Accident Analysis Research Articles

A Design and Safety Analysis of the “Electricity-Hydrogen-Ammonia” Energy Storage System: A Case Study of Haiyang Nuclear Power Plant

With the development of modernization, traditional fossil energy reserves are decreasing, and the power industry, as one of the main energy consumption forces, has begun to pay attention to increasing the proportion of clean energy generation. With the deepening of electrification, the peak-valley difference of residential electricity consumption increases, but photovoltaic and wind power generation have fluctuations and are manifested as reverse peak regulation. Thermal power plants as the main force of peak regulation gradually reduce the market share, making nuclear power plants bear the heavy responsibility of participating in peak regulation. The traditional method of adjusting operating power by inserting and removing control rods has great safety risks and wastes resources. Therefore, this paper proposes a new energy storage system that can keep the nuclear power plant running at full power and produce hydrogen to synthesize ammonia from excess power. A comprehensive evaluation model of energy storage based on z-score data standardization and objective parameter assignment AHP (analytic hierarchy process) analysis method was established to evaluate energy storage systems according to a multi-index system. With an AP1000 daily load tracking curve as the input model, the simulation model built by Aspen Plus V14 was used to calculate the operating conditions of the system. In order to provide a construction basis for practical engineering use, Haiyang Nuclear Power Plant in Shandong Province is taken as an example. The system layout scheme is proposed according to the local environmental conditions. The accident tree analysis method is combined with ALOHA 5.4.1.2 (Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres) hazardous chemical analysis software and MARPLOT 5.1.1 geographic information technology. A qualitative and quantitative assessment of risk factors and the consequences of leakage, fire, and explosion accidents caused by hydrogen and ammonia storage processes is carried out to provide guidance for accident prevention and emergency rescue. The design of an “Electric-Hydrogen-Ammonia” energy storage system proposed in this paper provides a new idea for zero-carbon energy storage for the peak shaving of nuclear power plants and has a certain role in promoting the development of clean energy.

Bibliometric Analysis of Traffic Accident Prediction Studies from 2003 to 2023: Trends, Patterns and Future Directions

Traffic accidents are one of the main causes of fatalities and serious injuries among both adults and children worldwide. Due to the ongoing significant socio-economic losses brought on by traffic accidents, precise estimation of the risk of accidents is crucial to reducing subsequent incidents. For this reason, a significant proportion of the studies in the literature include studies on estimating the risk, severity, frequency, location and duration of accidents. The objective of this article is to identify patterns, gaps and future research trends in traffic accident prediction studies conducted between 2003 and 2023. A bibliometric study is carried out to investigate the links and trends in traffic accident and forecasting studies, with a focus on identifying dominant narratives and networks within the academic community. In the keyword search, 1,566 articles were analysed using the Web of Science main collection and bibliometric indicators such as annual publications and citations, top 10, authors, journals, institutions, most cited articles, and a citation analysis of the articles was presented. The results obtained suggest that the discernible patterns identified in this bibliometric analysis of traffic accidents and their predictions will find a much broader application in new paradigms that are ready to catalyse transformative advances in this field, such as artificial intelligence, machine learning and Industry 4.0 applications.

Development of Database-Based Pedestrian Accident Scenarios and Analysis of Accident Prevention Effects from V2X Application

Development of Database-Based Pedestrian Accident Scenarios and Analysis of Accident Prevention Effects from V2X Application

Path analysis of coal mine accident risk factors based on the 24Model.

Coal mine accidents seriously affect China's coal safety production and sustainable development. The present study aimed to reveal the risk factors in coal mine accidents and explore the causal relationship among risk factors. This study utilized text mining to analyse 450 coal mine accident reports, identifying 50 risk factors and efficiently mapping them into the 24Model. The association rule algorithm was then used to mine the strong association rules among the risk factors within the 24Model, establishing the interaction mechanism among them. Based on the strong association rules, related hypotheses were proposed. Finally, the hierarchical and logical relationships of risk factors within the 24Model were analysed, and the causal and mediating effects were tested by path analysis. The safety management system has a direct effect on unsafe acts, unsafe conditions, habitual behaviour and organizational safety culture. Moreover, external influence has an effect on unsafe acts, organizational safety culture and habitual behaviour through the mediating effect of the safety management system. Based on the results obtained, this study proposes a series of specific measures to prevent risks in coal mines, providing a new perspective for the analysis and prevention of accidents.

Neutron and gamma radiation effects on thermal storage properties of polyethylene wax

Several nuclear reactors use ice condensers to condense steam in the case of a loss of coolant accident. These ice condensers have many problems that could be alleviated by using another material. The effects of low-dose neutron and gamma radiation on the thermal properties of polyethylene wax (PEW) were investigated for this purpose. PEW was irradiated in the Missouri University of Science and Technology Research Reactor (MSTR), the University of Missouri Cyclotron (MUC) and the University of Missouri Research Reactor (MURR) up to doses equivalent to 10 months in a nuclear power reactor's containment structure. The melting temperature and latent heat of fusion were determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Changes in the molecular bonds was determined using Raman spectroscopy. It was found that there was not a significant change in the thermal properties nor bonding over the investigated doses. This suggests that organic PCMs could be reliable alternatives to ice in nuclear reactor containment applications. The measured melting peak was found to be significantly wider expected by the suppliers' description. The ramifications of wide melting peaks are discussed in the context of reactor accident analysis and further experiments are suggested.

