Accumulation Of Soluble Solids Research Articles

Changes in the Concentration of Amino Acids During the Ripening ofVitis viniferaTempranillo Variety from theDenomination d'OrigineSomontano (Spain)

The concentration of 18 free α-amino acids and total α-amino acid nitrogen in musts and total nitrogen in seeds, skins, and must of the Tempranillo variety was determined from the beginning of the ripening process until harvest. Eighteen free α-amino acids were also determined for Riesling, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Moristel at harvest over a period of three consecutive years in the <i>Denomination d9Origine</i> Somontano (Spain). Arginine, proline, histidine and glutamine were the most prominent amino acids in all four varieties. The predominant amino acid in Riesling and Cabernet Sauvignon was proline and arginine was the major amino acid in the Tempranillo variety in all the three years. In the case of the Moristel variety, arginine was the predominant amino acid one year and proline the other two. The four major amino acids accounted for 62% to 88% of the total free α-amino acids. The amino acid nitrogen fraction in the juices ranged from 40% to 87% of the total Kjeldahl nitrogen. The wine with the best characteristics was obtained in the year in which total nitrogen concentration was the lowest and the total free α-amino acid nitrogen concentration the highest. As the ratio of the four amino acids (proline, arginine, glutamine and histidine) to the sum total of amino acids differed significantly from one variety to another in this <i>Denomination d9Origine</i>, it was used as an index to differentiate between varieties from the same area. The sum total of amino acids increased during the ripening process, with individual amino acids varying from one year to another. During the ripening period titratable acidity, malic and tartaric acid decreased in Tempranillo grapes all three years while berry weight, pH, °Brix, and total nitrogen increased. There was a good correlation between arginine and the accumulation of soluble solids during the ripening process.

Predicting fruit maturation in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa)

SummaryIn New Zealand, 6.2% soluble solids concentration (SSC) is the minimum maturity at which kiwifruit destined for export can be harvested. Ambient temperature during the fruit maturation period has been shown to affect the soluble solids accumulation rate. The purpose of the present study was to describe variation in the rate of fruit soluble solids accumulation in different regions and seasons and to develop a means of quantifying the effects of temperature on the rate of fruit maturation. Measurements of fruit SCC were made over a three year period on one orchard in each of six principal kiwifruit-growing regions across New Zealand. The date at which fruit reached 6.2% SSC varied by 34 d across all sites and years. There was an 18 d range in the average date across all sites, with Riwaka, the coolest site being the earliest, and Kerikeri, the warmest site, being the latest. The variation from year to year across all sites was 12 d. We formulated a non-linear, time-dependent model to predict the rat...

Yield and Berry Composition of FiveVitisCultivars as Affected byRupestrisStem Pitting Virus

Rooted cuttings of Kerner (<i>Vitis vinifera</i>), Michurinetz (<i>V. amurensis</i> X), and Okanagan Riesling (<i>V. labrus- cana</i> X), either virus-free or infected with <i>Rupestris</i> stem pitting virus (RSPV), were planted in 1987 in a randomized block experiment at Summerland, British Columbia (arid continental climate). Also, virus-free and RSPV-infected plants Madeleine Sylvaner, and Ortega (both <i>V. vinifera</i>) were planted in a completely randomized experiment at Saanichton Plant Quarantine Station, Sidney, BC (cool maritime climate). Yield components were not affected at the Summerland site, but weight of cane prunings were reduced in RSPV- infected Michurinetz vines in 1995-96. RSPV also lowered yield and clusters per vine of both cultivars in 1994 at Sidney, along with Ortega weight of cane prunings (1993 and 1994) and berry weight (1994). Berry titratable acidity (TA) at harvest was reduced at both sites in RSPV-infected vines, and pH was concomitantly increased. TA was consistently lower and the pH was always higher in the RSPV berries during veraison to harvest at Summerland. No apparent negative impact of RSPV was observed except delayed soluble solids (°Brix) accumulation in RSPV-infected Kerner and Okanagan Riesling vines at Summerland in 1991, and lower °Brix in Ortega RSPV berries at Sidney in 1993. In some seasons, fruit composition differences between virus-free and RSPV vines disappeared close to commercial maturity, but lower TA and higher pH persisted until harvest at the Summerland site in 1993. RSPV-infected vines at Sidney exhibited slightly delayed budburst in 1988-91 and 1994, but not 1993. These results suggest that RSPV has no major impact on grapevine growth and yield, and may advance fruit maturity in terms of TA and pH.

