing of MMC is designed and built with comprehensive validations to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

A Low-Power High-Linear Time-to-Digital Converter for Measuring R-R Intervals in ECG Signal Optimized by Neural Network and TLBO Algorithm

In this paper, a two-stage time interpolation time-to-digital converter (TDC) is proposed to achieve adequate resolution and wide dynamic range for measuring R-R intervals in QRS detection. The architecture is based on a coarse counter and a couple of two-stage interpolator circuit in order to improve the conversion linearity. The proposed TDC is modeled with the neural network, while the teacher–learner-based optimization algorithm (TLBO) is used to optimize the integral nonlinearity (INL) of the proposed TDC. The proposed optimization method shows a characteristic close to the ideal output of the TDC behavior over a wide input range. Using the achieved results of the TLBO algorithm simulation results using CADENCE VIRTUOSO and standard 180[Formula: see text]nm CMOS technology shows 1.2[Formula: see text]s dynamic range, 100[Formula: see text]ns resolution, 0.19[Formula: see text]mW power consumption and area of 0.16[Formula: see text]mm2. The proposed circuit can find application in biomedical engineering systems and other fields where long and accurate time interval measurement is needed.

Motor Reproduction of Time Interval Depends on Internal Temporal Cues in the Brain: Sensorimotor Imagery in Rhythm.

How the human brain perceives time intervals is a fascinating topic that has been explored in many fields of study. This study examined how time intervals are replicated in three conditions: with no internalized cue (PT), with an internalized cue without a beat (AS), and with an internalized cue with a beat (RS). In PT, participants accurately reproduced the time intervals up to approximately 3 s. Over 3 s, however, the reproduction errors became increasingly negative. In RS, longer presentations of over 5.6 s and 13 beats induced accurate time intervals in reproductions. This suggests longer exposure to beat presentation leads to stable internalization and efficiency in the sensorimotor processing of perception and reproduction. In AS, up to approximately 3 s, the results were similar to those of RS whereas over 3 s, the results shifted and became similar to those of PT. The time intervals between the first two stimuli indicate that the strategies of time-interval reproduction in AS may shift from RS to PT. Neural basis underlying the reproduction of time intervals without a beat may depend on length of time interval between adjacent stimuli in sequences.

Influence of Time-Pickoff Circuit Parameters on LiDAR Range Precision.

A pulsed time-of-flight (TOF) measurement-based Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) system is more effective for medium-long range distances. As a key ranging unit, a time-pickoff circuit based on automatic gain control (AGC) and constant fraction discriminator (CFD) is designed to reduce the walk error and the timing jitter for obtaining the accurate time interval. Compared with Cramer–Rao lower bound (CRLB) and the estimation of the timing jitter, four parameters-based Monte Carlo simulations are established to show how the range precision is influenced by the parameters, including pulse amplitude, pulse width, attenuation fraction and delay time of the CFD. Experiments were carried out to verify the relationship between the range precision and three of the parameters, exclusing pulse width. It can be concluded that two parameters of the ranging circuit (attenuation fraction and delay time) were selected according to the ranging performance of the minimum pulse amplitude. The attenuation fraction should be selected in the range from 0.2 to 0.6 to achieve high range precision. The selection criterion of the time-pickoff circuit parameters is helpful for the ranging circuit design of TOF LiDAR system.

Combination of Photodynamic Therapy with Radiotherapy for Cancer Treatment

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising treatment modality for the management of malignant diseases. However, general acceptance of PDT has been hampered due to the limited tissue penetration of light and unavailability of suitable photosensitizers (PSs). The innovative combination of the conventional radiotherapy (RT) with PDT might reduce the unacceptable normal tissue toxicity while maintaining the desired tumor suppression effect. There have been a number of attempts to examine the interaction of PDT and RT; however, the previous results presented are ambiguous. The exact mechanisms for the variable responses of diverse panel of cell lines to the combination therapeutic regimen are still unclear. Novel ways are being explored to overcome the weaknesses of the conventional PDT and RT treatment regimen. The novel application to enable PDT of deep cancers is the utilization of scintillating nanoparticles as an intracellular light source for PDT activation. Upon simulation by X-rays, the nanoparticles emit scintillation or persistent luminescence to activate the PS to generate singlet oxygen. For future clinical applications, several questions are worthy of further elucidation, including the specific light dose, PS dose, radiation dose, the risk of complications, and the accurate time interval between administration of PDT and administration of RT.

