Condensate Accumulation Research Articles

EDC-3 and EDC-4 regulate embryonic mRNA clearance and biomolecular condensate specialization

Animal development is dictated by the selective and timely decay of mRNAs in developmental transitions, but the impact of mRNA decapping scaffold proteins in development is unclear. This study unveils the roles and interactions of the DCAP-2 decapping scaffolds EDC-3 and EDC-4 in the embryonic development of C.elegans. EDC-3 facilitates the timely removal of specific embryonic mRNAs, including cgh-1, car-1, and ifet-1 by reducing their expression and preventing excessive accumulation of DCAP-2 condensates in somatic cells. We further uncover a role for EDC-3 in defining the boundaries between P bodies, germ granules, and stress granules. Finally, we show that EDC-4 counteracts EDC-3 and engenders the assembly of DCAP-2 with the GID (CTLH) complex, a ubiquitin ligase involved in maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT). Our findings support a model where multiple RNA decay mechanisms temporally clear maternal and zygotic mRNAs throughout embryonic development.

Vilyui and Priverkhoyansk Composite Tectono-Sedimentary Elements, Northeastern East Siberia

A vast region of the Northeastern Siberia west of the Verkhoyansk Range includes two large sedimentary basins, Vilyui and Priverkhoyansk. Combined, these basins constitute the Lena-Vilyui Petroleum Province, which contains the largest gas reserves in the northeastern Asia. Both basins have a long and complex geological history that resulted in the accumulation of over 14 km-thick succession of Upper Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary rocks. According to the volume's terminology, we subdivide this sedimentary body into two composite tectono-sedimentary elements (CTSE), the Vilyui and Priverkhoyansk (VI CTSE and PV CTSE), which closely correspond to the same-named basins. The CTSEs consist of ten distinct tectono-sedimentary elements (TSEs), each representing a distinct tectonic setting. This region has been studied very irregularly. In total, more than 400 deep wells have been drilled, mostly within the VI CTSE and only a few tens - in the PV CTSE. Eleven gas and gas condensate accumulations have been discovered in the VI CTSE. The PV CTSE remains poorly explored with only two commercial discoveries made as of the present-day.

The search for petroleum in the Sultanate of Oman – the first 120 years

This is a story of failure and success, of disappointment and elation. World wars, a market glutted with cheap oil and geologists unable to access areas of interest hampered the search. Early expeditions provided the first maps of the mountains and Dhofar, and glimpses of the geology of the interior, but no evidence of oil. Geological and geophysical surveys began in earnest in the 1950s, leading to the first exploratory drilling and the discovery of heavy oil at Marmul. Commercial oil was discovered a few years later at Fahud and Natih. All Oman's largest oilfields were found over the next 20 years based on 2D seismic data. Early concessions were large and ill-defined. More companies became involved as interest grew in exploration offshore and as acreage was relinquished onshore. Although gas was encountered as a byproduct of oil activities, exploration for gas did not begin until 1984 when it became apparent that the known accumulations were insufficient for future needs. Large accumulations of gas and condensate were subsequently discovered in central Oman. Petroleum continues to underpin the economy of the Sultanate as it strives to diversify and decarbonize. Useful lessons can be learned from the search so far.

SUBSTANTIATION OF CHANGES IN THE CERTIFICATION OF THE TRACTOR DRIVER’S WORKPLACE IN MODERN MACHINE-TRACTOR UNITS

The study aims to identify possible changes in the working conditions of tractor drivers under the computerisation of workplaces and to develop proposals for changing the requirements for sanitary standards in the design of tractors and agricultural machinery. The article analyses the impact of modern technologies on the working conditions of tractor drivers in agriculture. It investigates various aspects of work, including using on-board computers, air conditioning, and satellite navigation, and their impact on workers’ health. The authors consider health risks, such as increased noise levels and work with on-board computers, and reveal the lack of consideration of these aspects in regulatory documents. In particular, we have found that using on-board computers significantly simplifies the process of controlling agricultural machinery but can lead to increased noise and vibration levels, negatively affecting workers’ health. Some studies have shown that prolonged work with on-board computers can lead to the development of occupational diseases, such as musculoskeletal disorders, impaired vision, and others. In addition, air conditioning in tractor cabs can cause colds due to sudden temperature changes and increase the risk of legionella infection due to the water condensation accumulation in ventilation systems. The research also found that the legal and regulatory documents governing the working conditions of tractor drivers do not consider the use of modern technologies, which creates gaps in worker protection. Regulatory documents should contain requirements for the parameters of monitors and their placement in the working area of tractor drivers in agricultural production, such as adjusting the reflectivity of the screen, the main adjusted visual characteristics of monitors, and the location of video terminals in the tractor cab without being directly in the line of sight. It is necessary to develop measures to prevent the overwork of tractor drivers. Regulations should include rules for the use of air conditioners, as well as for cleaning air conditioning ducts and replacing filters on time. The general conclusion is that there is a need to strengthen the regulation of tractor drivers’ working conditions and to include requirements for using modern technologies in the relevant regulations. These measures will ensure the safety and health of workers in agriculture and reduce the risk of occupational diseases. Keywords: machine-tractor unit, tractor driver, workplace certification, labour protection, video terminal.

