Accumulation Of Solid Waste Research Articles

Review of the Preparation and Application of Porous Materials for Typical Coal-Based Solid Waste.

The discharge and accumulation of coal-based solid waste have caused great harm to the ecological environment recently. Coal-based solid wastes, such as coal gangue and fly ash, are rich in valuable components, such as rare earth elements (REY), silicon dioxide, alkali metal oxides, and transition metal oxides, which can be used to synthesize various functional Si-based porous materials. This article systematically summarizes the physicochemical characteristics and general processing methods of coal gangue and fly ash and reviews the progress in the application of porous materials prepared from these two solid wastes in the fields of energy and environmental protection, including the following: the adsorption treatment of heavy metal ions, ionic dyes, and organic pollutants in wastewater; the adsorption treatment of CO2, SO2, NOx, and volatile organic compounds in waste gas; the energy regeneration of existing resources, such as waste plastics, biomass, H2, and CO; and the preparation of Li-Si batteries. Combining the composition, structure, and action mechanism of various solid-waste-based porous materials, this article points out their strengths and weaknesses in the above applications. Furthermore, ideas for improvements in the applications, performance improvement methods, and energy consumption reduction processes of typical solid-waste-based porous materials are presented in this article. These works will deepen our understanding of the application of solid-waste-based porous materials in wastewater treatment, waste gas treatment, energy regeneration, and other aspects, as well as providing assistance for the integration of new technologies into solid-waste-based porous material preparation industries, and providing new ideas for reducing and reusing typical Chinese solid waste resources.

Effect of Barrages and Anthropogenic Activities on Ecological Integrity of the Ganga River: A Review on Current Issues and Restoration Efforts

The Ganga River, a lifeline for millions of people in the Indian subcontinent, is facing significant environmental challenges due to the construction of barrages and various anthropogenic activities along its course. This review paper examines the effects of barrages and human interventions on the ecological integrity of the Ganga and explores current issues surrounding its deteriorating ecosystem. Furthermore, it discusses the restoration efforts undertaken to mitigate the ecological impacts and restore the river's health. The construction of dams and barrages can aggravate the situation in the context of the Ganga, which is already suffering from the discharge of industrial and agricultural wastes. The construction of various dams, barrages, and hydroelectric projects is affecting the water flow of the Ganga. These affect the water flow, resulting in the accumulation of solid waste on the river bed. Barrages not only affect the water flow but also restrict the migration of aquatic fauna. This affects the hydrological balance of the Ganga as well as the survival and existence of several fish species. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the effects of barrages and anthropogenic activities on Ganga's ecological integrity, sheds light on the current issues plaguing the river, and highlights the ongoing restoration efforts. By understanding the complex interplay between human activities and ecosystem dynamics, stakeholders can work towards safeguarding Ganga's ecological health and ensuring its sustainable future.

Hierarchy performance assessment of industrial solid waste utilization - tracking resource recycling and utilization centers in China.

The massive production and accumulation of industrial solid waste (ISW) have led to environmental pollution and natural resource underutilization. China's efforts to build trial industrial waste resource utilization centers provide strong support for sustainable development. However, these centers and the factors driving ISW utilization have yet to be evaluated. This paper utilizes context-dependent data envelopment analysis models without explicit inputs (DEA-WEI) to evaluate the overall utilization performance of 48 industrial waste resource utilization centers in China from 2018 to 2020. It also builds a Tobit model to assess which indicators and waste types affect overall ISW utilization. The results show overall ISW utilization performance of centers in the sample has improved, with the average value falling from 1.7193 in 2018 to 1.5624 in 2020. However, there are clear regional performance gaps, with East China having the highest utilization performance (1.3113) while the Southwest had the lowest (2.2958). Finally, this paper proposes measures to improve the overall utilization of industrial waste resources based on an analysis of the factors driving solid waste utilization.

