Accuracy Of Linear Measurements Research Articles

Linear measurements of CBCT superimposition

Objectives: To assess accuracy and reliability of linear measurements for analysis of CBCT superimposition and determine if linear measurements are enough without requiring advanced analytical tools. Methods: Pre and post-operative CBCT scans of 20 orthodontic cases were used for CBCT superimposition. The gold standard was linear CBCT measurements on the axial section of each separate scan (pre and post) before superimposition. Voxel based and point based superimposition were done using Dolphin 3D (Dolphin Imaging and Management, Chatsworth, California, USA), In Vivo (Anatomage, San Jose, California, USA), and Ondemand 3D (Ondemand 3D; Cybermed Co., Seoul, Korea). Analysis of the superimposition was obtained on axial section of the superimposed models. Results were compared to the gold standard using error assessment according to Dahlberg error, Bland &Altman method and intra-class correlation coefficient. Results: Dolphin side by side method showed 25.4% relative Dahlberg error (RDE), 4.28 limit of agreement (LOA) and 0.768 intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). In-Vivo point method showed 26.75% RDE, 4.48 LOA and 0.87 ICC. Whereas In-Vivo volume showed 24.66% RDE, 4.15 LOA and 0.822 ICC. On Demand showed 28.44%, 4.78 LOA and 0.7 ICC. Intra observer reliability of all methods regardless of the observers are poor. Conclusion: There is weak accuracy of the linear measurements on axial plane of CBCT superimposed models and it is not recommended alone for analysis.

Linear measurement accuracy of CBCT panoramic reconstructions: experimental study with dry human mandibles.

Studies on software accuracy of reformatted panoramic computed tomography (CT) images are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the softwareaccuracy of reformatted panoramic views from cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Ten dry mandibles were scanned using CBCT with different voxel sizes. Following the reconstruction of panoramic views with three different software, horizontal and vertical linear measurements were performed using the electronic rules of each software. Measurements of the corresponding dry mandibles were taken with a digital caliper and defined as the gold standard. There were no statistically significant differences in linear distances among the dry mandibles and reformatted panoramic CT views. The relative error ranged from 1.3 to 8.0%, depending on the software and voxel size. The linear measurements on reformatted panoramic views are reliable.

The analysis of the high-precision light rangefinder CD-1200 optical path

The scheme of a high-precision laser rangefinder with a crystal light modulator, which has the ability to work both on the compensation and on the two-phase mode of the linear measurements modulating method, is considered. The two-phase method is implemented by introducing another electro-optical crystal EOC in the receiving path, rotated 90° relative to the first one around the optical Z axis. In this case, a second signal is formed in the optical channel of the light rangefinder, shifted relative to the first signal by 180°. The measurement of the residual phase cycle occurs when the periodically received signals are equal. A theoretical analysis of the proposed scheme is carried out and in this case it is shown that, the receiving points fixing sensitivity increases, leading to an increase in the accuracy of linear measurements in 3-4 times, estimated by the phase determination error value of mφ = 0.02-0.03 mm.

Accuracy of linear measurements obtained from stitched cone beam computed tomography images versus direct skull measurements.

Background: To assess whether the linear measurements obtained from stitched cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were as accurate as the direct skull measurements. Methods: Nine dry human skulls were marked with gutta-percha at reference points to obtain Twenty-two linear measurements on each skull. Ten measurements in the cranio-caudal plane, two measurements in the antero-posterior plane, and ten measurements in the medio-lateral plane. CBCT linear measurements obtained using stitching software were measured and compared with direct skull measurements. Results: The absolute Dahlberg error between direct linear measurements and linear measurements on stitched CBCT images ranged from (0.07 mm to 0.41 mm). The relative Dahlberg error ranged from (0.2% to 1.8%). Moreover, Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) ranged from (0.97 to 1.0) indicating excellent agreement. Conclusion: Stitched CBCT linear measurements were highly comparable to the direct skull measurements using a digital caliper.

Accuracy of the measurements from multiplanar and sagittal reconstructions of CBCT.