Mechanism investigation and model assessment of methane flow condensation in minichannels based on numerical simulation

Cryogenic refrigerants represented by methane differ significantly in thermophysical properties from working fluids at ambient temperature. Thus, examining their small-scale heat transfer and flow characteristics is essential for designing compact condensers within the cryogenic field. The numerical simulation of methane condensation in minichannels is conducted, and the process of phase-change mass and energy transfer is investigated by programming. Detailed condensation flow field information is obtained, and surface tension and gravity influences are elucidated. Synergy analysis indicates that the synergy near the tube wall still needs to be improved. Heat transfer performance is proved to be dependent on the relative significance of turbulence intensity and condensate film thickness. The tube inclination exerts a more noticeable influence on the condensation heat transfer for large diameters, which is supported by the dominance of gravity in the condensation heat transfer mechanism at larger diameters. At higher vapor quality and mass flux, the heat transfer enhancement governed by surface tension is more significant. The condensate at the bottom is mainly formed by the accumulation of condensate sliding off the tube top driven by gravity as the diameter increases, reducing the heat transfer region. The mass flux augments the frictional pressure drop more noticeably at high vapor quality. The prediction performance of empirical correlations is evaluated, and all the selected correlations underestimate the frictional pressure drop of methane. Moreover, the figure of merit analysis demonstrates that the pressure drop produced by diameter reduction is more substantial than heat transfer enhancement, suggesting the requirement to assess the pressure drop loss in practical applications.

Using isotope-geochemical criteria for Olympiadinskoye gold deposit gas system genesis diagnosis

The authors studied modern gas manifestations spatially associated with the ore deposits in the Kaitbinskaya lithological-facies zone of the Yenisei Ridge. The purpose of the research is to obtain scientifically based data on the genesis of gaseous and vaporous fluids in various sampling environments of the Vostochny open-pit mine of the Olympiadinskoye gold deposit: rocks, natural waters, free-flowing gases from blastholes and air of the surface atmosphere. It has been conducted a complex of field and analytical works including degassing, gas chromatography, pyrolysis of the organic substance of lithified and metamorphosed deposits, analysis of carbon isotopic composition in carbon dioxide and methane in fluidal systems. In order to study normal gas-geochemical field (natural background) of the work area an atmospheric geochemical survey was carried out at the reference site – an “environmentally friendly” site with the minimal influence of technogenic factors. It has been determined that the surface atmosphere of the site had been formed due to the landscape and geomorphological conditions of the Kaitbinskaya lithological-facies zone as well as fluidal systems of deep horizons. The latter, due to the presence of an extensive network of disruptive disturbances and diffusion-filtration processes of mass transfer reached the zone of exploratory geochemical sounding. The conducted pyrolytic studies of rocks have proved that within the open section of the Vostochny open-pit mine the organic substance of the Kordinskaya series of the lower Riphean deposits has implemented its oil and gas generation potential and cannot serve the formation source of abnormal gas fields of the Olympiadinskoye gold deposit. The studied gas systems are polygenic in nature and, being allochthonous to the host sediments, are formed without the participation of gases from the upper generating (bio) zone. According to isotope-geochemical criteria, these are mainly endogenous and naphthidogenic fluids identical to the gas condensate accumulations of the Yurubcheno-Tokhomskaya oil and gas accumulation zone.