Organic waste handling with cylindrical rotating perforated drum type: Case study of Ciater Permai, South Tangerang, Indonesia

Over the years, organic solid waste has become the main issue and is larger than plastic waste. According to local government data, organic waste reaches almost 50% of total waste. This research aimed to find out how effectively and efficiently cylindrical rotating perforated drum types could handle organic waste generated from households. Also, to analyze challenges, strengths, knowledge gaps, and opportunities in implementing this technology for handling organic waste. This study was conducted in South Tangerang, Indonesia, involving a residential area with a population of around 390 persons, for 24 days using rotational cylindrical organic waste processing equipment with a total capacity of 60 liters. This tool was placed in an open area exposed to sufficient sunlight and adequate air circulation. To start with, the drum was filled with starters such as soil, and then every day roughly 1 kg of organic waste was thrown inside the drum, continued by rotating it 5-6 times. After 24 days, the daily average of total mixed waste was 158 kg, while organic waste was 72.7 kg. There was a 10 kg difference between the “should-be” weight and the actual weight, which was 46.33 kg and 35.15 kg, respectively. The weight of the organic waste had dropped by 24% of the total incoming waste. It is envisaged that the community will be able to use this invention independently in order to minimize the load of urban solid waste accumulation. Furthermore, the development of this waste processing equipment is the first step toward establishing the habit of waste sorting in each citizen’s household.

Current Progress and Biotechnological Applications of Microbial Keratinases

Keratin is a fibrous and recalcitrant protein found in feathers, nails, horns, hooves, and the epidermis of the skin. The presence of the high degree of disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic interactions makes them resistant to mechanical stress and are not degraded by common proteases such as trypsin, pepsin, and papain. Due to the slow degradation of keratinous protein, accumulation of solid wastes from the poultry, slaughterhouse, textile, and leather industries leads to solid waste problems and other environmental and health related problems. In this review, efficient biodegradation of keratinous wastes by microorganisms, as a low-cost, environmentally friendly strategy has been discussed. Keratinases are the microbial proteases and hydrolyze the hard keratin. The decomposition of keratin by keratinases maintains the original structure of the final products, including short peptides, amino acids, and organic nitrogen which are deteriorated when traditional or chemical method is implemented. In this article, the role of keratinases producing bacterial and fungal species and their attributes has been elaborated, along with the biochemical characteristics of keratinases, and further, protein engineering approaches has been discussed, with the prospects to enhance keratinases activity for their biotechnological applications.

Effects of Steel Slag Powder Content and Curing Condition on the Performance of Alkali-Activated Materials Based UHPC Matrix.

The accumulation of steel slag and other industrial solid wastes has caused serious environmental pollution and resource waste, and the resource utilization of steel slag is imminent. In this paper, alkali-activated ultra-high-performance concrete (AAM-UHPC) was prepared by replacing ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) powder with different proportions of steel slag powder, and its workability, mechanical properties, curing condition, microstructure, and pore structure were investigated. The results illustrate that the incorporation of steel slag powder can significantly delay the setting time and improve the flowability of AAM-UHPC, making it possible for engineering applications. The mechanical properties of AAM-UHPC showed a tendency to increase and then decrease with the increase in steel slag dosing and reached their best performance at a 30% dosage of steel slag. The maximum compressive strength and flexural strength are 157.1 MPa and 16.32 Mpa, respectively. High-temperature steam or hot water curing at an early age was beneficial to the strength development of AAM-UHPC, but continuous high-temperature, hot, and humid curing would lead to strength inversion. When the dosage of steel slag is 30%, the average pore diameter of the matrix is only 8.43 nm, and the appropriate steel slag dosage can reduce the heat of hydration and refine the pore size distribution, making the matrix denser.

Catalysts prepared from solid wastes for efficient removal of NOx in NH3-SCR process: A review

The increase of solid wastes exerted great pressure on the environment and even damaged human health. Given this, the resource utilization of solid wastes became an inevitable trend of the industrial development. However, many researchers recognized that solid wastes with the component of Fe2O3, SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, etc., could be utilized as the low-cost materials for preparing NH3-SCR catalysts, which could solve both the accumulation of solid wastes and the emission of NOx in industrial processes. Herein, some typical solid wastes, such as blast furnace slag (BFS), red mud (RM), coal fly ash (CFA), Fenton sludge (FS), etc., were extensively studied for their potential in NH3-SCR catalysts. Although the presence of some harmful components in solid wastes led to catalysts deactivation, they could still be excellent supports applied on NH3-SCR catalysts after proper pretreatment. In fact, these catalyst supports derived from solid wastes provided larger specific surface areas, thereby enhancing the NH3 adsorption and redox capacity and facilitating the active ingredients loaded uniformly. Meanwhile, some useful impurities in solid wastes might also facilitate the NH3-SCR performance, achieving denitrification efficiency comparable to other catalysts made from costly materials. Moreover, most of these NH3-SCR catalysts performed significant SO2 and/or H2O tolerance via metal oxides-doping, which would expand their potential for practical application in industry. Finally, the prospects for the application of solid wastes in NH3-SCR catalysts were also proposed.

