Water Pollution Accidents Research Articles

Understanding Chemical Pollution at Sea

Today, the internet has become a key method of communication. Young generations, as well as the wider public, now use smartphones and tablets on a daily basis to find information and gain understanding in different fields. With this as a backdrop, the Center of Documentation, Research and Experimentation on Accidental Water Pollution (Cedre) and Transport Canada naturally decided to pursue their collaboration by developing a website devoted to the issue of chemical pollution at sea. In 2011, a learning guide was released on chemical pollution at sea composed of 2 posters and a booklet. This learning package is intended for 12 to 18-year-olds and their teachers, but also for journalists, those potentially involved in spill response and the general public. This website (www.chemical-pollution.com) is divided into six major sections: an introduction to chemistry and a few examples of its uses; different aspects of shipping, such as the types of ships used and regulations; the main sources of chemical pollution at sea; spill prevention and preparedness; the different response techniques, systematically illustrated with examples of past incidents; the impact on human health, the environment and the economy. This interactive website features a series of original animations. Users can, for instance, discover the organization of a port terminal, view the behavior of different chemicals, and understand techniques used to respond to a spill of bulk cargo. A quiz, with different levels of difficulty, offers users the chance to test their knowledge on this theme. A character named Phosphacola accompanies younger users on a journey to follow a chemical from its extraction to its end use, presenting its transport across the world's oceans and the spill risks to which it may be exposed.

POSOW, Preparedness for Oil-polluted Shoreline cleanup and Oiled Wildlife Interventions

In case of a major oil spill, many countries will have to rely on volunteers, or, at, least, to cope with a significant flood of citizens willing to help. While some States will use these volunteers only for logistical tasks such as preparing and serving meals or secretarial tasks, others will orientate them towards NGOs in charge of wildlife rehabilitation, and others involve them directly in shoreline cleanup operations. Hence the necessity to train potential volunteers in advance, register them in a database, and create a network that can be activated in case of an accident. The project for Preparedness for Oil-polluted Shoreline cleanup and Oiled Wildlife interventions (POSOW) was a two year project co-financed by the European Commission to improve preparedness and response in marine pollution in Mediterranean regions. The project aimed at establishing a regional cooperation synergy through the enhancement of knowledge and capacities of operators, professionals and volunteers in the field of marine pollution, in European Mediterranean coastal countries, namely Croatia, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Malta, Slovenia and Spain. It was implemented by REMPEC (The Regional Marine Pollution Emergency Response Centre for the Mediterranean Sea) as coordinator, and its partners:- Cedre (Centre of Documentation, Research and Experimentation on Accidental Water Pollution)- ISPRA (Italy's Institute for Environmental Protection and Research)- Sea Alarm Foundation-The CPMR (Conference of Peripheral Maritime Regions)A training package including a manual, several posters, Power-Point presentations and an instructor manual was produced on each of the following topics:-Oil spill volunteer management-Oiled shoreline assessment (SCAT)- Oiled shoreline cleanup-Oiled wildlife response. Once the training package ready, around 35 trainees (local authorities, civil protection and NGOs) from the regions involved attended train-the-trainer courses at Cedre, including 2 days of theoretical training on the 4 topics, delivered by the partners of the project, a pedagogical session and exercises (SCAT and cleanup) with real oil. These trainees will in turn become trainers in their regions, and organize national pilot training courses in autumn 2013, under supervision of the project partners, and hopefully other training sessions afterwards, with the aim of training as many people as possible. All volunteers thus trained will be invited to register into an international database. A video and a brochure presenting the project were also produced, and a dedicated website set up, from which the training documents can be downloaded: www.posow.org.

A real-time, dynamic early-warning model based on uncertainty analysis and risk assessment for sudden water pollution accidents.

