Accumulation In Soybean Research Articles

Regularity of Nitrogen Accumulation in Soybean and Its Simulation

Nitrogen (N) is considered as an important yield and quality-determining factor in soybean production. The objective of the current experiment was to determine the regularity of N accumulation and its simulation among different varieties. This work was conducted with frame tests (pot without bottom), and three cultivars, HH41, SN14, HN40, and one feed soybean variety MSD was used as materials. The results showed that the regularity of N accumulation in four varieties with the same tendency increased during the whole growth period, which was up to the maximum when the plant was harvested. The longer growth period was, the higher N accumulation of cultivars was, HN40>SN14>HH41, N accumulation of MSD was the highest because of the property for feed soybean. Regularity of N accumulation in plants could be accurately described by the Logistic equation. During the growth there was a period when N accumulation in the whole plant occurred at an intense rate. The time of onset and its duration varied with different varieties. The maximum daily N accumulation was on seed filling stage, pod bearing stage, seed filling stage and pod bearing stage in HH41, SN14, HN40 and MSD, respectively.

Effects of soaking and aeration treatment on γ-aminobutyric acid accumulation in germinated soybean (Glycine max L.)

Effects of soaking temperature, soaking time, opportunity of aeration treatment, culture temperature, pH value, and air flow rate on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) accumulation during germination of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) were investigated in this study. The objective of this study was to optimize the culture conditions of GABA production in germinated soybeans. Results showed that soaking at 30 °C for 4 h was found to be the most effective soaking ways that made soybean seeds have sufficient moisture, satisfactory germination, and GABA accumulation. The suitable stress opportunity was dark culture for 2 days with distilled water and then hypoxia stress in aerated culture medium for 2 days in a dark incubator at 30 °C. Under these conditions, the maximum GABA content (2.24 mg/g DW) was 3.5 times higher than the initial sample of aeration treatment (0 h) and 12.5 times higher than the raw material. Correlation analysis also revealed that GABA accumulation was significantly correlated to the corresponding physiochemical indexes (p < 0.01). Box-Behnken experimental analysis showed that the optimal condition with aeration treatment for GABA accumulation in germinated soybean was at a temperature of 30.5 °C, a pH value of 4.1, and an air flow rate of 0.9 L/min; the predicted highest GABA yield was 2.60 mg/g DW, which was 15.2 times higher than raw seeds. Analysis of variance and confirmatory trials for the regression model suggested that the model can quite exactly predict GABA accumulation in soybean during germination.

Glyphosate's Effect Upon Mineral Accumulation in Soybean

Glyphosate's Effect Upon Mineral Accumulation in Soybean

A Major QTL Controlling Seed Cadmium Accumulation in Soybean

ABSTRACTCadmium (Cd) is a pollutant heavy metal that is naturally present in soils and highly toxic to biological organism even at low concentrations. Significant differences were observed among soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars in the uptake of Cd by root and its posterior translocation to the shoot and grain. The aim of this research was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for seed Cd concentration in soybean. A single population derived from a cross between the cultivars Harosoy and Fukuyutaka, which differ in seed Cd levels, were used for QTL analysis. The population consisted of 93 F5:6 recombinant inbred lines (RILs), 93 F6:7 RILs, 93 F7:8 RILs, and 100 F6:7 near‐isogenic lines (NILs). A total of 220 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were genetically mapped on the 93 F5:6 RILs population and clustered into 22 molecular linkage groups (MLGs) which covered a genetic distance of approximately 2400 centimorgans (cM). Analysis revealed one major QTL (cd1) on Chromosome 9 (MLG K) associated with seed Cd concentration. The cd1 was stable across years–generations and accounted for 82, 57, and 75% of the genetic variation in the RILs populations tested in the field. Effect of cd1 was verified by means of a NIL population developed from the F5:6 RILs. The followup survey results indicated that the novel SSR markers Gm09: 4770663 and Gm09: 4790483 assigned to MLG K seemed to be suitable markers for selecting genotypes with low seed Cd concentration in soybean.