Hysteresis Switch Adaptive Velocity Evaluation and High-Resolution Position Subdivision Detection Based on FPGA

The high-performance measurement of velocity and position is an important requirement for applications of motion control and servo drive. This paper presents a new methodology to derive the velocity and position information by processing the pulses from an optical incremental encoder. Compared with the conventional adaptive method, the proposed velocity evaluation method adopts the hysteresis switch technique to remove the switching fluctuation. Further, a time-to-digital converter performed with phase-locked loop is used for accurate time interval measurement, consequently, improving the resolution of velocity evaluation. In addition, to achieve higher accuracy of position detection, the calculated velocity and subdividing position are employed to compute the position. The measurement system is implemented in the field-programmable gate array, which consists of five blocks: 1) clock frequency multiplier; 2) pulse decoder; 3) velocity evaluation unit; 4) position detection unit; and 5) Nios II CPU. The theoretical analysis and experimental results validate the proposed velocity and the position measurement method outperforms the present methods.

Evaluation and implementation of the 4 hour ics core standard: 2 year audit across the greater manchester critical care network

The Intensive Care Society (ICS) of the UK introduced 'Core Standards for Intensive Care Units' in 20131. It outlined a standard that a patient should be admitted to a Critical Care Unit within 4 hours of making the initial decision. This necessitates accurate recording of key decision times in patient notes or other hospital systems for calculation of an accurate time interval to admission. Currently there is no specifically agreed format or data submission system to capture this.

Internal fault fast identification criterion based on superimposed component comparison for power transformer

Abstract Due to the interference of false differential current caused by the saturation of the iron core, the differential protection for the power transformer may suffer mal-operation and long response time. According to the investigation for the characteristic of transformer core, there should be a time interval between the sudden change of phase voltage and the emergence of differential current. And it can be utilized to distinguish between the external and the internal faults. A new time-interval based criterion for transformer differential protections is proposed, aiming at identifying transformer fault type by virtue of highly accurate time interval. Furthermore, a novel filter algorithm is proposed to determine the time interval for its excellent singularity detecting and effective noise-repressing ability as well as high-speed response. The EMTDC-based simulation, which covers various fault situations, is analyzed, of which the results confirm that the criterion can effectively prevent the differential protection from mal-operations and meanwhile guarantee the high-speed response to the internal fault.

Spectroscopic study of explanted opacified hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lenses

To report a detailed spectroscopic analysis of explanted hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lenses (IOLs) that were removed because of postoperative opacification of the lens optic. Thirteen Hydroview H60M (Bausch & Lomb Surgical) IOLs were explanted from 13 different patients on average 56 months after phacoemulsification and IOL implantation. All patients had decreased visual acuity because of a fine granularity of the optical surface of the IOLs. The surface was investigated by gross, microscopic, histochemical and scanning electron microscopic analysis, and the elemental composition of the opacified IOLs was determined by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). The spectrograms were compared to three different originally packed and never-implanted hydrophilic acrylic IOLs. Light and scanning electron microscopy of the optical surface of explanted IOLs revealed multiple fine granular deposits varying in size and shape that were positive for alizarin red. XRF confirmed that the explanted IOLs contained not only the previously reported calcium and phosphorous (calcium apatite), chlorine, silicone, sodium, aluminum and magnesium but also iron, sulfur, potassium as well as lesser amounts of iodine, zinc, strontium and yttrium. This is the first spectroscopic analysis determining the content of more than 10 elements of explanted and originally packed never-implanted hydrophilic acrylic IOLs. The possible origin of the different elements obtained from the spectrograms and their implications are discussed.

Part 6: Electrical Therapies

The recommendations for electrical therapies described in this section are designed to improve survival from SCA and life-threatening arrhythmias. Whenever defibrillation is attempted, rescuers must coordinate high-quality CPR with defibrillation to minimize interruptions in chest compressions and to ensure immediate resumption of chest compressions after shock delivery. The high first-shock efficacy of newer biphasic defibrillators led to the recommendation of single shocks plus immediate CPR instead of 3-shock sequences that were recommended prior to 2005 to treat VF. Further data are needed to refine recommendations for energy levels for defibrillation and cardioversion using biphasic waveforms.