A real-time, dynamic, early-warning model (EP-risk model) is proposed to cope with sudden water quality pollution accidents affecting downstream areas with raw-water intakes (denoted as EPs). The EP-risk model outputs the risk level of water pollution at the EP by calculating the likelihood of pollution and evaluating the impact of pollution. A generalized form of the EP-risk model for river pollution accidents based on Monte Carlo simulation, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method, and the risk matrix method is proposed. The likelihood of water pollution at the EP is calculated by the Monte Carlo method, which is used for uncertainty analysis of pollutants' transport in rivers. The impact of water pollution at the EP is evaluated by expert knowledge and the results of Monte Carlo simulation based on the analytic hierarchy process. The final risk level of water pollution at the EP is determined by the risk matrix method. A case study of the proposed method is illustrated with a phenol spill accident in China.

Remote On-Line Automatic Monitoring System of Reservoir's Water Regimen Based on WSN and GPRS Network

This remote on-line automatic monitoring system is designed based on WSN and GPRS Network, aiming at solving the present problems of low performance in field monitoring of reservoir water, forecasting sudden water pollution accidents, reporting important hydraulic process such as reservoir operation. The system is simulated laboratory water quality analysis process, and achieved long-time unattended reservoir water regimen remote on-line monitoring and optimized reservoir water resource management. By adopting embedded operating system μC/OSII, the system has the function of parallel processing of multi-tasks, including an electrochemical sensor control circuit of lifetime-prolong. The bus mode is introduced to management software design of receiving and analyzing unit. Buses that associated with each component of management software are well connected. All of the above make the overall structure reasonable and orderly.

Study on Countermeasures of Water Pollution Accident after Chemical Industry Fire

Nowadays, fire forces should incorporate the idea of environmental protection and green fire to the rescue action. Every year fire forces dispose of many chemical fire, in the disposal process the surrounding ecological environment should be fully considered , especially the impact on the local water area after the disposition. At present the effect of pollutants on the environment is often neglected, so the fire rescue operations of water pollution prevention is a appreciable problem, we should think and study the countermeasures of water pollution accident for chemical industry fire.

국내 수질오염사고 현황 분석과 대응 체계

본 연구에서는 4대강 수계를 중심으로 발생한 각종 수질오염사고를 분석하였고, 수질오염방제 센터에서 수행한 업무도 평가한 후, 향후 발생하게 될 수질오염사고에 대한 대응 체계에 대하여 고찰하였다. 2007년부터 2012년까지 발생한 수질오염사고는 연평균 66.7건이었으나, 인명피해 사고는 없었다. 한강권역에서 89건(25.4%)으로 가장 높았으며, 낙동강권역에서 71건(20.3%), 금강권역에서 42건(12%), 영산강권역에서 28건(8%)이 발생한 것으로 조사되었고, 주요 4대강을 제외한 기타 하천에서도 104건(29.7%)이 발생했다. 관리부주의로 인한 사고가 가장 높은 비율인 179건(51.1%)을 차지하였고, 기타 80건(22.7%), 자연현상 70건(19.9%) 및 교통사고 21건(5.9%) 순으로 나타났다. 방제지원 실적은 유류유출로 인한 오염사고 발생 건수가 51건으로 전체의 대부분인 45건(89%), 수환경변화로 인한 물고기 폐사 사고 5건(9%), 화학물질 유출로 인한 오염사고 건수는 1건(2%)으로 분석되었다. 수질오염사고 발생시의 대응체계를 분석한 결과, 대형사고 및 중소형사고 모두 국가 전문기관, 즉 수질오염방제센터의 역할 또는 임무에 대한 법제화가 필요한 실정이다. Domestic water pollution accidents and response management were analysed on the basis of collected data from the latest 5 years. Although average 66.7 number of accidents were happened every year, no damages of human life were reported yet. According to the data collected, the accidents were occurred at Han river, Nakdong river, Keum river, Youngsang river and other rivers, where the percentages were 25.4%, 20.3%, 12%, 8% and 29.7%, respectively. Main reasons were blamed for negligent management, mixed influences, natural phenomenon and traffic accident. Response activities were performed in the case of the oil leak, the fish death caused by water environment, the spill of chemicals. From the diagnosis of water pollution accidents, it is recommended that the legistration of all control centers for their roles and duties was made in case of the big accidents as well as the small/middle accidents.