The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of linear measurements performed in multiplanar reconstructions (MPR) and sagittal reconstructions (SR) of the left hemiface obtained from cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) with 3D® Dolphin Imaging software by comparing them with the same measurements made on lateral cephalograms and on dry skulls. Lateral cephalograms and CBCT (with voxels of 0.25, 0.3 and 0.4mm) were taken of 10 dry skulls. Linear distances were measured using the software's electronic rulers. Measurements performed on dry skulls using a digital caliper were considered the gold standard. The measurements were performed twice by two evaluators. No significant difference was found in the measurements performed with the different imaging modalities and on the dry skulls. The highest mean error was observed in the lateral cephalograms, followed by MPR and SR. Cephalometric measurements performed on multiplanar and sagittal reconstructions from CBCT, with different spatial resolutions, are accurate when compared with the measurements obtained in lateral cephalograms.

The accuracy of linear measurements in cone beam computed tomography for assessing intrabony and furcation defects: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: This study aims to assess the accuracy of the linear measurements of intrabony and/or furcation defect quantified by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Material and Methods: A systematic search of the literature was conducted by two authors independently from the PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCO for full articles published in journals between January 2003 and March 2017. Eligible studies were assessed for quality and heterogeneity using the QUADAS-2 tool. A meta-analysis was performed to identify the accuracy of CBCT in the measurement of intrabony defects. The effect size was estimated and reported as the standardised mean difference (SMD). Results: A total of 105 titles and abstracts were screened. Of those, 11 articles met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review while only four were selected for meta-analysis. The overall effects of standardized mean difference and 95% CI was -0.03 [95% CI -0.67 to 0.60] with a x2 statistic of 0.49 with 3 degrees of freedom (p>0.05), I2= 0.01%. Conclusion: CBCT is highly accurate and reproducible regarding linear measurements for assessing intrabony defects with a weighted standardized mean difference of 0.03 mm. More randomised controlled trials are required to assess the accuracy of CBCT in assessing patients with periodontal defects.

Effect of slice inclination and object position within the field of view on the measurement accuracy of potential implant sites on cone-beam computed tomography.

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of linear measurements in the horizontal and vertical dimensions based on object position and slice inclination in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images.Materials and MethodsTen dry sheep hemi-mandibles, each with 4 sites (incisor, canine, premolar, and molar), were evaluated when either centrally or peripherally positioned within the field of view (FOV) with the image slices subjected to either oblique or orthogonal inclinations. Four types of images were created of each region: central/cross-sectional, central/coronal, peripheral/cross-sectional, and peripheral/coronal. The horizontal and vertical dimensions were measured for each region of each image type. Direct measurements of each region were obtained using a digital caliper in both horizontal and vertical dimensions. CBCT and direct measurements were compared using the Bland-Altman plot method. P values <0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance.ResultsThe buccolingual dimension of the incisor and premolar areas and the height of the incisor, canine, and molar areas showed statistically significant differences on the peripheral/coronal images compared to the direct measurements (P<0.05). Molar area height in the central/coronal slices also differed significantly from the direct measurements (P<0.05). Cross-sectional images of either the central or peripheral position had no marked difference from the gold-standard values, indicating sufficient accuracy.ConclusionPeripheral object positioning within the FOV in combination with applying an orthogonal inclination to the slices resulted in significant inaccuracies in the horizontal and vertical measurements. The most undesirable effect was observed in the molar area and the vertical dimension.

Accuracy of Linear Measurements of Dental Models Scanned Through 3D Scanner and Cone-Beam Computed Tomography in Comparison with Plaster Models

Introduction and objective: Virtual surgical planning uses clinical data, image testing, plaster models of dental arches and clinical photos to simulate an orthognathic. There are two ways to perform the scanning of plaster models: scanning for cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) or 3D scanner. The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy and the degree of magnification of plaster model images obtained through 3D scanner and CBCT. Materials and methods: The control group was the measurement performed on 40 plaster models by Mitutoyo caliper. The same 40 models were scanned through 3D scanner and CBCT in order to compare the degree of distortion. The models were tested on the Dolphin software. Six measurements were performed in upper and lower arches: intermolar distance; intercanine distance; segment A; segment B; mesiodistal and cervico-incisal distance of the right-side central incisor. Results: There was no statistically significant difference for upper and lower models. However, CBCT had the degree of distortion of 2.34%, while the 3D scanner presented the degree of distortion of 2.37% comparing the degree of distortion of both methods with the digital caliper. Conclusions: It can be concluded that only the distances of segments A and B of the upper model were not compatible in both scanning methods with the measurements of digital caliper. However, considering all of the measurements, 3D scanner and CBCT are trustworthy to perform linear measurements on digital models and are sufficiently adequate for initial diagnosis and and are clinically acceptable in clinical dental practices.