A novel numerical approach for assessing the gas-liquid flow characteristics in pipelines utilizing a two-fluid model

The accumulation of liquid condensate in the wet gas pipelines gives negative effects on the piping efficiency and flow managements. Accurate prediction of the condensate behavior is of crucial importance in the pipeline engineering. In this study, the one-dimensional two-fluid model with the stratified modeling in its source term is used to describe the gas-liquid kinetic motion along the pipe and the flow fields obtained from the newly proposed numerical approach are utilized to analyze the flow characteristics. Firstly, four cases with varying inlet liquid fractions, outlet pressures, and different meshes are utilized to investigate the gas-liquid steady-state variations along the pipe. The numerical results indicate that the outlet pressure influences the working pressure of the inlet gas-liquid, subsequently altering the equilibrium state and momentum exchange direction near the inlet, resulting in different condensate distributions in the pipeline. In the transient analysis with initial empty pipe, the inlet gas-liquid mainly impacts the pressure wave propagations in pressure spread stage, the gas kinetic motion in gas filling stage and the motion of the dividing interface between different regions in liquid filling stage, which is validated by the proposed numerical approach through comparison with the simulation tool OLGA designed by Schlumberger. Furthermore, when the liquid condensates appear in the initial state, the transition zones have two physical forms between different flow regions, which include the sudden dividing interface due to the high liquid amount carried by the inlet gas and the transition region resulted from the liquid accumulations.

East Barents Basin and Admiralty High Composite Tectono-Sedimentary Elements, Barents Sea

Abstract The East Barents Sea (E Barents Sea) includes two major tectonic elements, the East Barents Basin (EB Basin) and the Admiralty High, which are, in the context of the volume, characterized as composite tectono-sedimentary elements. Whereas they share some stratigraphy, their early history may differ. The EB Basin is a dominant structural feature of the Barents Shelf, and one of the largest and deepest sedimentary basins in the Arctic. Admiralty High rims the EB Basin in the east. The advance in understanding the E Barents Sea geology was achieved during 1980s and 1990s mainly due to a significant amount of multichannel reflection seismic data and a number of drilled deep exploration wells. These wells tested many large anticlinal structures and made several large gas discoveries including a giant Shtokman gas and gas condensate accumulation. In the following decades, many important geological results were published in the international and Russian literature. In this chapter we provide a summary of the geology and petroleum geology of the E Barents Sea based on published results and public-domain geological reports.

Anti-COVID Drugs (MMV COVID Box) as Leishmanicidal Agents: Unveiling New Therapeutic Horizons.

Leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease, poses a significant global health challenge, necessitating the urgent development of innovative therapies. In this study, we aimed to identify compounds from the COVID Box with potential efficacy against two Leishmania species, laying the foundation for future chemical development. Four promising molecules were discovered, demonstrating notable inhibitory effects against L. amazonensis and L. donovani. Our study revealed that bortezomib, almitrine, and terconazole induced a significant decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, while the above compounds and ABT239 induced plasma permeability alterations, chromatin condensation, and reactive oxygen species accumulation, indicating early apoptosis in Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes, preventing inflammatory responses and tissue damage, thereby improving patient outcomes. Furthermore, ADME predictions revealed favorable pharmacokinetic profiles for all compounds, with bortezomib and ABT239 standing out as potential candidates. These compounds exhibited intestinal absorption, blood-brain barrier penetration (excluding bortezomib), and good drug-likeness for bortezomib and ABT239. Toxicity predictions for CYP-inhibition enzymes favored bortezomib as the safest candidate. In conclusion, our study identifies bortezomib as a promising aspirant for leishmaniasis treatment, demonstrating potent antiparasitic activity, favorable pharmacokinetics, and low toxicity. These findings emphasize the potential repurposing of existing drugs for neglected diseases and highlight the importance of the COVID Box in drug discovery against tropical diseases.

Study on infection risk in a negative pressure ward under different fresh airflow patterns based on a radiation air conditioning system.

COVID-19 and other respiratory infectious viruses are highly contagious, and patients need to be treated in negative pressure wards. At present, many negative pressure wards use independent air conditioning equipment, but independent air conditioning equipment has problems such as indoor air circulation flow, condensate water accumulation, and improper filter maintenance, which increase the risk of infection for healthcare workers and patients. The radiation air conditioning system relies on the radiation ceiling to control the indoor temperature and uses new air to control the indoor humidity and air quality. The problems caused by the use of independent air conditioning equipment should be avoided. This paper studies the thermal comfort, contaminant distribution characteristics, contaminant removal efficiency, and accessibility of supply air in a negative pressure ward with a radiation air conditioning system under three airflow patterns. In addition, the negative pressure ward was divided into 12 areas, and the infection probability of healthcare workers in different areas was analyzed. The results show that the application of radiation air conditioning systems in negative pressure wards can ensure the thermal comfort of patients. Stratum ventilation and ceiling-attached jets have similar effects in protecting healthcare workers; both can effectively reduce the contaminant concentrations and the risk of infection of healthcare workers. Ceiling-attached jets decreases the contaminant concentrations by 10.73%, increases the contaminant removal efficiency by 12.50%, and decreases the infection probability of healthcare workers staying indoors for 10min by 23.18%, compared with downward ventilation.