Beneficial Microorganisms in the Anaerobic Digestion of Cattle and Swine Excreta

The accumulation of solid organic waste is reaching critical levels in almost all regions of the world. It must be managed sustainably to avoid the depletion of natural resources, minimize risks to human health, reduce environmental burdens, and maintain an overall balance in the ecosystem. This research focuses on the anaerobic digestion of bovine and swine excreta with and without applying beneficial microorganisms as a viable option for recycling agricultural solid wastes. Three greenhouse gases (GHGs)—methane, carbon dioxide, and ammonia—produced by cattle and swine excreta that were treated with and without beneficial microorganisms in bioreactors were quantified. A monitoring and gas concentration measurement system was implemented inside the bioreactors. The behavior of the GHGs and the efficiency of the beneficial microorganisms in treating the farm animal waste were analyzed according to the phases of anaerobic digestion. Average reductions in the concentration in units of ppm of CH4 during the composting process of 46.95% and 34.48% were observed for the cattle and swine excreta treatments, respectively. It was concluded that the studied GHGs had different behaviors in the anaerobic digestion of the treatments in cattle and swine excreta with and without beneficial microorganisms due to the different types of feeding. However, it must be emphasized that beneficial microorganisms are an essential tool for reducing GHGs in anaerobic digestion.

Effect of curing time and temperature on the mechanical properties of green and ultra-high-strength non-sintered aggregate via autoclave technology

To release the challenge of natural coarse aggregates shortage and the massive accumulation of solid wastes, the quarry tailings and fly ash were used as raw materials to prepare a novel type of green and non-sintered lightweight aggregates (LWAs). The effects of curing time (1–6 h) and temperatures (130 °C, 150 °C and 190 °C) on the compressive strength, water absorption, loose bulk density, apparent density, phase compositions, pore structures of LWAs via autoclave technology were systemically explored. Moreover, the SEM linking nanoindentation technology was used to analyze the microstructure and micromechanical properties of LWAs in relation to the different position. Results show that the LWAs with compressive strength higher than 8.0 MPa, apparent density lower than 2000 kg/m3 and water absorption<3.0% were successfully obtained by using a high amount of quarry tailings and fly ash as raw materials. Increasing curing time and temperatures was beneficial for the development of the hardness and modulus, on the other hand, compressive strength of LWAs also presents an increasing trend. The total porosity was reduced by increasing the curing time. The prepared LWAs could potentially be used as aggregates with requirement for a higher strength and lower absorption for structure.

Recycled Smelter Slags for In Situ and Ex Situ Water and Wastewater Treatment—Current Knowledge and Opportunities

Slags from the ferrous and nonferrous metallurgical industries have been used to treat toxic contaminants in water and wastewater. Using slag as a recycling or renewable resource rather than a waste product has environmental and economic benefits. Recycled smelter slags can be used in both in situ and ex situ treatment. However, their application has some limitations. One of the challenges is how to handle spent slag adsorbents, as they contain the accumulation of solid waste loaded with high concentrations of toxic contaminants. These challenges can be overcome by regeneration, recycling, reuse, and immobilization treatment of spent slag adsorbents. The present paper explored the scientific and technical information about the composition, reaction mechanisms, adsorption capacity, and opportunities of recycled slags while adsorbing toxic compounds from contaminated water. It comprehensively reviewed the current state of the art for using smelting slags as sustainable adsorbents for water and wastewater. The study revealed that ferrous slags are more effective in removing a wide range of toxic chemicals than nonferrous smelter slags. It investigated the necessary improved approach through the 5Rs (i.e., reduce, reuse, recycle, remove, and recover) using smelter slags as reactive materials in ex situ and in situ treatment.