Accuracy of Linear Measurements Made on Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scans at Different Magnifications

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of linear measurements made on CBCT (New Tom VGi) scans with different image magnifications.&#x0D; Methods: Forty-two titanium pins were inserted into seven dry sheep mandibles. Lengths of the pins were measured using a digital caliper with 0.01 mm readability, and the mandibles were radiographed using a CBCT unit. After reconstruction of CBCT images, three experienced radiologists measured the length and diameter of titanium pins at100%, 200% and 400% magnifications. Accuracy of measurements was analyzed using descriptive statistics and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) P&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. Inter observer reliability was calculated using the intra class correlation coefficient (ICC) test.&#x0D; Results: The mean differences of linear measurements from the actual lengths of pins were 0.1960 mm, 0.2143 mm and 0.2047 mm at 100%, 200% and 400% magnifications, respectively (P&gt;0.05). The mean differences of linear measurements from the actual diameters of pins were 0.2206 mm, 0.2063 mm and 0.1984 mm at 100%, 200% and 400% magnifications, respectively (P&gt;0.05). Inter observer reliability of pin length measurements was estimated to be0.285, 0.707 and 0.479 at 100%, 200% and 400%magnifications, respectively. Inter observer reliability of pin diameter measurements was 0 .078, 0.469 and 0.587 at 100%, 200% and 400%magnifications, respectively.&#x0D; Conclusion: Based on the results, image magnification does not affect the accuracy of linear measurements made on CBCT scans. Inter observer reliability of pin length measurements was good at 200% magnification, while it was below the acceptable range at other magnifications. For measurement of pin diameters, this index was below the acceptable range at all magnifications.

Accuracy of Linear Measurements Made on Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scans at Different Magnifications

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of linear measurements made on CBCT (New Tom VGi) scans with different image magnifications.&#x0D; Methods: Forty-two titanium pins were inserted into seven dry sheep mandibles. Lengths of the pins were measured using a digital caliper with 0.01 mm readability, and the mandibles were radiographed using a CBCT unit. After reconstruction of CBCT images, three experienced radiologists measured the length and diameter of titanium pins at100%, 200% and 400% magnifications. Accuracy of measurements was analyzed using descriptive statistics and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) P&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. Inter observer reliability was calculated using the intra class correlation coefficient (ICC) test.&#x0D; Results: The mean differences of linear measurements from the actual lengths of pins were 0.1960 mm, 0.2143 mm and 0.2047 mm at 100%, 200% and 400% magnifications, respectively (P&gt;0.05). The mean differences of linear measurements from the actual diameters of pins were 0.2206 mm, 0.2063 mm and 0.1984 mm at 100%, 200% and 400% magnifications, respectively (P&gt;0.05). Inter observer reliability of pin length measurements was estimated to be0.285, 0.707 and 0.479 at 100%, 200% and 400%magnifications, respectively. Inter observer reliability of pin diameter measurements was 0 .078, 0.469 and 0.587 at 100%, 200% and 400%magnifications, respectively.&#x0D; Conclusion: Based on the results, image magnification does not affect the accuracy of linear measurements made on CBCT scans. Inter observer reliability of pin length measurements was good at 200% magnification, while it was below the acceptable range at other magnifications. For measurement of pin diameters, this index was below the acceptable range at all magnifications.

Accuracy of linear measurements obtained from stitched cone beam computed tomography images versus direct skull measurements

Background: To assess whether the linear measurements obtained from stitched cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were as accurate as the direct skull measurements. Methods: Nine dry human skulls were marked with gutta-percha at reference points to obtain Twenty-two linear measurements on each skull. Ten measurements in the cranio-caudal plane, two measurements in the antero-posterior plane, and ten measurements in the medio-lateral plane. CBCT linear measurements obtained using stitching software were measured and compared with direct skull measurements. Results: The absolute Dahlberg error between direct linear measurements and linear measurements on stitched CBCT images ranged from (0.07 mm to 0.41 mm). The relative Dahlberg error ranged from (0.2% to 1.8%). Moreover, Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) ranged from (0.97 to 1.0) indicating excellent agreement. Conclusion: Stitched CBCT linear measurements were highly comparable to the direct skull measurements using a digital caliper.