Native selenium in the apical rocks of the Gaisky copper-pyrite deposit

Research subject. Selenium mineralization in altered rocks of the Gaisky deposit. Aim. Determination of formation conditions of native selenium in altered rocks. Results. Selenium mineralization is established in three zones of altered rocks in the sides of the 3rd quarry and is confined to the upper part of the sulfur-quartz rocks. Layers with a high content of native selenium and tiemannite are distinguished by a carbon-black color against the general background of yellow-green sulfur-quartz rocks, forming subvertical trickle textures. The maximum propagation of selenium mineralization was found in the southwestern zone of the quarry. Here, selenium-containing rocks are traced vertically by 6 m, forming a lens with a diameter of up to 70 cm. The accumulation of selenium occurs due to its physical properties. Selenium is similar to sulfur in volatility, although it undergoes more intense condensation under decreased temperatures. The accumulation of selenium condensate is facilitated by a silicic acid gel, which prevents the removal of selenium by a hydrothermal flow. Conclusion. The native selenium of the Gaisky deposit is characterized by a hydrothermal genesis, which, along with the presence of monoclinic native sulfur in the rocks, indicates the hydrothermal formation of the entire complex of altered rocks.

Analysis of the Influence of Condensation on the Mechanical Properties of Corrugated Compensators in Pressure Pipelines

The reliability design of pressure pipelines under special conditions such as high temperature, high pressure, and even state transformation, includes an essential section on the performance analysis of the corrugated compensator. Based on powder mechanics, a model for the accumulation of condensate in the corrugated compensator was established, and the flow-solid coupling issue was resolved by simulating the condensation process through adjustments to the wall pressure. As a consequence of simulations, the characteristic curve of the condensation process of shortening and subsequently elongation was discovered. The study implies that condensation can produce additional stress that is up to four times greater than the normal state. This additional stress increases with condensate density and the condensate’s proximity to fluid characteristics. This research provides guidance for designing pressure pipeline operating conditions, predicting and monitoring medium condensation, and corrugated compensator failure analysis.

Formation evaluation of Abu Madi reservoir in Baltim gas field, Nile Delta, using well logs, core analysis and pressure data

Baltim Eastern and Northern gas fields in the offshore Nile Delta have very high gas condensate accumulations. Therefore, the present research evaluates Abu Madi and Qawasim Formations and defines the petrophysical parameters for them using various data from five wells composed of wireline logs (gamma-ray, density, neutron, sonic, resistivity), core data, pressure data, and cross-plots. In the current study, the formations of the main reservoirs were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively based on the petrophysical analysis to assess the production potential. Based on the lithological identification, the two main reservoirs (Abu Madi and Qawasim Formations) are composed of sandstone, calcareous shale, and siltstone. The main petrophysical parameters (Shale volume, effective porosity, net thickness, and fluid saturations) were mapped to track the areal petrophysical variations in the field. The results of the petrophysical analysis reveal that the main reservoirs are promising for the hydrocarbon potential with effective porosity of 18%, low shale content with an average value of about 21%, higher gas saturation of average value of nearly 58%, net reservoir thickness ranges from 25.5 to 131.5 m, net pay thickness (effective thickness) ranges from 6 to 61 m. Also, the conventional core analysis affirms that the main reservoirs are of good effective porosity with high horizontal and vertical permeability values. There is a good match between the well-log results and the pressure data with the production data (DST “perforation tests”). Baltim East (BE3) well has the most desired petrophysical characteristics in the Baltim East gas field, while, the Baltim North-1 (BN1) well showed the most favorable petrophysical parameters in the Baltim North gas field. Different fluid contacts (gas water contact GWC) were detected by integrating all reservoir pressures. The integration of different data in our present work (well logs, core measurements, and pressure data) could reduce the drilling risks and help to determine the best locations for future exploration and development, which is considered a big challenge in the petroleum industry.