Field Response ofVitis viniferaCultivars to Methanol

The response of <i>Vitis vinifera</i> cultivars to methanol was investigated at the Orchard Mesa Research Center in Grand Junction, Colorado. Sublethal methanol doses, based on visual observations, were 90% for leaves and 100% for trunks. The accumulation of total soluble solids (TSS) in berries was also monitored weekly until harvest. There was no significant difference between the treated and control vines during the period of study, with the exception of Muscat blanc, which showed a slightly higher TSS content in methanol-sprayed vines than in controls. This difference, however, disappeared during ripening. There was no significant effect of methanol on photosynthesis, transpiration, nor stomatal resistance. At harvest, data on yields estimated by cluster weight, berry weight and berry size indicated no differences between the two treatments. Methanol did not alter cold hardiness of dormant buds, measured by differential thermal analysis. It was concluded that in this study methanol had little or no physiological, nor practical effect on grapes.

Development and ripening of yellow passion fruit

SummaryYellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f, flavicarpa Deg.) showed a single sigmoid curve of fruit growth and reached maximum size 21 d after flowering. Fruit fresh and dry weight increased until 50 and 70 d after flowering, respectively. Growth in the first 21 d was due mainly to rind growth, and subsequent growth was due primarily to growth of pulp (arils and seeds). Accumulation of soluble solids and acids peaked 63 d after flowering, followed by a decline of the former coinciding with the initiation of the climacteric rise of respiration and ethylene production. Ethephon applied to harvested fruit 40, 50, 60 and 70 d old advanced the initiation of the climacteric compared with untreated fruit. Since detached 40 d old fruit did not ripen without ethephon treatment, physiological maturity of yellow passion fruit is reached some time after 40 d.

Effects of CPPU (N‐(2‐chloro‐4‐pyridyl)‐N'‐phenylurea) on fruit growth, maturity, and storage quality of kiwifruit

Abstract Effects of the synthetic cytokinin CPPU (N‐(2‐chloro‐4‐pyridyl)‐N'‐phenylurea; common name forchlorfenuron) on kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) cv. Hayward fruit growth, maturity, and storage quality were examined. CPPU was applied to fruitlets 21 days after flowering, either as a 5 mg/ litre dip or as a 5 mg/litre spray. Dipping increased mean fresh weight of fruit at harvest by 43% and spraying by 33%. Most of the increase in fruit size was because of an increase in the volume of “small” isodiametric parenchyma cells in the outer pericarp. The volume of “large” ovoid parenchyma cells in the outer pericarp was not affected by CPPU treatment. CPPU application increased the rate of accumulation of soluble solids in fruit prior to harvest but did not increase the proportion of total dry matter. CPPU also caused increased growth of the outer pericarp at the stylar end of the fruit, resulting in small protuberances. Morphological attributes of fruit including the ratio of length to diameter, and flatn...

DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF TABLE GRAPES IN NORTHERN MEXICO.

An ampelographic collection was introduced to Comarca Lagunera, México in 1968. This work presents seven-year data of phenological evaluations on Cardinal, Queen, and Ribier mature vines, which are representatives of early, mid-, and late harvest seasons, respectively. Variables evaluated were the intervals required for a) budbreak (start to end), b) final budbreak to 50% bloom, c) 50% bloom to 50% vérasion, d) budbreak to vérasion, and e) soluble solids accumulation (SSA) after vérasion during the last two seasons. No significant differences were found for a), with averages around 213 Heat Units (HU, base temperature 10C). No differences were found either for b), with means close to 212 HU. However, differences (p≤0.001) were found for the interval bloom to vérasion with HU values for Cardinal, 720±32; Queen, 989±63; and Ribier, 1012±43. This interval accounted for the differences found in the whole cycle budbreak-vérasion. In the two-year study on SSA no differences in rates were found within genotypes, but among them. Therefore, our results suggest that -mainlythe bloom-vérasion period is responsible for defining the harvest season, along with budbreak timing and ripening rate.