Effect of bradyrhizobial inoculation and n fertilization on promiscuous soybean and subsequent maize yield grown in degraded “terre de barre” in Benin

Poor adoption of green manure and agro forestry systems for sustainable intensification of agricultural production in the moist savannah of West-Africa, as well as the low contribution of traditional grain legumes such as groundnuts, cowpea and common bean have prompted the search for alternative socio-economic solutions for smallholders. One of them is the development of N2 fixation by promiscuous soybean to increase food production and to improve soil fertility, in particular on degraded lands. Fifteen farmers’ fields were selected for soybean trials in 2001 and 2002, and again in 2002 and 2003 for the maize trials. Each farmer’s field represented one replication. The 15N isotope dilution method was used to assess symbiotic N2 fixation of the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) promiscuous soybean variety TGX 1448 2E and its response to inoculation and fertilization. In both 2001 and 2002, the application of 20 kg N did not affect nodulation, biomass production and N accumulation of soybean uninoculated in 2001, or inoculated in 2002. However, inoculation produced the highest soybean nodule number and nodule weight in 2002. The highest values of biomass production and N accumulation were found with soybean that received poultry manure in 2001 and 100 kg N ha-1 as urea in 2002. The highest biomass and N accumulation in 2001 was 1600 kg DM ha-1 and 41 kg N ha-1 with soybean amended with poultry manure. Shoot N content in 2002 averaged only 25 kg N ha- 1, while the average N accumulation in soybean seed was 64 kg N ha-1. The best percentage of N derived from atmosphere (Ndfa) (54 %), amounting to only 13 kg N ha-1, was obtained with soybean fertilized with 20 kg N ha-1 and inoculated. These values are very low indicating that soybean cultivated in the study area was far from satisfying its requirements through N fixation. The N balance calculated on the basis of the amount of N fixed removed in the grain is negative (-48 kg ha-1). Significant increase occurred only when plots were previously grown to soybean and fertilized with poultry manure being 5124 and 3211 kg DM ha-1 compared to the previous soybean plot without N, for maize shoot and grain, respectively. Total N yield in shoots was significantly higher in plots previously cropped to soybean than to maize. The contribution of soybean to maize yield was not significantly different from the contribution of maize-to-maize in 2003. Soybean growing in West-Africa is a promising technology that has multiple benefits.Keys words : Benin Republic ; promiscuous soybean ; symbiotic N fixation ; 15N isotope dilution; N accumulation ; N Balance ; % Ndfa.

Mapping and validation of simple sequence repeat markers linked to a major gene controlling seed cadmium accumulation in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr

Daily consumption of cadmium (Cd) contaminated foods poses a risk to human health. Cultivar selection is an important method to limit Cd uptake and accumulation; however, analyzing grain Cd concentration is costly and time-consuming. Developing markers for low Cd accumulation will facilitate marker assisted selection (MAS). Inheritance studies using a threshold value of 0.2 mg kg(-1) for low and high and an F(2:3) population showed that low Cd accumulation in soybean seed is under the control of a major gene (Cda1, proposed name) with the allele for low accumulation being dominant. A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population (F(6:8)) derived from the cross AC Hime (high Cd accumulation) and Westag-97 (low Cd accumulation) was used to identify the DNA markers linked to Cda gene(s) or quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling low Cd accumulation. We screened 171 simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers that showed polymorphism between parents on the 166 RILs. Of these, 40 primers were newly developed from the soybean genomic DNA sequence. Seven SSR markers, SatK138, SatK139, SatK140 (0.5 cM), SatK147, SacK149, SaatK150 and SattK152 (0.3 cM), were linked to Cda1 in soybean seed. All the linked markers were mapped to the same linkage group (LG) K. The closest flanking SSR markers linked to Cda1 were validated using a parallel population (RILs) involving Leo x Westag-97. Linked markers were also validated with diverse soybean genotypes differing in their seed Cd concentration and showed that SSR markers SatK147, SacK149, and SattK152 clearly differentiated the high and low Cd accumulating genotypes tested. To treat Cd uptake as a quantitative trait, QTL analysis using a linkage map constructed with 161 markers identified a major QTL associated with low Cd concentration in the seeds. The QTL was also mapped to the same location as Cda1 on LG-K. This QTL accounted for 57.3% of the phenotypic variation. Potential candidate genes (genes with known or predicted function that could influence the seed Cd concentration) like protein kinase, putative Adagio-like protein, and plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase were found to be located in the locus of interest. Of the four SSR markers located in the region, SattK152 was localized in the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase gene. SSR markers closely linked to Cda1 in seeds of soybean were identified and have potential to be used for MAS to develop low Cd accumulating cultivars in a breeding program.