ИСТОРИЯ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ЗАЛЕЖЕЙ УГЛЕВОДОРОДОВ В ПЛАСТАХ МАЛЫШЕВСКОЙ СВИТЫ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ КАРСКО-ЯМАЛЬСКОГО РЕГИОНА

The paper describes the characteristics of source beds, considers the structure of fluid seals and formation stages of anticline structures within Kara-Yamal region, bounded from the south by the Messoyakha inclined ridge. Investigations were carried out on the basis of comprehensive generalization of published geological and geochemical materials. It is shown that all formations of the Lower and Middle Jurassic containing aquagene, terragene and mixed types of kerogen in various proportions, possessed oil and gas generating properties. The significant implementation of generation potential due to the high OM catagenetic transformation in rocks of the Middle and especially Lower Jurassic caused the formation of mainly condensate gas accumulations in reservoirs of the Malyshevka Formation. The stages of formation of clay fluid seal in the process of lithogenesis are considered, it was determined by the feature of subsequent transgressive-regressive sediment filling relative to the deep–sea basin in the Late Berriasian – Early Aptian. The history of the anticline structure formation in the roof of the Jurassic structural stage is analyzed separately. According to the results of this analysis, it was found that hydrocarbon accumulations matured within the structures whose main stages of development coincided with the Jurassic period and Early Cretaceous epoch. The beginning time of filling traps with hydrocarbons was defined on the basis of information comparison about the time of compaction of clay strata of the Late Bathonian – Kellovian to the state of fluid seal and time of implementation of the HC main generation phases by oil –and- gas generating rocks. It is concluded that the lithification asynchrony of the fluid seal clay deposits predetermined the time diversity of the HC accumulation generation in the Malyshevka Formation in geological past.

The effects of initial water saturation on retrograde condensation in natural porous media: An in situ experimental investigation of three-phase displacements

In this study, state-of-the-art imaging technology is integrated with a miniature core-flooding system to map pore-scale fluid occupancy during the retrograde condensation process in the presence of brine and in a natural porous medium. Two depletion experiments were performed using a three-component synthetic gas condensate mixture in a Fontainebleau sandstone core sample and after establishing different levels of initial water saturations. The results are analyzed to investigate the impact of water saturation on condensate formation, accumulation, and mobilization and to shed light on the relevant three-phase flow dynamics. The results provide the first direct pore-scale observation of gas, condensate, and brine residing in the pore space. The micro-scale fluid occupancy maps illustrated that the presence of water in the pores delays the pressure at which condensate nuclei form, slows down the initial growth of nuclei, and partially impedes the accumulation of condensate. The higher the water saturation is, the lower the amount of condensate will be accumulated. As the pore pressure decreases, the condensate clusters develop significantly in the pore space triggering chains of displacement events between various pairs of fluids. The key mechanisms include gas-to-brine/condensate and condensate-to-gas/brine. The displacement events eventually reduce the brine saturation and increase the gas and condensate saturations in the pore space. The condensate saturation increases monotonically as the pore pressure reduces and reaches a maximum value. Quantitative pore fluid occupancy data also reconfirm the visual observations and demonstrate that condensate accumulation is associated with displacing gas and brine from small- and medium-sized pore elements.

Targeting of biomolecular condensates to the autophagy pathway.

Biomolecular condensates are membraneless compartments formed by liquid-liquid phase separation. They can phase transit into gel-like and solid states. The amount and state of biomolecular condensates must be tightly regulated to maintain normal cellular function. Autophagy targets biomolecular condensates to the lysosome for degradation or other purposes, which we term biocondensophagy. In biocondensophagy, autophagy receptors recognize biomolecular condensates and target them to the autophagosome, the vesicle carrier of autophagy. Multiple types of autophagy receptors have been identified and they are specifically involved in targeting biomolecular condensates with different phase transition states. The receptors also organize the phase transition of biomolecular condensate to facilitate biocondensophagy. Here, we briefly discuss the latest discoveries regarding how biomolecular condensates are recognized by autophagy receptors.

The application of the Forbidden City’s mythical beasts in cultural and creative packaging design