Brine Quality of Gibberellic Acid-treated `Napoleon' Sweet Cherries

Gibberellic acid-treated `Napoleon' sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) fruit were firmer but lost more weight during brining than nontreated fruit. GA treatment delayed fruit softening, thereby extending the harvest period. Mean fruit weight was increased by GA only in fruit harvested at a more mature state. GA delayed soluble solids accumulation in one of two years. In one orchard district, solution pockets were less frequent in GA -treated fruit in 1988 and in late-harvested GA -treated fruit in 1989. GA treatment did not alter the incidence of fruit with solution pockets in a second district in 1988 and increased levels of solution pockets in fruit harvested later in 1989. Incidence of fruit with solution pockets increased as maturity progressed in nontreated fruit in both years and both districts. Chemical name used: gibberellic acid (G A).

Influence of Leaf Removal, Fungicide Applications, and Fruit Maturity on Incidence and Severity of Grape Powdery Mildew

Vineyard plots were established in 1988 and 1989 to examine the effects of basal leaf removal, timing of fungicide applications and fruit maturity on incidence and severity of powdery mildew on <i>Vitis vinifera</i> cv. Chardonnay. In plots receiving a single prebloom fungicide application, basal leaf removal reduced disease severity (the percentage of infected fruit per cluster) from 15.3% to 4.2% in 1988 and from 46.1% to 21.0% in 1989. When basal leaf removal was combined with one prebloom and two postbloom fungicide applications in 1988 and three postbloom fungicide applications in 1989, disease incidence (the percentage of infected clusters per vine) and severity was reduced to levels similar to adjacent commercial plots receiving 12 and 11 fungicide applications in 1988 and 1989, respectively. In 1989, significant levels of rachis infection were observed in all plots except those receiving 11 fungicide applications. Healthy fruit removed over the course of the season was inoculated in the laboratory under controlled conditions. A negative exponential relationship was observed between susceptibility of fruit and accumulation of soluble solids, with fruit above 7°Brix rarely infected.

Vegetative and Berry Chemistry Response to Canopy Manipulation and Ethephon in `Norton' Grapes

The relationship between canopy manipulation to improve solar penetration and ethephon application was studied on field-grown Vitis aestivalis L. `Norton' grapevines. Canopy manipulation involved removal of nonfruitful shoots, topping, and application of ethephon (750 mg·liter-1) at two intervals. Vines that were shoot-positioned and topped were not significantly different from control in soluble solids accumulation, but were superior to both ethephon treatments. Potassium levels in grape berries were lower in all treatments than in the control, but malate was significantly reduced only in the 2nd year of the 2-year study. Ethephon successfully controlled vine size and lateral development and thus increased solar penetration into the fruiting zone. Chemical name used: 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid (ethephon).

Influence of Fruit Microclimate on Monoterpene Levels of Gewürztraminer

Gewürztraminer berries were sampled over two seasons between veraison and commercial harvest, from fully exposed (E), partially shaded (P), and totally shaded (S) clusters. Berry weight was highest both seasons throughout the sampling periods in P clusters and lowest in E or S fruit. Soluble solids (°Brix) accumulation and acid degradation in S berries were delayed until one week before harvest in 1985 and throughout the entire 1986 sampling period. In 1986, pH was highest in E berries throughout, but in 1985, pH was highest in E fruit only until the latter stages of ripening, where it plateaued in E berries and continued to rise in P and S fruit. Glycosidically-bound monoterpenes and polyols (potentially volatile terpenes; PVT) were maintained during both seasons at highest levels in E berries throughout the sampling periods and were considerably higher than P and S fruit at final harvest. PVT attained maximum concentration in E fruit three weeks before commercial harvest. Free volatile terpenes (FVT) tended to be highest in E and P fruit.

