Calculus Accumulation Research Articles

Long-term periodontal status of patients with mandibular lingual fixed retention

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the periodontal tissues of patients with mandibular fixed retention for long or short periods of time. A total of 64 individuals were selected for this study using the following inclusion criteria: long-term lingual fixed retention; identical type of lingual fixed retainer bonded with the same materials; no cavities, restorations, or fractures of the mandibular anterior teeth; absence of habits and occlusal interferences; and canine guidance bilaterally. The resultant sample comprised 32 patients (mean age 25 years) who had been in retention for a mean period of 9.65 years (range 9-11 years) and an equal number retained for a period between 3 and 6 months. Plaque, gingival, and calculus indices, probing pocket depth, marginal recession, and bone level at the mandibular six anterior teeth were recorded for both groups. Demographic, clinical, and radiographic data were investigated with conventional descriptive statistics. Comparisons of the different variables between the two participant groups (long- and short-term retention) were carried out using a Mann-Whitney test for indices (plaque, gingival, and calculus), and a Fisher's exact test (two sided) for the remaining variables. No significant difference was found with respect to the plaque and gingival indices and bone level between the two groups. The long-term group presented higher calculus accumulation, greater marginal recession, and increased probing depth (P < 0.05). The results of this study raise the question of the appropriateness of lingual fixed retainers as a standard retention plan for all patients regardless of their attitude to dental hygiene. They also emphasize the importance of individual variability and cautious application of retention protocols after a thorough consideration of issues related to the anatomy of tissues and oral hygiene.

Evaluation of periodontal parameters in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis

To analyze and compare periodontal parameters in chronic renal failure (CRF) patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD) therapy with a group of patients on hemodialysis (HD) treatment and healthy controls (C). Seventy-five PD patients (mean age: 44 +/- 12 years) were matched with 41 HD patients (mean age: 46 +/- 15 years) and 61 C (mean age: 46 +/- 18 years). Plaque (PI) and calculus (CSI) accumulation and gingival bleeding (GI) were recorded with the appropriate indices. Periodontal condition was assessed using the probing pocket depth (PPD). One-way anova test, Pearson chi-squared test, Mann-Whitney U-test and Kruskal-Wallis test were performed to compare PD patients with HD patients and healthy C. Plaque Index values were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the PD and HD groups than the C group. GI values were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in the HD group than the PD group. Finally, CSI values in the PD and HD groups were also significantly higher (P < 0.001) than the C group. Chronic renal failure patients on PD treatment are more susceptible to periodontal diseases like HD patients. Thus, it is very important to maintain an optimal oral hygiene level. Further studies on periodontal parameters of only PD patients are needed to get more information on the oral health status of this patient group.

Dental and periodontal findings in hemodialysis patients

Oral health problems of chronic renal failure patients can compromise systemic health. This study compared the periodontal and dental health status of patients on hemodialysis (HD) with healthy controls (C). Seventy-six HD patients and 61 controls were examined for plaque deposits, gingivitis, periodontitis, calculus accumulation and oral health status. There was no statistically significant difference in the measurement of probing pocket depths (PPD) in HD and C groups, but a highly significant difference was found for plaque index (P < 0.001), gingival index (GI) (P = 0.007) and calculus surface index (P < 0.001). There was a highly significant difference for GI (P = 0.001) and PPD scores (P < 0.001) between subgroups receiving HD for <3 years or more. A positive correlation between time on dialysis and parameter of missing teeth (r = 0.259; P = 0.024), GI scores (r = 0.474; P < 0.001) and measurement of PPD (r = 0.481; P < 0.001) was found in the HD group. Decayed, missing and filled teeth index scores were higher in the controls than the HD group, with no statistical significance. The dental and periodontal health status of HD patients is comparable with healthy controls, but becomes worse with time on dialysis. Thus, oral health maintenance is of utmost importance in this patient group.