Thoracocardiographic-Derived Left Ventricular Systolic Time Intervals

Thoracocardiography noninvasively estimates left ventricular performance by recording ventricular volume curves with inductive plethysmography. We studied timing of these curves to evaluate their potential to accurately track systolic time intervals in comparison with standard methods. Thoracocardiographic left ventricular volume curves, carotid pressure pulses determined by applanation tonometry, the phonocardiogram and ECG were recorded simultaneously in ten normal subjects at various body positions achieved with a tilt table. An equation was derived to predict preejection period from onset of ejection in thoracocardiographic curves. Ventricular ejection time was calculated as total electromechanical systole obtained by phonocardiography minus preejection period. The equation was validated prospectively in 31 measurements in critically ill patients. In normal subjects, the interval ECG Q wave to ejection onset in thoracocardiographic curves correlated well with preejection period from applanation tonometry and phonocardiography (r = 0.92; standard error of estimate (SEE), 8 ms; p < 0.001). Thoracocardiographic curves showed a delay that varied with body position according to the regression equation: delay = 40 ms + 10 x sine (tilt angle) (where r = 0.62; SEE, 7 ms; p < 0.001). Application of this equation in the prospective study in patients revealed close agreement in systolic time intervals from thoracocardiography and simultaneous applanation tonometry plus phonocardiography, respectively. The mean difference +/- SD between methods in preejection periods was 3 +/- 7 ms and in the ratios of preejection period to left ventricular ejection time, 0.02 +/- 0.05. Trends of changes in systolic time intervals were identical for the two methods. We conclude that thoracocardiography combined with phonocardiography provides accurate systolic time intervals when corrected for a position-dependent delay of its waveforms.

Feedback and time perception.

Robinson (1963) demonstrated that both specific and vague feedback about performance on a time-perception cask led to improved accuracy in time estimation. Feedback was given on all trials. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effectiveness of specific partial feedback on a time-production task for 42 female undergraduates who were enrolled in a class in introductory psychology. A General Electric timer was used to measure the subjects' production of time intervals. The timer was connected to a switch which the subject activated and deactivated to mark the boundaries of the assigned time interval. The subjects were randomly divided into three groups of 14. One group received feedback after each trial, the second group received feedback on 50% of the trials and the last group served as the control condition, receiving no feedback on any trial. After each feedback trial, the subject was told the interval they produced to the nearest 0.1 sec. Each subject was tested on 30 trials in five blocks of six trials. Within each block the subjects were asked to produce the following time intervals: 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, and 23 sec. The order of presentation of these intervals were randomly determined for each block As suggested by Hornstein and Rotter ( 1969), ratios of produced time to actual time were computed for all the data points. For the complete feedback group the mean ratios across blocks were 0.866, 1.011, 1.059, 1.076, and 1.056. For the partial feedback group the mean ratios were .835, 1.021, 1.094, 1.061, and 1.051 and for the control group the mean ratios were 0.715, 0.821, 0.931, 0.962, and 1.074. The pattern of results for the partial and complete feedback conditions is identical; both groups produced accurate time intervals by trial Block 2 and continued this performance for the remaining trials. Similar accuracy was not achieved by the control group until the third trial block. Newman-Keuls procedures demonstrated that the estimations of the control group in Blocks 3 through 5 differed from those in Block 1 and the estimations in Block 5 were different from those in Block 2. For both feedback groups, the estimations in Blocks 2 through 5 were different from those in Block 1. All differences were significant (p = .Ol). Unequivocally the results demonstrate the feedback on 50% of the trials in a time-production task enhances performance as effectively as 100% feedback. The improvement in the no-feedback, control group may be explained by the cumulative timeproduction error (Boulter & Appley, 1967). Briefly, on a time-production task subjects tend to increase their estimations of intervals over trials. Additional blocks of experimental trials may verify this actual difference bemeen the control and experimental groups by demonstrating that the estimations of the control group increase in magnitude and become less accurate while the experimental group continues with accurate estimates. REFERENCES

A new programmable timer designed for pulsed NMR

This article describes a sequencing circuit which generates accurate time intervals for use in pulsed Fourier transform NMR spectrometers. This microprogrammable unit allows control of the spectrometer and definition of the next synchronization event for each time interval. The time intervals range from 1 μsec up to days with basic 12-bit accuracy and a 10-MHz clock. Subsequences of time intervals can be repeated a given number of times. The implementation presented here is directly interfaced to a NOVA 800 computer; interfacing to the CAMAC system or to other computers is straightforward.

A colorimetric method for ammonia in natural waters

An improved phenol-hypochlorite method for determining ammonia in water using nitroprusside as catalyst has been investigated. Unlike other recently published methods, the method is simple (and sufficiently sensitive for low-level analyses) and does not require accurate time intervals between reagents, not expensive equipment. The method is well suited for routine use. Beer's Law was obeyed over the whole ammonia range investigated. Reproducibility was 1·3 per cent with 10 μg N, and 5·7 per cent with 1 μg N.

Production of accurate one-second time intervals

Production of accurate one-second time intervals