Root morphology and nitrogen accumulation in soybean (&lt;I&gt;Glycine max&lt;/I&gt; L.) under different nitrogen application levels

采用框栽试验方法研究了不同施氮水平对大豆根系形态和氮素吸收积累的影响, 结果表明: 不同施氮水平对大豆植株生物量、氮素吸收积累量及根系形态有显著影响, 随施氮量增加, 植株干重、氮素积累量、单株产量等均呈先增加后降低趋势, 其中以N100 [100 kg(N)·hm^-2]处理效果最佳, 总体表现为N100>N200>N50>N25>N0。无N (N0)和适量偏低的氮(N25、N50)增加了大豆的根冠比, 但过多的氮(N200)反而降低了大豆的根冠比, 说明低氮胁迫促进了大豆根系的生长。大豆根长、根表面积和根体积随施氮量的增加表现为先降后增而后又降低的规律, 不施氮(N0)情况下, 根长、根表面积和根体积均高于低氮处理 (N25、 N50), 之后随施氮量增加而增加, 当超过一定施氮量(N200)时又呈降低趋势。不同生育时期植株生物量、氮素积累、根长、根表面积和根体积等表现为花期>苗期>鼓粒期。因此施用一定量氮肥对大豆植株生物量、氮素积累以及根系形态等产生显著影响, 进而影响大豆氮素转运量和转运效率, 最终影响大豆籽粒产量和品质。

Abstracts of Nippon Dojo-Hiryogaku Zasshi

Abstracts of Nippon Dojo-Hiryogaku Zasshi

Differentiating the early impacts of topsoil removal and soil amendments on crop performance/productivity of corn and soybean in eroded farmland of Chinese Mollisols

Farmland soil erosion affects crop productivity. Field experiments were conducted from 2005 to 2006 on a typical Chinese Mollisol at a farm in Hailun, Heilongjiang, China, to differentiate the early impact of topsoil removal on corn and soybean yield, and to determine the effectiveness of soil amendments for restoring the productivity of eroded soils. The simulated erosion levels were established in the autumn of 2004 by removing up to 30 cm of topsoil in 5-cm and 10-cm depth increments. The two soil amendments were: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (NPK) chemical fertilizer at the normal farm rate, and NPK chemical fertilizer plus cattle manure. Above-ground dry matter was substantially reduced by topsoil removal at later stages of vegetative growth, while a reduction in root dry mass was observed earlier. Plant height at harvest and photosynthetic rates during reproductive stages were also reduced. Across the 2 years in the normal fertilizer rate, the 5 cm and 10 cm topsoil removal reduced soybean yield by 5% and 9%, and corn yield by 10% and 13% respectively, while 20 cm and 30 cm topsoil removal reduced soybean yield by 37% and 53%, and corn yield by 46% and 73% respectively. Corn was more sensitive to topsoil removal and responded more to application of cattle manure than soybean. The addition of manure did not improve above-ground dry matter accumulation in soybean but greatly increased dry matter in corn in 2006 with a lesser increase in 2005. A significant increase in root growth was found with the addition of chemical fertilizers plus cattle manure in 2006, especially for corn. The addition of cattle manure was an excellent amendment to restore productivity through an enhanced effect on the photosynthetic rate, particularly in corn. Addition of cattle manure with chemical fertilizer restored crop yield in the slightly eroded soil (5 cm topsoil removal). The use of chemical fertilizers with cattle manure for improving crop yields on eroded soils is important in the regions similar to the Chinese Mollisols.