Comparação de parâmetros periodontais após utilização de contenção convencional 3x3 plana e contenção modificada

OBJETIVO: o presente estudo teve como propósito comparar os parâmetros periodontais após a utilização de dois tipos de contenções ortodônticas fixas: contenção convencional 3x3 plana (fio ortodôntico 0,8mm retilíneo fixado apenas nos caninos contralaterais) e a contenção modificada (fio ortodôntico 0,6mm com dobras permitindo o livre acesso do fio dental e fixado em todos os dentes do segmento anterior). METODOLOGIA: quinze voluntários primeiramente utilizaram a contenção convencional por seis meses. Após um intervalo de quinze dias, foi instalada a contenção modificada, utilizada pelo mesmo período de tempo. Antes de cada fase os voluntários passaram por raspagem e alisamento radicular dos dentes e orientação de higiene bucal. Ao final de cada fase os seguintes parâmetros foram avaliados: índice de placa dentária, índice gengival e índice de cálculo dentário. Além disso, foi realizada a mensuração do cálculo no fio da contenção e todos os voluntários responderam a um questionário sobre a utilização, aceitação e conforto dos dois tipos de contenções. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: foi observado que o índice de placa e o índice gengival foram maiores para a contenção modificada (p&lt;0,05), nas faces linguais e proximais. O mesmo ocorreu para o índice de cálculo nas regiões proximais (p&lt;0,05). O índice de cálculo ao longo do fio também foi maior (p&lt;0,05) para a contenção modificada. Todos os voluntários relataram que a contenção convencional foi mais confortável na utilização. Desta maneira, concluiu-se que a contenção convencional apresentou melhores resultados que a contenção modificada, de acordo com parâmetros periodontais estabelecidos.

Factors associated with oral health status and normative treatment needs among primary school children in Kinondoni Municipality, Tanzania

Aim The aim was to determine oral health status, factors affecting caries, experiences, and dental treatment needs among primary school children in Kinondoni District, Dar Es Salaam Region. Materials and Methods A cross sectional survey was done in 2005 to involve 784 (females 56.2%) children aged 7 to 19 years, with average age of boys slightly higher than that of girls. The examinations were carried out according to WHO criteria (World Health Organisation, 1997) under artificial light using dental mirrors and the WHO CPI periodontal probe. Before the clinical examinations took place the children participated in an interview whereby information was gathered about oral health related knowledge, experience with toothache, extractions, restoration and tooth brushing practices. A structured questionnaire was used which was field tested to a group of 50 primary school children prior to the survey. Results Dental caries experience was 1.35 dft and 0.33 DMF-T, for 12 year olds (the WHO indicator age group) DMFT was 0.4. The proportion of caries free among 12 year olds was 77.6. The determinants of caries experience were age and sex, while oral health related knowledge, caries in deciduous dentition, geographical location that was taken to be a proxy indicator of social economic status, were not associated with caries experience in permanent dentition. Much of the dental caries went untreated and every 8th child needed one surface filling on at least one tooth. Few children required extractions and two surface fillings. One third of the children had calculus requiring oral hygiene instructions and scaling and on average one sextant had calculus per child. One third of the children experienced bleeding upon brushing, and 54.8% had experienced toothache. All children brushed their teeth at least once a day. Knowledge on gingival health did not account for variations in calculus accumulation. Conclusion Caries experience; predicted by age and sex, was very low but much of the disease went untreated, toothache was a common encounter, with every eighth child requiring one surface filling on at least one tooth. Every third child had calculus requiring oral hygiene instructions although all children reported to brush their teeth at least once a day. The findings are discussed in line with their usability in planning oral health services in the District. Tanzania Dental Journal Vol. 13(2) November 2006: 35-42

Tooth cleaning devices, calculus, gingival recession and tooth sensitivity in adult population, Mtwara-Rural, Tanzania

Aim To determine the type of tooth cleaning devices, presence of calculus, occurrence of gingival recessions and tooth sensitivity. Study Participants and Methods This was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted among adults in Mtwara-Rural district. Randomly selected 201 participants aged 40 years or more, 113 males and 88 females were interviewed on commonly used tooth cleaning devices and tooth sensitivity using a structured questionnaire. Clinical examination was done to assess gingival recessions (> 3.5 mm) and calculus using the Community Periodontal Index Probe and a mouth mirror. Results Tooth cleaning devices included plastic toothbrush (51.7%), chewing stick (25.9%), both chewing stick and plastic toothbrush (17.4%), and other unspecified devices (5.0%). Prevalence of calculus was 99.5%, gingival recession > 3.5mm was 86.1% and TS was 50.2%. There was no significant difference between males and females for the occurrence of gingival recessions, tooth sensitivity and the type of tooth cleaning devices used. The mean number of sextants having teeth with gingival recessions and tooth sensitivity did not differ among different types of tooth cleaning devices used (P > 0.05). The study participants that had no gingival recessions had slightly higher mean number of sextants with calculus (5.79 ± 0.57) than those with gingival recessions (5.50 ± 1.17), (P = 0.04, 95% confidence interval: 0.01, 0.57), but the finding was considered to be of no clinical significance. Conclusion Participants of this study mainly used plastic toothbrush and chewing stick as tooth cleaning devices and the prevalence of calculus and gingival recession were very high with substantial reported tooth sensitivity. The relationship between tooth cleaning devices or calculus accumulation and gingival recessions could not be elucidated. Keywords: Plastic toothbrush; chewing stick; dental calculus; gingival recessions; tooth sensitivity. Tanzania Dental Journal Vol. 13(2) November 2006: 43-49