Relationship of rind gloss and groundspot color to flesh quality of watermelon fruits during maturation

Changes in groundspot color and rind gloss were measured on fruits of two watermelon cultivars during maturation and ripening to determine their suitability as non-destructive criteria of internal flesh quality. Groundspot Hunter a values increased linearly for ‘Charleston Gray’ and ‘Blue Belle’ watermelons with advancing maturity, while soluble solids accumulation and Hunter a values of the flesh had reached maxima. Rind gloss of ‘Charleston Gray’ fruits declined at a stage of ripeness when soluble solids and intensity of redness of the flesh had reached plateaus. Results suggest that objective measurements of groundspot color and rind gloss have potential value as criteria for the determination of ripeness of watermelon fruits.

ウンシュウミカン果実の砂じょうの発達及び転流に関する解剖学的研究

Anatomical features of developing juice sac in citrus fruits, satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.), were studied by light and transmission electron microscopy, to seek an explanation for the translocation of solutes from the dorsal vascular elements in the albedo of the pericarp. The development of juice sacs commenced on the inner wall of the locules just before anthesis. The juice sac primordia developed primarily by anticlinal divisions in the epidermal cells of the endocarp and by anticlinal and periclinal divisions in the sub-dermal layers. Differentiation into stalk and sac body began when the juice sacs were about 0.7mm in length. As the juice sac elongated, cell division occurred in the epidermal cells of the stalk region with walls in the stalk-axis direction. Accumulation of soluble solids into the juice sacs occurred after they had attained full size. There was no evidence of vascular or tracheid tissue in the stalk of the juice sac. Plasmodesmata were abundant in the thin cell walls of the parenchyma cells of the juice sac stalk.

Response of Soluble Solids Accumulation, Fruitfulness, Cold Resistance, and Onset of Bud Growth to Differential Defoliation Stress at Véraison in Concord Grapevines

Complete defoliation of Concord grapevines at véraison reduced the rate of fruit maturation, fruitfulness, primary bud hardiness, and delayed bud break in the spring. Partial defoliation reduced fruit maturation rate, but hardiness, fruitfulness and delayed spring bud break in a manner dependent on the distance between the foliated and defoliated portions of the vine. The data suggest that the ripening fruit cluster is a strong sink for leaf produced factors (photosynthate, hormones) which influence ripening. The grape bud is inferior to the fruit cluster in this regard and maximum cold resistance can be achieved only when conditions favoring soluble solids accumulation late in the growing season are maximized.

The Influence of Vine Water Regime on Ethephon-Enhanced Ripening of Zinfandel

In a study conducted for two seasons in a vineyard of the University of California at Davis, ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) was applied at véraison to Zinfandel vines maintained under three regimes of water supply, viz., maximally stressed, moderately stressed and minimally stressed. There were significant interactions between the responses to ethephon and vine water regime on fruit development and composition. In general, the data demonstrate that water stress retarded the accumulation of soluble solids and berry size while ethephon caused enhancement. Differences in fruit composition and size at harvest are considered the product of these opposing influences.

Effects of Preharvest Calcium Sprays and Postharvest Holding on Firmness and Quality of Machine-harvested Blackberries1

Abstract Multiple preharvest applications of CaCl2 at 1000, 2000, or 4000 ppm (actual Ca) had little effect on fruit firmness of blackberry (Rubus sp.) at harvest. After a 24 hour holding, fruit from the first harvest was firmer if treated with Ca. Preharvest Ca treatments reduced soluble solids accumulation in fruit and 4000 ppm caused foliar damage. Ca had little effect on acidity or color at harvest, but reduced the rate of ripening during postharvest holding.