Nitrogen Accumulation in Soybean Following Defoliation

ABSTRACT The effects of defoliation on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] growth and yield have been well studied, but relatively little is known about its nitrogen (N) accumulation after defoliation. An experiment was conducted to examine soybean recovery and N accumulation following defoliation. The indeterminate cultivar (‘Tousan 69’) was planted in a greenhouse, and two defoliation treatments (no defoliation and 67% defoliation) were imposed at the R2 stage when plants had at least one flower in the two uppermost nodes. At 0, 15, 30 and 45 days after defoliation (DAD), plants were destructively sampled to measure dry mass production, nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen fixation. Seed yield and N concentration also were measured at maturity. Neither the seed yield nor its N concentration was affected by defoliation. Although defoliation temporarily reduced soybean dry weight and N accumulation during 15 DAD, defoliated plants completely recovered their dry weight and N accumulation 30 DAD. There was little difference in N concentration between defoliated and non defoliated plants, indicating that N acquisition was restored during the recovery process. Recovery of N accumulation in defoliated plant was due to complete recovery of N2-fixing ability and maybe related to improvement in N absorption after defoliation.

Effect of applied position of crushed fibrous-banboo and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and N, P, K accumulation of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) cv. Fukuyutaka

Effect of applied position of crushed fibrous-banboo and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and N, P, K accumulation of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) cv. Fukuyutaka

Contribution of putrescine degradation to proline accumulation in soybean leaves under salinity

Proline accumulation was studied in the leaves of Glycine max (L.) Merr. subjected to salt stress in the presence of aminoguanidine (AG, a specific inhibitor of diamine oxidase, DAO) and exogenous putrescine (Put). Both DAO activity and proline content were increased while endogenous Put content was decreased in soybean leaves under 50 to 150 mM NaCl. There was a negative correlation between proline accumulation and endogenous Put content. The addition of AG during NaCl stress inhibited DAO activity, caused Put accumulation and a 15 to 20 % decrease in proline content. Application of 1 mM Put to NaCl solution markedly increased proline content. The promotive effect of Put application could be alleviated by the treatment with Put plus AG. Moreover an application of AG had no effect on proline accumulation in soybean seedlings grown under normal condition. These results indicate that the quantitative contribution of Put degradation to proline formation is 15 to 20 %.

Produtividade e acúmulo de potássio na soja em função da antecipação da adubação potássica no sistema plantio direto

A aplicação antecipada de fertilizante potássico no cultivo de espécies de cobertura no sistema plantio direto (SPD) pode ser vantajosa para a lavoura comercial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade de grãos e a acumulação de K na soja em função da aplicação antecipada de fertilizante potássico na instalação do milheto em relação com o K aplicado na semeadura da soja subseqüente no SPD. O experimento foi realizado na FCA-Unesp em Botucatu-SP, nas safras 2000/2001, 2001/2002 e 2002/2003. Utilizou-se um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico de textura média, que estava sendo cultivado com soja e aveia-preta no SPD, por dois anos antes da instalação do experimento. O milheto (Pennisetum glaucum) foi semeado em setembro sobre a palhada de aveia-preta (Avena strigosa), e a soja (Glycine max) na primeira quinzena de dezembro, nos três anos agrícolas. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso no esquema fatorial 4 x 4, com quatro repetições, com 0, 30, 60 e 90 kg ha-1 de K2O no milheto, combinados com 0, 30, 60 e 90 kg ha-1 de K2O na soja. Coletaram-se plantas de soja aos 25, 50, 75 e 100 dias após a emergência, e os grãos no final do ciclo, para a determinação do acúmulo de K e da produtividade. A antecipação de 60 a 90 kg ha-1 de K2O na semeadura do milheto não comprometeu o acúmulo de K na lavoura de soja. As máximas produtividades de soja foram alcançadas no primeiro e segundo ano com doses de 85 a 90 kg ha-1 de K2O, que poderiam ser antecipadas totalmente na semeadura da gramínea de cobertura. A aplicação antecipada de KCl na semeadura do milheto minimizou a exportação de K pela colheita de grãos de soja.