EVALUATION OF SANITARY LANDFILL IN DALAGUETE, CEBU, PHILIPPINES BASED ON NORTHERN TERRITORY ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AUTHORITY

The increased accumulation of solid waste results in severe and extensive problems with waste disposal management. The purpose of this research was to evaluate if the present sanitary landfill in the Municipality of Dalaguete was incompliant with the guidelines based from the Northern Territory Environment Protection Authority (NT EPA, 2013). The study was a descriptive type of research. The study used a questionnaire adopted from NT EPA, given to the Municipal Agriculture and Natural Resources Office (MANRO) staff and workers as the respondent. Statistical tools were used in the analysis of data. Data shows that 56% of the respondents were aware of the guidelines from Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (R.A. 9003) and Municipal Ordinance in the proper waste management. Whereas with regards to the establishment of the sanitary landfill set by the NT EPA (2013), the standard guidelines include: regulation, site selection, landfill design, operation and management, and landfill monitoring. The main problem were the guidelines of: operating and management with 86% compliant, and landfill monitoring with 79% compliant. However, based on the result of the study, the capacity left of the sanitary landfill was approximately 2–5 meters down, since the sanitary landfill was operating since 2003 and it was already in 18 years of operation, and the estimated lifespan of the sanitary landfill based from standard guidelines was up to 20 years. It was recommended that the current sanitary landfill must expand its area of coverage to accommodate the future waste of the Municipality.

Preparation and properties of anorthite‐based ceramics by using metallurgical solid waste and fly ash

AbstractA large amount of metallurgical solid waste accumulation poses a serious threat to the environment. Study on synergistic reinforcement of synthetic process of metallurgical solid waste‐based ceramics with fly ash is of great significance in reducing environmental pollution and resource utilization. A metallurgical solid waste‐based ceramic used as building ceramic was developed with the erosion part of used MgO–C bricks and fly ash as main raw materials, and the amount of solid waste added to the prepared ceramics was at least 60 wt% and up to 90 wt%. The effects of fly ash content and sintering temperature on the crystalline phase transitions, morphologies, and the main physical and mechanical properties of ceramics were investigated by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical testing. The results show that the obtained ceramics presented maximum bending strength and minimum water absorption, 80.14 MPa and 5.04%, respectively, when the raw material proportions were the erosion part of used refractories accounted for 60 wt%, fly ash 20 wt%, pyrophyllite 10 wt%, and quartz sands 10 wt%, and the process parameters were the sintering temperature 1150°C, sintering time 120 min, and molding pressure 15 MPa.

Household ovicidal alternative for complementary control of Aedes aegypti in the Gran San Miguel de Tucuman agglomerate, Tucumán, Argentina

Aedes aegypti is closely related to human behavior that allows its establishment through the accumulation of urban solid waste where it lays resistant eggs. Generally, adulticides and larvicides are applied in excess, without ovicidal alternatives, and some household products can help reduce the abundance of quiescent eggs in breeding sites by affecting the viability of eggs. A community involved in prevention and control is one of the most effective strategies for adequate vector management. In this investigation, new alternative strategies for the control of Ae. aegypti are assessed, valuing in laboratory the eggs’ response to diverse household products. Susceptibility to different doses of bleach, oil, salt, sodium bicarbonate, vinegar, coffee, garlic, peroxide, and alcohol was measured, as well as its duration over time. New home products were found as alternative ovicidal method. Bleach and sunflower oil had an ovicidal effect at their maximum doses and at almost all of the evaluation times. In contrast, vinegar and coffee had no ovicidal effect at any time, turning out to be stimulators of hatching in the laboratory. These alternative and complementary applications could optimize the surveillance and control of Ae. aegypti in the area, allowing new approaches to reduce populations by eliminating eggs on human microhabitats.

Computational Design and Manufacturing of Sustainable Materials through First-Principles and Materiomics.

Engineered materials are ubiquitous throughout society and are critical to the development of modern technology, yet many current material systems are inexorably tied to widespread deterioration of ecological processes. Next-generation material systems can address goals of environmental sustainability by providing alternatives to fossil fuel-based materials and by reducing destructive extraction processes, energy costs, and accumulation of solid waste. However, development of sustainable materials faces several key challenges including investigation, processing, and architecting of new feedstocks that are often relatively mechanically weak, complex, and difficult to characterize or standardize. In this review paper, we outline a framework for examining sustainability in material systems and discuss how recent developments in modeling, machine learning, and other computational tools can aid the discovery of novel sustainable materials. We consider these through the lens of materiomics, an approach that considers material systems holistically by incorporating perspectives of all relevant scales, beginning with first-principles approaches and extending through the macroscale to consider sustainable material design from the bottom-up. We follow with an examination of how computational methods are currently applied to select examples of sustainable material development, with particular emphasis on bioinspired and biobased materials, and conclude with perspectives on opportunities and open challenges.