Reliability and accuracy of cone beam computed tomography versus conventional multidetector computed tomography for image-guided craniofacial implant planning: An in vitro study.

To assess the reliability and accuracy of linear measurements on three-dimensional (3D) cross-sectional images, both acquired with cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and multi-detector row CT (MDCT). Bone thickness was evaluated with regard to image-guided planning of craniofacial implant surgery. Five dry human skulls were used. Cuts were made with a circular bone saw at the ideal implant positions in the nasal, orbital, and temporal regions prior to acquisition of CBCT and MDCT scans. After imaging examination, bone width was assessed by three independent observers using a caliper and defined as a reference. In the next step, cross-sectional images of the regions with the aforementioned cuts were reconstructed from 3D virtual models generated from the digital DICOM datasets with the use of 3D image-based planning software. Subsequently, linear measurements were performed. The systematic difference and interobserver and intraobserver variation of MDCT and CBCT linear measurements were compared with the physical measurements at different locations in the nasal, orbital, and temporal region, respectively. Also, the potential influence of different gray-level values was investigated. The quantitative accuracy of distance measurements was performed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and variance component analyses. Only differences with P values < .05 were considered significant. All radiologic measurements showed a significant overestimation of the bony dimensions, reaching more than the used voxel sizes of 0.3 mm for CBCT and 0.5 mm for MDCT. For CBCT, an average measurement bias of 0.39 to 0.53 mm and for MDCT of 0.57 to 0.59 mm was found. MDCT images showed less interobserver variation in linear measurements on cross-sectional images from 3D virtual models compared with CBCT images. Contrast settings statistically significantly influenced linear measurements of bone width for CBCT images (P < .0015) and interobserver variation on MDCT imaging (P < .029). Both CBCT images (KaVo 3D eXam Imaging System) and MDCT images (Aquilion ONE, Toshiba) showed a highly consistent submillimeter overestimation of the anatomical truth in assessing bone thickness of nasal, orbital, and temporal regions of ex vivo specimens. When using CBCT and MDCT images for presurgical assessment, one should be aware of the overestimation of the cortical bone thickness.

Influence of Small, Midi, Medium and Large Fields of View on Accuracy of Linear Measurements in CBCT Imaging: Diagnostic Accuracy Study.

AIM:This study aimed to assess the effect of changing the field of view on the dimensional accuracy of CBCT imaging.METHODS:The implant-bone models were randomly numbered from 1 to 13 by the principal researcher, and then on each model at the incisors region three positions were selected and marked on the model with a permanent blue marker. Then at each marked position three radio-opaque ‘RO’ markers “gutta-percha pieces” were glued on the model surfaces as following; two pieces on the facial surface one occlusally (at the alveolar crest) and one apically (at the inferior border of the model) both were on the same vertical line and perpendicular to the horizontal plane, while the third one was placed on the lingual surface opposing the occlusally placed buccal piece. CBCT examinations of each bone model were performed using Cranex3Dx CBCT (Helsinki, Finland) machine. Each model was scanned four times with standardised tube current and voltage of 12.5 mA and 90 kVp respectively at four different FOVs. The FOVs used were as following: Small FOV: 50 x 50 mm with voxel size 200 µm, Midi FOV: 61 x 78 mm with voxel size 300 µm, Medium FOV: 78 x 78 mm with voxel size 300 µm, Large FOV: 78 x 150 mm with voxel size 350 µm. The reference standard in this study was the real linear measurements that were obtained directly on the implant-bone models using high precision sliding electronic digital calliper with 0-150 mm internal and external measuring range and 0.01 mm resolution accuracy. The index test in the current study was the CBCT linear measurements obtained from CBCT images of implant-bone models using small, midi, medium and large FOVs.RESULTS:The results of this study showed that both medium and large FOVs showed a statistically significant difference, which could be translated into clinical relevance only in thickness measurements.CONCLUSION:The interpretation of these results leads to the assumption that increasing the FOV size together with voxel size could adversely affect the accuracy of CBCT linear measurements, especially when small distances are to be assessed.