Water quality model parameter identification of an open channel in a long distance water transfer project based on finite difference, difference evolution and Monte Carlo

A new method is proposed based on the finite difference method (FDM), differential evolution algorithm and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation to identify water quality model parameters of an open channel in a long distance water transfer project. Firstly, this parameter identification problem is considered as a Bayesian estimation problem and the forward numerical model is solved by FDM, and the posterior probability density function of the parameters is deduced. Then these parameters are estimated using a sampling method with differential evolution algorithm and MCMC simulation. Finally this proposed method is compared with FDM-MCMC by a twin experiment. The results show that the proposed method can be used to identify water quality model parameters of an open channel in a long distance water transfer project under different scenarios better with fewer iterations, higher reliability and anti-noise capability compared with FDM-MCMC. Therefore, it provides a new idea and method to solve the traceability problem in sudden water pollution accidents.

Study on the Environmental Materials with the Emergency Rescue Procedures for Water Pollution Accidents Caused by Benzene Series Fire

Water pollution hazard created by benzene series fire accident is very strong and it involves many fateful consequences. Along with the continuous improvement of society, people all over the world attach great importance to environmental protection and the sustainable development of economy increasingly. Along with the advance of fire protection cause of our country, the consciousness and concepts of "green fire" enjoy popular support. Therefore, study on the environmental materials and the establishment of emergency rescue procedures for water pollution accident created by benzene series fire is imperative.

A New Traceability Method for Sudden Water Pollution Accidents

Pollution point source identification for the non-shore emission which is the main form of sudden water pollution incident is considered in this paper. Firstly, the source traceability of sudden water pollution accidents is taken as the Bayesian estimation problem; secondly, the posterior probability distribution of the source's parameters are deduced; thirdly, the marginal posterior probability density is obtained by using a new traceability method; finally, this proposed method is compared with Bayesian-MCMC by numerical experiments. The conclusions are as following: the new traceability method can reduce the iterations, improve the recognition accuracy, and reduce the overall average error obviously and it is more stable and robust than Bayesian-MCMC and can identify sudden water pollution accidents source effectively. Therefore, it provides a new idea and method to solve the difficulty of traceability problems in sudden water pollution accidents.

Learning from Zhenjiang Water Pollution Accident

The accident that occurred in Zhenjiang in Feburary 2012 caused chaos in local society and international attention. It was caused by chemical leak from cargo ship but the weak communication between the government and the community played a vital role. This paper analyzes the accident scenario using the risk analysis framework, determines key factors influenced the occurrence of the basic events. By comparing study we conclude that the key factors affecting such water pollution accidents includes timely information release, perfect water supply system and strict legal system.Keywords: water pollution accident; environmental accident; risk analysis; government’s role; information release

Based on Index Difference of River Water Quality Model and Application in Dianchi Lake Basin

Based on the river advection and diffusion process, the application of mass balance principle, a suitable diffusion model in Dianchi Lake Basin rivers burst water pollution emergency treatment. River water quality model based on the exponential difference solving simulated the spatial and temporal distribution of pollutants in the sudden water pollution accidents. This paper quantitatively simulated time and concentration values at the different locations of the river downstream of the pollutants reach Finally, GIS technology to achieve the simulation results of the real-time dynamic visualization.

Study on Emergency Management of Sudden Water Pollution Accidents

China is facing serious environmental pollution problems and the increasingly worsening water pollution as well as frequent sudden water pollution accidents has become the most notable one. Based on theory of risk prediction and group decision, a series of emergency management methods in dealing with sudden water pollution accidents was presented. In which grey system theory was used in the prediction of sudden water pollution accidents and a GM(1,1) model was given. The results gotten from the GM(1,1) model might be useful in improving our ability of the prevention and treatment of emergent accidents. At the same time, the method of multiple group decision-making was used to illustrate the progress of making decision in real-time event of sudden water pollution accidents. This method will help the decision maker make effective decisions under emergency situation which will reduce the probability of risk, minimize losses, and guarantee the national economic and social security.