Cadmium and zinc accumulation in soybean: A threat to food safety?

A greenhouse study was conducted to quantify cadmium and zinc accumulated by soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) when the metals were supplied separately and together. The highest dose of cadmium (100 mg/kg) reduced plant height and dry weight (down to 40% and 34% of control, respectively); the highest dose of zinc (2000 mg/kg) reduced plant height to 55% of control and dry weight to 70% of control. With both metals present, the plants were approximately the same size as those treated with cadmium only. The concentration of cadmium in the roots was unaffected by zinc. In other tissues, the effect of zinc on the accumulation of cadmium depended on the doses provided. At low doses, the addition of zinc reduced the concentration of cadmium in aboveground tissues to 40-50% of that found in plants exposed to cadmium only. However, when applied in high doses, the presence of zinc in cadmium-contaminated soils increased the uptake and accumulation of cadmium in aboveground tissues by up to 42%. In contrast, at high doses, the presence of cadmium in zinc-contaminated soil resulted in approximately 35% lower concentrations of zinc in all tissues. At a lower dose, cadmium had no effect on concentration of zinc in the plant tissues. The effects of high doses of one metal on the uptake of the other metal can be partially explained by the effects of one metal on the bioavailability of the other metal. In soils to which only one metal was added, bioavailable cadmium was 70-80% of the total cadmium, and bioavailable zinc was 50-70% of the total zinc. When both metals were added to the soil, 80-100% of the cadmium and 46-60% of the zinc were bioavailable. Concentrations of both metals were highest in root tissues (10-fold higher for cadmium, and up to 2-fold higher for zinc). Although relatively little cadmium was translocated to pods and seeds, the seeds of all plants (including those from control and zinc-treated plants) had concentrations of cadmium 3-4 times above the limit of 0.2 mg/kg set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. This was surprising given that cadmium in the soil was only 1 mg/kg well below the maximum allowable amount for agricultural soil. While it is possible that more cadmium was accumulated by plants in this study than that which might occur under agricultural field conditions, these results reinforce the need to monitor concentrations of toxic metals in food crops.

Does the enhanced tolerance of arbuscular mycorrhizal plants to water deficit involve modulation of drought‐induced plant genes?

Does the enhanced tolerance of arbuscular mycorrhizal plants to water deficit involve modulation of drought‐induced plant genes?

Different characteristics of nitrogen utilization between lupin and soybean: can lupin utilize organic nitrogen in soils?

It is well known that lupin forms cluster roots, which help in dissolving insoluble P in soils. In nonleguminous species, cluster roots also appear to contribute to the utilization of organic N in soils. In white lupin ( Lupinus albus L.), however, the characteristics of its organic N utilization have not been studied. Therefore, we examined whether white lupin can utilize organic N in soils. Soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.), which does not form cluster roots, was used as a control plant. Seedlings of lupin and soybean were cultivated in soils with different N sources (non-N, ammonium sulphate, ammonium sulphate plus cattle farmyard manure, or cattle farmyard manure). The rate of glycine uptake by excised roots was determined in a hydroponic experiment to investigate the ability of lupin and soybean to directly utilize amino acids. Nitrogen accumulation in soybean corresponded to the decrease in inorganic N in the soils. In contrast, N accumulation in lupin was higher than the decrease in inorganic N in the soil, especially with the cattle farmyard manure treatment, indicating that lupin derived more N from an organic N source. Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivated with lupin in a pot accessed more available N than wheat with soybean or wheat in monoculture, suggesting that lupin roots themselves or the lupin rhizosphere microorganisms were able to decompose organic N in soils. Excised roots of lupin, especially cluster roots, exhibited higher rates of glycine uptake than roots of soybean. In conclusion, lupin decomposed organic N in the rhizosphere and was able to absorb amino acids from decomposition in addition to any inorganic N produced by further microbial decomposition.