Accuracy of linear measurements obtained from stitched cone beam computed tomography images versus direct skull measurements.

Background: To assess whether the linear measurements obtained from stitched cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were as accurate as the direct skull measurements. Methods: Nine dry human skulls were marked with gutta-percha at reference points to obtain Twenty-two linear measurements on each skull. Ten measurements in the cranio-caudal plane, two measurements in the antero-posterior plane, and ten measurements in the medio-lateral plane. CBCT linear measurements obtained using stitching software were measured and compared with direct skull measurements. Results: The absolute Dahlberg error between direct linear measurements and linear measurements on stitched CBCT images ranged from (0.07 mm to 0.41 mm). The relative Dahlberg error ranged from (0.2% to 1.8%). Moreover, Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) ranged from (0.97 to 1.0) indicating excellent agreement. Conclusion: Stitched CBCT linear measurements were highly comparable to the direct skull measurements using a digital caliper.

Accuracy of linear measurements using low dose cone beam computed tomography protocol versus direct skull linear measurements: An in vitro study

Background: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging has been widely used for different dental applications over the last few years. It delivers a high dose of radiation compared to conventional imaging modalities. This study aimed to compare the accuracy of linear measurements conducted using a low dose CBCT protocol in comparison with direct skull linear measurements. Methods: Ten dry human skulls were included in the study. 12 linear measurements were measured directly on each skull between 23 chosen anatomical landmarks using a digital calliper. Radio-opaque markers were then glued on these anatomical landmarks. Each skull was then scanned using low dose CBCT protocol operated at 90 kVp, 7.1 mA, for 9 sec. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the accuracy of linear measurements conducted using the low dose CBCT protocol when compared with direct linear measurements. Relative Dahlberg Error value ranged from 0.8% to 1.9%. Conclusion: Reducing mAs using a low dose CBCT protocol does not affect the accuracy of linear measurements used in craniofacial imaging tasks as compared with those taken directly on the skull by a digital calliper.

Comparison of reliability, validity, and accuracy of linear measurements made on pre- and posttreatment digital study models with conventional plaster study models.

OBJECTIVES:To compare the accuracy of the linear measurements made on pre- and posttreatment three-dimensional (3D) scanned digital models with conventional plaster study models.MATERIALS AND METHODS:The study was conducted on pre- and posttreatment study models of 132 patients. A 3D model scanner was used to scan the plaster models to form 3D digital models. The measurements were made on the plaster models using digital Vernier calipers, and the 3D digital models were assessed for similar measurement using a software of the model scanner. The intraclass correlation for intraoperator error showed good correlations between the measurements made on conventional plaster models and digital models.RESULTS:Although the comparison of the linear measurements made by conventional and digital methods on both pre- and posttreatment study models using intraclass coefficient showed a good correlation, analysis of variance showed significant mean differences in the measurements of multiple variables in both the groups. The number of variables showing significant differences was more in the pretreatment group. The measurements obtained by Vernier calipers were generally higher than those of scanned pre- and posttreatment study models.CONCLUSION:The linear measurements made by conventional and digital methods showed statistically significant mean differences. The accuracy of recording can be affected by the severity of pretreatment malocclusion, but the deviations were not large enough to contradict the use of the digital models for orthodontic records.

High-precision two-phase laser rangefinder PFSD-1,2

Performing high-precision linear measurements is one of the main tasks of modern engineering geodesy. Consequently, the development and creation of high-precision laser rangefinders and refractometers with a relative measurement error of not more than 3.10-7, becomes an urgent scientific and technical problem. Wide theoretical and experimental studies in the problem laboratory of geodetic measurements of NUACA have accumulated a sufficient amount of experimental results for the construction of modern high-precision light meter with the determination of the residual part of the phase cycle with an error of 0.03-0.05 mm. The article discusses issues related to improving the accuracy of linear measurements developed in the NUACA of high-precision light rangefinder. A two-phase modulation measurement method is proposed, when signals shifted by 180° are formed optically using a phase plate at λ/2. This modulation method of linear measurements provided the phase error of linear measurements mφ = 0.03-0.05 mm. The article also discusses the issue of reducing the modulation power. For this purpose, it is proposed to install a high-quality buffer Q-resonator between the high-quality light modem and the low-quality microwave oscillator.