An novel identification method of the environmental risk sources for surface water pollution accidents in chemical industrial parks

The chemical industry is a major source of various pollution accidents. Improving the management level of risk sources for pollution accidents has become an urgent demand for most industrialized countries. In pollution accidents, the released chemicals harm the receptors to some extent depending on their sensitivity or susceptibility. Therefore, identifying the potential risk sources from such a large number of chemical enterprises has become pressingly urgent. Based on the simulation of the whole accident process, a novel and expandable identification method for risk sources causing water pollution accidents is presented. The newly developed approach, by analyzing and stimulating the whole process of a pollution accident between sources and receptors, can be applied to identify risk sources, especially on the nationwide scale. Three major types of losses, such as social, economic and ecological losses, were normalized, analyzed and used for overall consequence modeling. A specific case study area, located in a chemical industry park (CIP) along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province, China, was selected to test the potential of the identification method. The results showed that there were four risk sources for pollution accidents in this CIP. Aniline leakage in the HS Chemical Plant would lead to the most serious impact on the surrounding water environment. This potential accident would severely damage the ecosystem up to 3.8 km downstream of Yangtze River, and lead to pollution over a distance stretching to 73.7 km downstream. The proposed method is easily extended to the nationwide identification of potential risk sources.

Design of an Automatic Three-Dimensional Sampling Device for Water Quality Emergency Monitoring

In recent years, accidental water pollution incidents occurred frequently, so that obtaining the water quality information in emergency situation becomes very important. However, how to get effective sample quickly and comprehensively become a major problem in the emergency monitoring. In this paper, an overall scheme of an automatic three-dimensional sampling device which based on mobile carrier is proposed. Related design including development of the component hardware and software modules is presented. Through commissioning and perfecting, the device can realize remote control and fast three-dimensional sampling, which can be used to assist the environmental protection departments to deal with emergency water pollution incidents.

Study on Scenario Assisted Decision Making Method for Emergent Water Pollution Accident

How to assist decision making efficiently using information technologies such as GIS and water environment models has become a hot issue in the field of emergency study. Starting from the actual need of water pollution accident emergency handling, this paper uses scenario analysis, organically couples GIS, water environment accident models and decision making methods, and establishes an intelligent decision making system for emergent water pollution events. Then, with the actual data from Beijiang River cadmium pollution event entered into this system, it analyses and compares the change of pollution situations in different scenarios, and verifies the effects of the study. Finally, it provides a technical summary and prospect.

Discussion and Measures on a Water Pollution Accident by Formaldehyde from the Viewpoint of Chemical and Waste Management

Discussion and Measures on a Water Pollution Accident by Formaldehyde from the Viewpoint of Chemical and Waste Management

디스크형 고상 추출법과 GC/MS를 이용한 공장폐수 중 반휘발성유기화합물질 분석

낙동강 수계는 중 상류 지역에 대규모 공단이 입지하고 있어 그동안 phenol, 1,4-dioxane, perchlorate 등 유해물질에 의한 수질오염사고가 많이 발생하였다. 본 연구에서는 낙동강 수계에 유출 가능성이 있는 미규제 유해물질 중 반휘발성유기화합물질(semi-volatile organic compoumsds, SVOCs) 10종(dichlorvos, toluene-2,4-diisocyanate, 4,4'-methylenedianiline, 4,4'-methylenebis(2-chloroaniline), diethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, butyl benzyl phthaltate, bis(2-ethylhexyl)adipate, benzophenone, 4,4'-bisphenol A)에 대하여 디스크형 고상 추출법과 GC/MS를 이용하여 분석하였으며, 정확도 75.6~110.5%, 정밀도 4.6~12.7%, 회수율 72.4~127.9%의 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 낙동강 수계에 위치한 하 폐수처리장 및 폐수배출업소 등 공장폐수 시료를 분석한 결과 bis (2-ethylhexyl)adipate, benzophenone, 4,4'-bisphenol A 등 3개 물질이 검출되었다. There are many industrial factories in the central Nakdong river basin and have been occurred water pollution accidents by hazardous chemicals such as phenol, 1,4-dioxane and perchlorate. In this study, ten compounds of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) (dichlorvos, toluene-2,4-diisocyanate, 4,4'-methylenedianiline, 4,4'-methylenebis (2-chloroaniline), diethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, butyl benzyl phthaltate, bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate, benzophenone, 4,4'-bisphenol A) of hazardous chemicals which may be potentially discharged into the Nakdong river, were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with disk-type solid-phase extraction. Accuracy and precision were in the range of 75.6~110.5%, and 4.6~12.7%, respectively and recovery was in the range of 72.4~127.9%. Three compounds (bis (2-ethylhexyl)adipate, benzophenone, 4,4'-bisphenol A) were detected in industrial wastewater such as wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and wastewater discharge facilities in the Nakdong River basin.