Drinking Water Additive Decreases Plaque and Calculus Accumulation in Cats

This study was performed to determine the effect of a drinking water additive on reducing plaque and calculus accumulation in cats. A two-period, parallel crossover design was used with each period consisting of a 56-day test phase. Results demonstrated that the addition of xylitol to the drinking water was effective in reducing plaque and calculus accumulation in cats.

Oral and dental conditions in ferrets

Periodontal disease is the most common dental condition affecting ferrets seen in general practice. Moist or semi-moist diets may contribute to plaque formation. Gingivitis quickly develops as a result of bacteria and their by-products accumulating on the gingival margin. If left uncontrolled this may progress to periodontitis active tissue destruction as a result of the bacterial accumulation and the host’s inflammatory response to these bacteria. Signs of gingivitis (reddened gums), calculus accumulation and gingival recession can be seen on clinical examination. (Figs. 2 and 3) A thorough examination needs to be performed under a general anaesthetic for signs of periodontal disease namely periodontal probing depths, tooth mobility, furcation exposure, as well as radiographic examination to check for bone loss when periodontal disease is present.

Effectiveness of an Oral Hygiene Chew to Reduce Dental Deposits in Small Breed Dogs

Over a period of 4-months, feeding small breed dogs with a regular dry diet supplemented with a daily oral hygiene chew resulted in a significant reduction in plaque deposition (17.3%) and calculus accumulation (45.8%) compared with dogs fed the dry diet alone. Daily feeding of a specifically designed oral hygiene chew that reduces plaque and calculus accumulation may play a role in the severity of canine periodontal disease.

Porphyromonas gingivalis lipids and diseased dental tissues

Porphyromonas gingivalis synthesizes several classes of dihydroceramides and at least one of these lipid classes promotes proinflammatory secretory reactions in gingival fibroblasts as well as alters fibroblast morphology in culture. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the dihydroceramide lipids of P. gingivalis are recovered in lipid extracts of subgingival plaque, diseased teeth, and diseased gingival tissue samples. Lipids were extracted from P. gingivalis, subgingival plaque, subgingival calculus, teeth laden with gross accumulations of subgingival calculus, and gingival tissue samples obtained from chronic severe periodontitis sites. Lipid samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as trimethylsilyl derivatives or by electrospray-mass spectrometry as underivatized products. High-performance liquid chromatography fractions of P. gingivalis lipids and gingival tissue lipids were also analyzed by electrospray-mass spectrometry analysis. P. gingivalis phosphorylated dihydroceramides were recovered in lipid extracts of subgingival plaque, subgingival calculus, calculus contaminated teeth, and diseased gingival tissue samples. However, the distribution of phosphorylated dihydroceramides varied between these samples. Subgingival plaque, subgingival calculus, diseased teeth, and gingival tissue are contaminated with phosphorylated dihydroceramides produced by P. gingivalis. The previously reported biological activity of these substances together with the recovery of these lipids at periodontal disease sites argues strongly for their classification as virulence factors in promoting chronic inflammatory periodontal disease.