A Robust Model to Test the Accuracy of Cone Beam Computed Tomography Linear Measurements

In planning for placement of dental implants in edentulous mandibles, the accuracy of the linear measurements of the cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has been questioned. This study used a digital caliper as the gold standard to which linear measurements taken from CBCT were compared. Customized aluminum screws, 2.8 mm in diameter and 11-12 mm in length, were used as dental implant analogues in the canine, premolar, and molar regions in completely edentulous synthetic polyurethane mandibles. A 2 mm aluminum wire was used as the mandibular canal. A total of 240 readings by the digital caliper and the CBCT were recorded for the screws length and diameter, mandibular canal wire diameter, and the distance from the apices of the screws to the superior border of the mandibular canal wire. The statistical analysis was performed using the paired sample T test, with a p value of .05 considered statistically significant. Statistically significant differences between the digital caliper readings and those of the CBCT were recorded in the canine, premolar and molar regions where all the over-and under-estimations did not exceed half a millimeter. The statistically significant discrepancies found in the linear measurements of the CBCT were less than 1 mm, and therefore did not exclude the CBCT from being a beneficial tool in the planning for dental implant placement. However, it is important to note that the results of this study and cannot be generalized to all CBCT machines as they are not created equal by different manufacturers.

Accuracy of linear measurements on CBCT images related to presurgical implant treatment planning: A systematic review.

The aim of this systematic review was to identify, review, analyze, and summarize available evidence on the accuracy of linear measurements when using maxillofacial cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) specifically in the field of implant dentistry. The search was undertaken in April 2017 in the National Library of Medicine database (Medline) through its online site (PubMed), followed by searches in the Cochrane, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest Dissertation and Thesis databases. The main inclusion criterion for studies was that linear CBCT measurements were performed for quantitative assessment (e.g., height, width) of the alveolar bone at edentulous sites or measuring distances from anatomical structures related to implant dentistry. The studies should compare these values to clinical data (humans) or ex vivo and/or experimental (animal) findings from a "gold standard." The initial search yielded 2,516 titles. In total, 22 studies were included in the final analysis. Of those, two were clinical and 20 ex vivo investigations. The major findings of the review indicate that CBCT provides cross-sectional images that demonstrate high accuracy and reliability for bony linear measurements on cross-sectional images related to implant treatment. A wide range of error has been reported when performing linear measurements on CBCT images, with both over- and underestimation of dimensions in comparison with a gold standard. A voxel size of 0.3 to 0.4mm is adequate to provide CBCT images of acceptable diagnostic quality for implant treatment planning. CBCT can be considered as an appropriate diagnostic tool for 3D preoperative planning. Nevertheless, a 2mm safety margin to adjacent anatomic structures should be considered when using CBCT. In clinical practice, the measurement accuracy and reliability of linear measurements on CBCT images are most likely reduced through factors such as patient motion, metallic artefacts, device-specific exposure parameters, the software used, and manual vs. automated procedures.

Group 5 ITI Consensus Report: Digital technologies.

Working Group 5 was assigned the task to review the current knowledge in the area of digital technologies. Focused questions on accuracy of linear measurements when using CBCT, digital vs. conventional implant planning, using digital vs. conventional impressions and assessing the accuracy of static computer-aided implant surgery (s-CAIS) and patient-related outcome measurements when using s-CAIS were addressed. The literature was systematically searched, and in total, 232 articles were selected and critically reviewed following PRISMA guidelines. Four systematic reviews were produced in the four subject areas and amply discussed in the group. After emendation, they were presented to the plenary where after further modification, they were accepted. Static computer-aided surgery (s-CAIS), in terms of pain & discomfort, economics and intraoperative complications, is beneficial compared with conventional implant surgery. When using s-CAIS in partially edentulous cases, a higher level of accuracy can be achieved when compared to fully edentulous cases. When using an intraoral scanner in edentulous cases, the results are dependent on the protocol that has been followed. The accuracy of measurements on CBCT scans is software dependent. Because the precision intraoral scans and of measurements on CBCT scans and is not high enough to allow for the required accuracy, s-CAIS should be considered as an additional tool for comprehensive diagnosis, treatment planning, and surgical procedures. Flapless s-CAIS can lead to implant placement outside of the zone of keratinized mucosa and thus must be executed with utmost care.