Biological early warning and emergency management support system for water pollution accident

Water pollution accidents such as chemical spill and toxicants leach have become a serious issue in the world, which brings great threats to the aquatic ecosystem and drinking water safety. To detect unknown pollutions in time and take proper emergency actions, this study developed a system which integrated an online intelligent water quality monitoring device with a high efficient water quality model. The device is based on water quality probes and biological sensors which use fish motion as indicator. The numerical model is a combination of Euler and Lagrangian approaches. Finite element method is applied to simulate the flow field in an unstructured grid, and the pollutant behaviours are traced through particle tracking. Oracle is used to manage the basic and monitoring data, and ArcSDE as well as ArcIMS technologies are applied to make the system WebGIS-based so as to improve the data receiving and dispatching efficiency. The developed system has been successfully operated in Douhe Reservoir and Taihu Lake, China, where drinking water intakes are installed. It is seen from the applications that the online intelligent water quality monitoring and emergency support system can be of great support to emergency management.

Research on Processing Method of Water Pollution Accident

Crops are the main victims of the accident of water pollution. The paper will discuss treatment program,investigation, crop damage symptom recognition, direct economic loss estimation of water pollution, confirmation, accident responsibility partition and arbitration of such links. It will provide principles for the other accidents. Besides, it can also be used as a handling reference to other issues of pollution and pollution accident.

Web 기반의 실시간 수질오염사고대응예측시스템 개발

국내 하천의 유해물질로 인한 수질오염사고가 매년 약 25여건 발생하고 있다. 중 대규모 수질오염사고의 경우 신속한 방제작업뿐 만 아니라 취 정수장 등의 사전대응을 위해서 수리 및 독성모델을 이용한 도달시간 및 확산농도의 예측이 매우 중요하다. 현재 우리나라의 사고대응예측능력은 여전히 초보적 단계로 2008년 김천 유화공단 화재에서 페놀에 대한 도달시간 예측오류는 취 정수장의 사전대응에 혼란을 주었다. 최근, 4대강의 보 건설로 하천흐름 특성이 크게 변화되었기 때문에 화학물질 유출사고대응에 있어서도 보의 연계 운영을 통한 적절한 방제가 필요하다. 국립환경과학원에서는 4대강의 수리변화를 반영하여 보 댐의 연계운영의 시나리오분석을 통해 최적의 방제방안을 선정하는 수질오염사고대응예측시스템을 개발하였다. 이 시스템은 4대강 본류 구간의 수리모델이 매일 자동갱신되어 신속하게 도달시간과 확산농도의 예측이 가능하며, 상 하류 보의 연계운영을 고려한 시나리오 분석이 가능하다. 본 연구에서는 사고대응예측시스템의 특징을 소개하고 가상의 페놀유출사고 시나리오를 통해 시스템의 활용성을 평가하였다. In Korea, around 25 oil and chemical water pollution accidents take place every year. In case of middle or large chemical spill in river, not only field response but also forecasting for the arrival time and diffusion concentration is important. However, the nation's forecasting ability using the hydrodynamic and water quality model is still in its infancy. For example, when fire occurred at the petrochemical plant in Kimcheon in 2008, forecasting error of arrival time for phenol prevented intake plants from taking proper measures in advance. In particular, as river flow characteristics have greatly changed following the construction of the weirs in four major rivers, we need to take into account weir management for prompt water pollution accident response. To this end, National Institute of Environmental Research developed the Water pollution Accident Response Management System (WARMS) for four major rivers. This system is designed not only to forecast arrival time and diffusion concentration in a timely manner using its automatic update of EFDC hydro module, but also to conduct scenario modeling using weir-connected operation. This study introduces the WARMS characteristics and evaluates the performance of the system using a phenol-spill simulation.