Response of 'Thompson Seedless' Grapevines to the Timing of Preharvest Irrigation Cut-Off

The effects of preharvest irrigation timing on 9Thompson Seedless9 was studied for a 5-year duration on a fine sandy loam soil location and for 1 year on a sandy soil location. An early (early July) and a late (early August) irrigation cut-off were compared through the maturation and harvest period each year. Measurable treatment differences included soil moisture tension values, shoot growth, berry size, total soluble solids per berry, cluster rot incidence, and raisin quality. Total vine yields were not affected. The important effects of the more prolonged period of higher soil moisture tensions from the early irrigation cut-off were reduced shoot growth and smaller berry size. Berry size reduction was more immediate in the sandy soil location — in the first year as compared to the 3rd year in the fine sandy loam soil. The early cut-off treatment effects tended to be accumulative in the successive years of study, resulting in a lower accumulation of total soluble solids per berry and lower raisin grades in addition to smaller berries in the 5th year of study.

Effects of Oxygen Concentration and Ethephon upon the Respiration and Ripening of Banana Fruits

A respiratory climacteric and accumulation of soluble solids of pulp were induced in banana fruits by (2-chlorethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon) at oxygen concentrations of 3-21% (v/v). However, induction of peel colour change by ethephon was retarded or prevented at oxygen concentrations of 10% (v/v) or less. Thus pulp tissue ripened whilst the peel remained green. Respiration rate, soluble solids content of pulp, and peel colour were not affected by ethephon at oxygen concentrations of 1% (v/v) or less. The kinetics of respiratory response to ethephon are consistent with a model in which ethylene (derived from ethephon) is a coupling-activator of respiration. In this model ethylene decreases the affinity of an enzyme system for its substrate, but accelerates the release of product.

BIOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT OF SOME FRUIT AND BERRIES VARIETIES IN SELECTION OF ALL-RUSSIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR FRUIT CROP BREEDING

One of the tasks of the laboratory of biochemical and technological evaluation of cultivars and storage at the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding is the biochemical evaluation of fruits of the existing gene pool of fruit and berry crops to identify the best genotypes. This takes into account the current orientation of the consumer market to the production of new-generation products, in particular fruits and berries, with high consumer properties that cause improvement in the quality of human life and reduce the development of a number of diseases, by increasing their nutritional value, including through selection. As a result of studying the biochemical composition of apple, cherry, red currant and black currant fruits, the best cultivars of VNIISPK selection were selected for the accumulation of soluble solids, sugars, organic acids, ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds. The maximum sugar content of fruit is set in the apple – 13,27% (‘Blagodat’), in cherries – 13,53% (‘Pamyati Mashkina’), in red currants – 9,30% (‘Selianochka’), in black currants – 12,30% (‘Nadiozha’), 11,02% (‘’Desertnnaya Ogoltsovoy’); maximal content of ascorbic acid– in apples – 21,4 mg/100 g (‘Vita’), in cherries – 15,5 mg/100 g (‘Tikhonovskaya’), in red currants – 96,6 mg/100 g (‘Ustina’), in black currants – 246,8 (‘Nadina;), 233,8 mg/100 g (‘Deserrtnaya Ogoltsovoy’); maximal content of P-active substances– in apples – 624 mg/100 g (‘Utrennyay Zvezda’), 514 mg/100 gг (‘Orlovsky Pioner’), in cherries – 1170 mg/100 gг (‘Shokoladnitsa’), in red currants – 664 mg/100 g (‘Podarok Pobediteliam’), in black currants – 927 (‘Yershistaya’).

Variation between apple fruits and its relation to keeping quality. III. Between-season variation in relation to seasonal climate.

Studies were made of seasonal effects on ripening changes and disorder incidence in different varieties of apples in Tasmania for the 10-year period, 1933-1943. Most of the changes associated with ripening, namely, ground colour change, acid loss, starch conversion, soluble solids accumulation, softening, and respiration rise did not necessarily keep pace with each other and responded differently to seasonal variation, but there appeared to be a constant relation between firmness and acid level. In the final analysis, seasonal variation in the level of disorders was mainly related to differences in mean fruit size and when the size factor was held constant between seasons the differences remaining were relatively small. In the case of pit, some of these remaining differences could be accounted for by differences in relative maturity but in the case of breakdown, relative incidence between seasons was not related to relative maturity. There was an association of early blossoming with low incidence of pit and breakdown independent of later differences in seasonal climate. The results support the theory that low temperatures in the months prior to harvest increased susceptibility to breakdown.