O21 Malodour in denture wearers

A significant proportion of the adult population wear complete or partial dentures, a proportion increasing with age. Denture plaque has not been studied to the same extent as dental plaque, and although there are many similarities in microbial composition, there are some significant differences. Plaque on denture fitting surfaces, particularly of the upper denture, is associated with denture‐associated stomatitis, with the aetiological agent generally acknowledged as the yeast Candida albicans. In addition, poor denture hygiene and a more acidogenic denture plaque appear to be factors contributing to the condition. Anaerobic microorganisms, although present in denture plaque, have been specifically investigated rarely. Teeth adjacent to partial dentures are also more susceptible to caries and periodontal diseases, perhaps due to an increased plaque buildup at the prosthesis/tooth interface. Dentures are fabricated from polymethylmethacrylate, using casts constructed from impressions taken in the mouth. The denture‐fitting surface is not smooth (although the lingual/labial surfaces are polished) hence plaque accumulates more readily at the relatively stagnant sites. Over time, the epithelial surfaces in the edentulous mouth alter in shape, and dentures may fit less well. Soft liners, or more temporary tissue conditioners are applied to the prosthesis to improve comfort and fit. These materials, are more porous, and may thus entrap and accumulate more plaque biofilm. Little work has been done on malodour associated with denture wearers. There may be a number of reasons for this:(i) the population is deemed to be one which is less cosmetically aware, less likely to invest in products to enhance aesthetics. As the global population ages, and lifespan extends along with enhanced finance, leisure time and health status in selected developed countries, this presumption is perhaps inappropriate.(ii) The nature of malodour in denture wearers is ill defined. The wide age and health range presented by denture wearers poses problems in terms of defining the target populations and specific conditions.(iii) The origin of malodour in denture wearers – and indeed in the elderly in general – is varied: underlying serious illness (malignancy), chronic illness, ulcers, increased medication etc. are all likely to affect breath odour – ammonia, ketones etc.(iv) The increased likelihood of the presence of Candida spp. in the mouth may contribute ‘yeasty’ odours.(v) Poor denture hygiene, accumulation of calculus on prostheses, deterioration and colonization of soft liners will cause significant increases in plaque quantity. Products of deterioration of inert materials in the mouth may also contribute to odour.This presentation will review current status in the area, suggest possible causes of malodour in denture wearers, and consider the need for further work.

Effective Periodontal Disease Control Using Dental Hygiene Chews

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a newly developed dental hygiene chew for dogs, with and without a natural antimicrobial additive, compared with a reference diet. Efficacy was determined by measuring the severity of gingivitis and the accumulation of dental plaque and calculus in dogs after 4-weeks of being fed the different dietary regimens. Dogs fed a single daily dental chew had significantly less gingivitis (P = 0. 02), plaque (P = 0. 0004), and calculus (P = 0.0001) compared with dogs in the control group that were fed an identical diet but received no chews. The inclusion of the antimicrobial agent did not improve the efficacy of the product. The dental hygiene chews tested in this study have potential to help reduce the incidence of periodontal disease in dogs.

Salivary calcium concentration in patients with high incidence of calculus formation

Salivary calcium level was determined in this study in individuals with good oral hygiene who have no repetitive history of calculus accumulation, and in individuals with a history of repetitive calculus formation whether subgingival or supragingival in spite of their attempts in controlling their oral hygiene. Salivary calcium concentration was significantly higher in the second group. Moreover, salivary calcium concentration in this study varied according to age. It is advisable to use alkaline mouthwashes and intensive good oral hygiene to control their calculus formation

Oral health of Adelaide nursing home residents: longitudinal study

Objective: The Adelaide Dental Study of Nursing Homes aimed to quantify oral disease experience, incidence and increments in Adelaide nursing home residents. Methods: Questionnaires and dental inspections were completed at baseline and at 1‐year for residents from randomly selected Adelaide nursing homes. Results: The residents were very functionally dependent, cognitively impaired and behaviourally difficult older adults with complex oral problems and dental treatment needs. The prevalence of edentulism (total tooth loss) (63%) decreased and more residents were retaining natural teeth. Existing residents had a mean of 10.8 teeth present and new residents had a mean of 12.7 teeth present. Residents’ previous experiences of caries (decay) were high – existing residents had a mean of 1.2 decayed teeth and new residents had a mean of 0.8 decayed teeth. Residents’ caries increments (new decay) over the 1‐year period were high (coronal = 2.5 surfaces; root = 1.0 surfaces), especially in those who had lost weight and who could eat fewer food types. These levels of caries were many times greater than had been reported for community‐dwelling older adults. Large accumulations of plaque, calculus and debris (food) were evident on residents’ natural teeth and dentures, especially those with dementia. Up to 25% of residents owned dentures that were not worn. Residents with dementia gave their carers complex and challenging oral hygiene care problems. Existing and new residents had similar general health and oral health characteristics, with the exceptions that new residents had significantly more filled tooth surfaces, and fewer decayed retained roots. Conclusion: New residents were being admitted to the nursing homes with a compromised oral health status or developed severe oral diseases and conditions within several months of their admittance. Residents’ oral diseases, especially coronal and root caries, rapidly progressed during their stay in residential care.