Difference in Carbon Distribution of Initial Photoassimilates between Soybean and Rice as Revealed by 20 s Pulse-300 s Chase Experiments

Short pulse-chase labeling experiments indicated that there was a considerable difference between soybean and rice in the distribution pattern of 14C to major metabolites during a 300 s chase period. The distribution of 14C to starch at the end of the chase period was largest in soybean but very small in rice. In rice, the distribution of 14C to sucrose was the largest. Starch formation during the initial stages of photosynthesis implied the existence of a different mechanism of starch synthesis and utilization between soybean and rice. The relative intensity of the flow into starch increased by treatment with 2% O2, suggesting that photorespiratory pathway may involve in the regulation of higher starch accumulation in soybean.

Genomic regions governing soybean seed nitrogen accumulation

AbstractNitrogen accumulation in the form of seed protein takes place in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] during the reproductive stages of development. The purpose of this study was to relate genotypic differences in seed nitrogen accumulation with genomic regions controlling nitrogen accumulation in soybean during R5, R6, and R7 growth stages. A population of 101 F6∶8 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) developed from a cross of N87‐984‐16×TN93‐99 was utilized. The RIL were grown at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville Experiment Station, in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2002. Seed nitrogen was determined from pod samples harvested at the R5, R6, and R7 growth stages. A significant (P&lt;0.05) difference among genotypes was found for nitrogen accumulation at all three growth stages. Single‐factor ANOVA revealed that quantitative trait loci (QTL) governing nitrogen accumulation in soybean seed were distributed in the linkage groups A2, B2, D1a, D1b, E, G, and M. Phenotypic variation explained by an individual QTL ranged from 5 to 11.6%. These QTL may provide useful marker‐assisted selection opportunities for soybean protein improvement.

Gamma aminobutyrate: from intellectual curiosity to practical pest control

The authors describe the development of gamma aminobutyrate (GABA) as a potential control agent in plant – invertebrate pest systems. The evidence indicates that GABA accumulation in plants in response to biotic and abiotic stresses is mediated via the activation of glutamate decarboxylase. More applied research, based on the fact that GABA acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in invertebrate pests, indicates that ingested GABA disrupts nerve functioning and causes damage to oblique-banded leafroller larvae, and that walking or herbivory by tobacco budworm and oblique-banded leafroller larvae stimulate GABA accumulation in soybean and tobacco, respectively. In addition, elevated levels of endogenous GABA in genetically engineered tobacco deter feeding by tobacco budworm larvae and infestation by the northern root-knot nematode. It is concluded that genetically engineered crop species overexpressing glutamate decarboxylase and having high GABA-producing potential may be an alternative strategy to chemical pesticides for the management of invertebrate pests.Key words: gamma aminobutyrate, glutamate decarboxylase, invertebrate pests, plant defense.

Indução de fitoalexinas em soja e em sorgo e efeito fungitóxico de extratos cítricos sobre Colletotrichum lagenarium e Fusarium semitectum

The widespread application of agrotoxics to control crop diseases and pests has caused the human and environmental contamination problems and the selection of resistant pathogens to these chemical products. Thus, the purpose of this work was, by means of citric extracts, (Ecolife40 commercial product), to assess the antifungal activity, as well as the induction of phytoalexins in soybean and sorghum, in order to develop an alternative method of phytopathogens control. The effect of concentrations of 1, 10, 100, 1000 and 5000 ppm of citric extract was carried out on Colletotrichum lagenarium and Fusarium semitectum. Besides, the mycelial growth and sporulation, spores germination and dry weight were evaluated. The induction of gliceollins phytoalexins in soybean cotyledons and deoxyanthocyanidins in sorghum mesocotyls was also verified. Through the results obtained, it was verified that citric extract showed antifungal and phytoalexins-inducing activities in all the essays performed. The antimicrobial activity was dosis-dependent, the most efficient being the 5000 ppm of citric extract. The gliceollin accumulation in soybean was greater for the concentration of 5000 ppm of citric extract, while for sorghum, there was a production peak in 100 ppm.