China's dragon culture has a long history in the Chinese nation for thousands of years, and has become a spiritual symbol of the Chinese nation, and the cultural inculcation of the traditional dragon images has penetrated into many aspects of Chinese society. It is a kind of historical condensation and cultural accumulation of the Chinese nation. The Historic Evolution of the Auspicious Beast Dragon In China, the traditional Chinese culture of the Auspicious Beast Dragon is one of the earliest in origin, longest in duration, and most influential. This project integrates the traditional Forbidden City Auspicious Beasts into the packaging of cultural and creative products, and explores the cultural connotation, historical significance, and expression of the traditional Chinese Auspicious Beasts pattern. Firstly, the background and influence of traditional Chinese mythical beast graphics in China are outlined; secondly, traditional Chinese mythical beasts are classified, analyzed for their artistic characteristics, culture, forms of expression and the symbolism behind them, and the image of mythical beasts from the Forbidden City is used as the basis for the design, and the commercial value and scope of dissemination of the mythical beasts culture can be brought about in cultural and creative packaging design is analyzed; ultimately, a series of packaging design of "Four Seasons mythical beasts" is presented, so that traditional mythical beasts culture can enter the public's vision and make more people understand China's excellent traditional culture. Four Seasons Auspicious Beasts" cultural and creative packaging design series, so that the traditional Auspicious Beasts culture into the public's field of vision, so that more people understand the excellent traditional Chinese culture. Finally, by combining the changes of the Forbidden City throughout the year with the beasts of prey for innovation and redesign. We hope that this design can give more people who love traditional culture and Auspicious Beast motifs new inspiration and ideas, and we also hope that it can provide a reference for the innovation point of Chinese traditional motifs in cultural and creative packaging design.

Heat Transfer Investigation during Condensation on the Horizontal Pipe

This paper presents an experimental investigation of condensation heat transfer by gradient heatmetry. The experiments were carried out during the condensation of saturated steam at atmospheric pressure on the cooled surface of a horizontal pipe. The distributions of the local heat flux, surface temperature, and heat transfer coefficient along the circumference of the horizontal pipe were experimentally determined. The surface average condensation heat flux on the horizontal pipe was about 141.06 kW/m2. The proposed method allows us to determine the area of condensate accumulation on the pipe (in the range of azimuth angle φ = 150…180∘) in which the heat flux decreases by 34% of the average value. The heat flux per unit area relative uncertainty was about 5.2%. The surface-averaged heat transfer coefficient during condensation on the horizontal pipe was about 5.5 kW/(m2×K), and relative uncertainty was about 9.4%.

Pulsation incitation and performance investigations for 3D Fin-and-Tube heat pipe heat exchanger by inserting dividing boards for various working fluids

In our previous study, we have shown that a heat pipe heat exchanger system modified from a commercial air-to-air heat exchanger operates without pulsations for working fluids of dielectric HFE-7000 or R134a, or under low heat loads for water, due to the large internal tube diameter of 5.6 mm. To incite pulsation and enhance the thermal performance, a straight dividing copper board is inserted into the straight section of each of the tube to form two semicircular compartments with an effective hydraulic diameter of 3.4 mm. The heat transfer characteristics and thermal performance against the hot air inlet temperature for the novel boarded model and the non-boarded model are experimentally explored with three working fluids (water, HFE-7000 and R134a) under six filling ratios (35%, 38.5%, 50%, 55%, 65%, 71.5%). Because water already works in a PHP mode in the non-boarded model under high heat loads, the thermal performance in the boarded model improved mildly by 2.7%–10.6%. Whereas, for HFE-7000 and R134a, the heat transfer mode is successfully incited from thermosyphon in the non-boarded model into PHP in the boarded model. The most significant thermal performance improvement was observed for HFE-7000 by 8.3%–24.5%. The improvement can be attributed to the switch of heat transfer mode, the generated corners for condensate accumulation, and the additional heat conduction via the copper board.

Chemical Constituents of the Leaves of Thujopsis dolabrata and Their Cytotoxicity.

Five podophyllotoxin derivatives (1-5), two diterpenoids (6 and 7), three diterpenoid xylosides (8-10), a flavanonol glycoside (11), flavonol (12), and biflavonoid (13) were isolated from the leaves of Thujopsis dolabrata (Cupressaceae). Compounds 1, 6, and 8 were named (-)-β-isopeltatin, epi-nootkastatin 2, and acetoxyanticopalol 15-O-β-D-xylopyranoside, respectively. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined based on a detailed analysis of NMR spectroscopic data and through chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses following specific chemical transformations. The isolated compounds (1-5 and 7-11) were evaluated for their cytotoxicity toward HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells and Caki-1 human kidney carcinoma cells. The podophyllotoxin derivatives (1-5) exhibited cytotoxicity against both HL-60 and Caki-1 cells with IC50 values ranging from 0.00069 to 5.4 µM, and the diterpenoid derivatives (7-10) demonstrated cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells with IC50 values ranging from 4.5 to 11 µM. HL-60 cells treated with 8 exhibited apoptosis characteristics, such as accumulation of sub-G1 cells and nuclear chromatin condensation.