A comprehensive review of bioleaching optimization by statistical approaches: recycling mechanisms, factors affecting, challenges, and sustainability.

A serious environmental problem is associated with the accumulation of solid waste on the Earth. Researchers are encouraged to find an efficient and sustainable method to recover highly profitable heavy metals and precious and base metals. Bioleaching is a green method of recovering valuable metals from solid waste. Optimizing the variables and conditions of the bioleaching process is crucial to achieving maximum metal recovery most cost-effectively. The conventional optimization method (one factor at a time) is well-studied. However, it has some drawbacks, such as the necessity of more experiments, the need to spend more time, and the inability to illuminate the synergistic effect of the variables. Optimization studies are increasingly utilizing response surface methodology (RSM) because it provides details about the interaction effects of variables with fewer experiments. This review discusses the application of RSM for bioleaching experiments from other solid wastes. It discusses the Central Composite and Box-Behnken designs as the most commonly used designs for optimizing bioleaching methods. The most influential factors for increasing the heavy metal recovery rate in applying RSM using the bioleaching process are recognized, and some suggestions are made for future research.

ЕКОЛОГІЧНІ ПРОБЛЕМИ В КОНТЕКСТІ ПРИСКОРЕНОЇ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ГЛОБАЛІЗАЦІЇ ТА БЕЗПЕЧНОГО РОЗВИТКУ

The article analyses the environmental problems of mankind in the context of rapid environmental degradation and turbulence of the global economy. The article describes the search by the international community for ways to solve global environmental and climate problems in the context of accelerating economic globalisation. Global sustainable development, defined as a set of actions and strategies aimed at improving the quality of life and meeting the needs of modern society, is associated with the use of natural resources and environmental impact. Particular attention is paid to the implementation of effective approaches to stimulating transformational changes and "green" transit of the global economy. Examples of environmental ef- ficiency of socio-economic development of national economies, regions and sectors of the global economy are considered. The author analyses the correspondence between the driving forces and environmental factors of sustainable development and such pressing environmental problems as the influences of the greenhouse effect, soil degradation, deterioration of water and forest resources, solid waste accumulation, and biodiversity loss. The role of international structures in the development of visions of environmental problems at different stages of development of the global economy is highlighted and their functional positioning is characterised. Priority directions of achieving the goals of ecological development in the context of intensification of globalisation and turbulence of international economic security are proposed. The influence of conflictogenic factors of international security on the development of the global economy is studied. The author notes the significant potential of ecological sustainable development as a tool for ensuring the sustainability of the global economy and world economic relations and the corresponding changes in the current priorities of the European Green Deal. It is emphasised that the reforms being implemented in Ukraine are coordinated with the changes taking place in the European Union. The authors also considers the reflection of environmental issues in the strategy of Ukraine's recovery after the full-scale Russian invasion and the algorithms for restoring the disturbed ecological balance in comparison with the principles of the EU's green transition.

ANTROPOGENIC ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES AFTER ACCUMULATION OF SOLID HOUSEHOLD WASTE

Introduction. Ensuring effective waste management to reduce its volume and negative impact on the environment is an extremely important issue today. To improve the situation, strategies should be implemented to reduce the amount of waste and recycle it. An important step is the introduction of recycling and reuse systems, as well as active public education to foster a responsible attitude towards waste. In particular, the development of technologies aimed at reducing waste generation at the stage of its production plays a key role in this process. Objective. To analyze the literature and assess anthropogenic environmental changes under the influence of municipal solid waste (MSW) accumulation. Research methods. In order to summarize the available knowledge, identify trends in the study of these thematic areas and identify possible gaps for further research, a literature review was used: Ukrainian and foreign authors with a focus on the keywords “household waste”, “anthropogenic changes” and “environment”. Results. Population growth leads to an increase in the volume of waste - substances, materials and objects generated in the course of human activity that cannot be further used at the place of their generation or discovery. The problem of recycling and utilization of household waste is becoming one of the first in the world. This is especially true in large cities with high population density, where millions of cubic meters of various types of waste are accumulated annually. Conclusions. One of the main environmental and hygienic tasks is the construction of waste recycling complexes and further reduction of the unrecycled part of solid waste, as well as the introduction of waste-free technologies at the city's enterprises.