Advances in diagnosis and treatment of small exotic mammal dental disease

The nature of the dental diseases that occur in pet rabbits, rodents, and small carnivores like ferrets, are directly related to the different types of dentition present in these species. A good understanding of the morphology and physiology of the various types of teeth is essential to understand the disease processes. Incisor malocclusion is most common in rabbits. If this condition occurs as an isolated entity at an early age, it is probably of genetic origin. Incisor malocclusion in older animals is usually secondary to, or occurring concomitantly with, premolar-molar malocclusion. Patients with incisor malocclusion should therefore always receive a comprehensive oral examination. Incisor-premolar-molar malocclusion with periodontal and endodontic disease is a syndrome that may include incisor malocclusion, distortion of the premolar-molar occlusal plane, sharp points, periodontal disease, periapical changes, apical elongation, oral soft-tissue lesions, and maxillofacial abscess formation. It is unclear whether this syndrome is of genetic, dietary, or metabolic origin. The therapeutic options for incisor-premolar-molar malocclusion with periodontal and endodontic disease may include occlusal adjustment of involved teeth, extraction of teeth severely affected by endodontic and/or periodontal disease, and abscess debridement. A specific syndrome occurring in pet prairie dogs is odontoma-like mass formation originating from the root of 1 or both maxillary incisors. Affected animals are middle-aged and are typically presented for upper air-way obstruction. The dental pathology of pet ferrets is similar to the domestic dog and mainly includes periodontal disease due to plaque and calculus accumulation, and endodontic disease secondary to complicated crown fractures. Little is known about the oral pathology of African hedgehogs held in captivity, although they would appear to be very susceptible to oral squamous cell carcinoma formation.

Shape and Size of Teeth of Dogs and Cats-Relevance to Studies of Plaque and Calculus Accumulation

Crown width, height and buccal surface areas were measured on heads or skulls of four dogs and four cats, and were compared with similar measurements on models of human dentition. Buccal surface area variability was greater in dogs and cats than in humans, and teeth of cats were smaller. Horizontal (gingival and occlusal halves) and vertical (mesial, middle, and distal thirds) buccal surface area variability was also greater in canine and feline teeth compared with human teeth. This increased variability suggests the need for testing of reliability and repeatability of scoring when using plaque and calculus indices based on horizontal or vertical segmentation. Buccal surface area variability between teeth also prompts questioning the validity of equal weighting of smaller, irregularly-shaped teeth when calculating a mean mouth score. Whether equal or more reliable results would be obtained from scores of whole teeth in comparison with segmentation indices used currently has yet to be determined.

Health behaviors and their relation to metabolic control and periodontal status in type 2 diabetic patients: a model tested using a linear structural relations program.

Although it has been reported that diabetic control is beneficial in managing periodontal disease, there are few studies in the literature where the relationship between singular behavioral factors and periodontal status has been examined. The aim of this study was to examine the simultaneous interrelationships among selected medical/dental variables and 5 behavior components with general health behavior (GHB), perceived fatigue (PF), diet control (DC), regular diet (RD), and dental behavioral inventory (HU-DBI) scores, using data from a study of 102 type 2 diabetic patients. A hypothesized model was tested by a linear structural relations program (LISREL). There was a significant correlation between oral health behavior and calculus accumulation (r = 0.399; P<0.001). Correlations were found between calculus and periodontal status measured by gingivitis index and probing depth (r = 0.232; P<0.05, r = 0.279; P<0.01, respectively). The final model was found to be consistent with the data (chi2 = 55.0, df = 47, P = 0.197; GFI = 0.922). Oral health behavior affected periodontal status through its effect on calculus but not plaque accumulation. General health behavior had significant effects on oral health behavior and diet behavior (P<0.05 and P<0.001, respectively). Diet behavior affected both plaque accumulation and metabolic control (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). However, the result was the virtual absence of a significant pass coefficient between metabolic control and periodontal status. The severity of the 2 diseases seemed to be connected indirectly through health behaviors such as diet behavior and oral health behavior.

Deletion Mutation in Drosophila ma-l Homologous, Putative Molybdopterin Cofactor Sulfurase Gene Is Associated with Bovine Xanthinuria Type II

Defective xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) activity in humans results in xanthinuria and xanthine calculus accumulation in kidneys. Bovine xanthinuria was demonstrated in a local herd and characterized as xanthinuria type II, similar to the Drosophila ma-l mutations, which lose activities of molybdoenzymes, XDH, and aldehyde oxidase, although sulfite oxidase activity is preserved. Linkage analysis located the disease locus at the centromeric region of bovine chromosome 24, where a ma-l homologous, putative molybdopterin cofactor sulfurase gene (MCSU) has been physically mapped. We found that a deletion mutation at tyrosine 257 in MCSU is tightly associated with bovine xanthinuria type II.

The effect of triclosan toothpaste on enamel demineralization in a bacterial demineralization model.

Triclosan has been incorporated into toothpaste to enhance inhibitory effects on bacterial metabolism in dental plaque. Many studies have confirmed these effects by showing a reduction of accumulation of dental plaque, gingivitis and calculus. However, there is no evidence for triclosan having an inhibitory effect on the dental plaque-induced demineralization of the dental hard tissues. Therefore, the effect of 0.3% triclosan added to non-fluoride and fluoride toothpaste was tested in an in vitro model, in which bovine enamel specimens were to be demineralized by acids produced in overlaying Streptococcus mutans suspensions. In a first set of experiments the toothpastes were added to the S. mutans suspensions at 1:100, 1:1000 and 1:10,000 (w/v) dilutions. After 22 h incubation at 37 degrees C the suspensions were removed and assessed for calcium and lactate content, and pH. In this set of experiments, triclosan had no additive protective effect to the non-fluoride or fluoride toothpaste. In a second set of experiments, the enamel specimens were immersed daily for 3 min in 30% (w/v) slurries of the toothpastes before the 22 h incubation with the S. mutans suspensions. Under these conditions, triclosan showed an additional protective effect compared with non-fluoride toothpaste at a low concentration of S. mutans cells (0.07 mg cells dry weight per 600 microL suspension). It is concluded that the enamel surface may act as a reservoir for triclosan, which may protect the enamel surface against a mild acid attack. In combination with fluoride, however, as in toothpaste, triclosan has no additional protective effect against demineralization.

Akumulasi Kalkulus Gigi yang Berlebihan pada Penderita Diabetes Tipe 2: Gejala Klnis Kemungkinan Menderita Penyakit Jantung Koroner

The relaive risk for Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) death in type 2 diabetics was 1.9-3.3 times higher, when compared to non-diabetics. Pathological studies have demonstrated a strong correlation between the presence of coronary calcium and CHD. Previous studies reported that the accumulation of dental plaque and dental calculus, and the severity of periodontal disease in type 2 diabetics were widely varied. A cross-sectional study on periodontal and CHD status of 36 non smoker type 2 diabetics was performed. The periodontal status was determined using Plaque Index of Sillness and Loe, Calculus Index of lingual anterior teeth, Papillary bleeding Index of Muleman, Periodontal Index of Russell, and dental panoramic rontgenogram. The CHD was determined by using standard ECG recording. Statistical analysis was using Fisher's exact test with the significant level of p 2) was not found in positive CHD diabetics, but found in 925 (36%) of negative CHD diabetics; a slight to moderate dental plaque accumulation was found in 11/11 (100%) of positive CHD diabetics, and 16/25 (64%) of negative CHD diabetics (p=.03). A heavy lingual calculus accumulaiton (score>2) was found in 11/11 (100%) of positive CHD diabetics and 10/25 (40%) of negative CHD diabetics (p=0.006). A severe generalized gingival bleeding (score>2) was not found in positive CHD diabetics, but found in 8/25 (32%) of negative CHD diabetics; a mild to moderate gingival bleeding was found in 11/11 (100%) of positive CHD diabetics and 17/25 (68%) of negative CHD diabetics (p=0.7). A severe generalized periodontal disease (score>5) was not found in positive CHD diabetics, but found in 9/25 (36%) of positive CHD diabetics; a mild to moderate periodontal disease (score<5) was found in 11/11 (100%) of positive CHD diabetics and 16/25 (64%) of negative CHD diabetics (p=.03). In conclusion, our data suggest that in type 2 diabetics, the presence of CHD is significantly correlated with the presence of a slight to moderate dental plaque accumulation, a heavy lingual calculus accumulation of anterior teeth, and a mild to moderate periodontal disease status. Although all the positive CHD diabetics have a mild to moderate gingival bleeding, the CHD status is not significantly correlated with the gingival bleeding status.