IMPLEMENTATION OF CIRCULAR ECONOMY APPROACHES IN THE TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES OF THE REGION

Purpose. This article aims to investigate the implementation of circular economy practices based on existing empirical studies. Methodology of research. General scientific and special methods were used in the research process, in particular: induction and deduction – at the stage of collecting, systematizing and processing the necessary information; analysis and comparison - in the process of identifying the reflection of waste management problems in the strategic documents of the selected communities and the characteristics of the implementation of the principles of the closed cycle economy; abstract and logical – to form theoretical conclusions. The choice of communities fell on the sampled sample because they represent city, village, and settlement species and evenly geographically located territory of the Mykolaiv region. Findings. It has been found that in the existing strategic documents of the analysed communities solving the problem of waste management has been identified among the priority tasks. None of the analysed strategies specifies successful practices that implement the principles of a closed cycle economy. Two city communities have legal landfills for the accumulation of solid waste but do not use technologies of sorting, processing, and energy production, instead, there is a threat of exhaustion of the repository resource. Four rural communities only declared the need to allocate a specially equipped waste landfill for each settlement and began educational work among the citizens regarding the sorting of garbage, the danger of its burning, and awareness of its value as a resource for reuse or processing. Among the particularly alarming conditions, the low level of activity of community residents in solving existing problems is found, so the involvement of citizens is to be increased first of all. Originality. The substantiation of the expediency of introducing closed-loop economy approaches for territorial communities has been further developed. Practical value. Proposals, which were formulated on the base on the results of the study, can be used by representatives of local governments to involve community residents in the implementation of closed-loop economy practices for the socio-economic development of communities. Key words: closed-loop economy, resources, waste, linear model of economy.

Разработка автоматизированной информационной системы по оценке объемов накопления твердых коммунальных отходов

The article presents scientific approaches to assessing the volume of solid municipal waste accumulation in order to determine standards using a distributed information system. The description of the automated information system and algorithms of its use is given, taking into account the experience gained by specialists of the Academician I.G. Petrovskii Bryansk State University when performing work commissioned by the Department of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Bryansk Region (contract No. 02-22 dated 01.03.2022).

Principles of rational processing of red mud with the use of carboxylic acids

Due to the known limitations of economic nature, the global production complex continues to focus on the most accessible technologies of alumina production, leading to the accumulation of solid waste (red mud), which has created the well-known problem of their processing, and its scale and importance continue to grow in connection with the steady increase in the world volume of aluminum production and consumption. The priority of rational use of natural resources allows us to speak about the preference of principles of deep and waste-free processing of mineral raw materials, which are fully applicable to the processing of red mud, as accumulated raw materials of technogenic origin. At the same time, the key point of this approach becomes the hierarchical division of components into groups of technological products, taking into account the processes that ensure this selective-group division. In this regard, the use of carboxylic acids is of notable interest, as they have a known selectivity to the main components of red mud, which allows to separate low-soluble components (iron and silicon compounds) from light and rare-earth metals with minimum consumption rates. An experimental study has shown that flow-through leaching of thermochemically prepared red mud using formic acid provides high and acceptable recoveries of sodium, calcium, scandium, and rare earth metals. This makes it affordable to use the cheapest method of apparatus-free leaching when implementing this approach on an industrial scale. Experimentally determined the differences in the sequence of elution of sodium, calcium, aluminum and rare-earth metals formates during flow leaching, which creates favorable conditions for concentrating components and separate processing of sampled solutions. The regime parameters of the process that provides complete precipitation of aluminum, scandium and rare earth metals during the neutralization of formate solution with milk of lime, resulting in the necessary prerequisites for further concentration of rare earth metals to obtain technologically significant product are determined. The work was carried out with the financial support of&nbsp;the Russian Science Foundation under the Agreement&nbsp;No. 18-19-00577-П of April 28 2021 of grant for fundamental&nbsp;scientific research and exploratory scientific research.