Boosting Algorithms for the Accident Severity Classification

<div><i>Background:</i> Road accident severity estimation is a critical aspect of road safety analysis and traffic management. Accurate severity estimation contributes to the formulation of effective road safety policies. Knowledge of the potential consequences of certain behaviors or conditions can contribute to safer driving practices. Identifying patterns of high-severity accidents allows for targeted improvements in terms of overall road safety. <i>Objective:</i> This study focuses on analyzing road accidents by utilizing real data, i.e., US road accidents open database called “CRSS.” It employs advanced machine learning models such as boosting algorithms such as LGBM, XGBoost, and CatBoost to predict accident severity classification based on various parameters. The study also aims to contribute to road safety by providing predictive insights for stakeholders, functional safety engineering community, and policymakers using KABCO classification systems. The article includes sections covering theoretical methodology, data analysis, model development, evaluation, performance metrics, and implications for improving road safety measures by comparing the performance of different boosting algorithms on the CRSS dataset. This study aims to identify the most effective machine learning algorithm to integrate into our product line in the near future, enabling accurate prediction of both accident severity and occurrence. <i>Results and Conclusions:</i> This study addresses challenges in evaluating performance metrics for different severity classes within unbalanced datasets, emphasizing the impact of dominant classes like Class O (O = no apparent injury) on overall accuracy. The investigation reveals the limitations and conservatism associated with imbalanced data in boosting models, hinting at a potential ceiling in their performance around 80%. Comparative analysis of algorithms, including CatBoost, XGBoost, and LGBM, demonstrates comparable performance even in the case of applying KNN algorithm for pre-processing, based on various metrics, especially accuracy, <i>F</i><sub>1</sub>-score, ROC-AUC, and PR-AUC for all severity classes. XGBoost with KNN algorithm did not show any significant performance improvement compared to the XGBoost without KNN algorithm. The study includes performance metrics, such as <i>F</i><sub>1</sub>-score, CM upper triangle, ROC-AUC, and PR-AUC applied to an accident analysis case study. Future work directions involve extending the application of CatBoost, XGBoost, and other algorithms to diverse datasets, exploring the capabilities of deep neural networks, refining dataset preparation for accuracy improvement, and creating unified tools for hazard analysis and risk assessment.</div>

Soil: forensic interpretation some cases study

While investigating a crime scene related to murder, hit-and-run accidents, road accident analysis, vehicles collisions, rapes and burglaries, forensic soil examination is used for linking the suspect or an object to the crime scene. Comparison of soil provide information about location and place where from picked up by an automobile tire (location) with the soil sample taken from the crime site may help to prove that the suspect automobile may have been used in crime (place of happening). Similarly, soil or mud found adhering to clothing or shoes of a person may provide the clue that can link a suspect to a particular crime site. In the present study we reported the importance of soil and their interpretation as forensic evinces. The study has been reported with the help of cases study to provide exemplary explanation.

Analytical Hierarchy Process for Construction Safety Management and Resource Allocation

The construction industry plays a crucial role in contributing to the economy and developing sustainable infrastructures. However, it is known as one of the most dangerous industrial domains. Over the years, special attention has been paid to developing models for managing and planning construction safety. Many research studies have been carried out to analyze the root causes of fatal accidents in construction sites to develop models for preventing them and mitigating their consequences. Root cause identification and analysis are essential for effective risk mitigation. However, implementing mitigation activities is usually limited to the project’s safety budget. The construction sector suffers from a lack of allocation of appropriate safety resources triggered by a dynamic and complex project environment. This study aims to address the gap in safety resource allocation through a comprehensive root cause analysis of construction work accidents. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of work accident-related research, categorized according to the 5M model into five root factors: medium, mission, man, management, and machinery. A novel methodology for construction safety resource allocation is proposed to mitigate risks analyzed by the 5M model with the aid of advanced technological solutions. Safety resource allocation alternatives are formulated, and their priorities are established based on an analysis of structured criteria that integrate both risk and cost considerations. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is employed to select the optimal alternative for safety resource allocation, with the objective of effective risk mitigation. The proposed model underwent validation through two different case studies. The findings indicate that risk aversion is a critical factor in the optimal allocation of safety resources. Furthermore, the results suggest that regulatory measures should prioritize the stimulation of risk motivation in the safety decision-making processes of construction firms.

СИСТЕМА "АЛЬТРА" ДІАГНОСТУВАННЯ СТАНУ ІЗОЛЯЦІЇ ЕЛЕКТРИЧНОЇ МЕРЕЖІ ТА ЗАХИС-ТУ ЇЇ ВІД ОДНОФАЗНИХ ЗАМИКАНЬ

One of the problems in an electrical network with an isolated (compensated) neutral is the selective determina-tion of a damaged element during a single-phase earth fault. Taking into account the negative impact of single-phase earth faults on the equipment of electrical networks with an isolated or compensated neutral, as well as improving the electrical safety conditions of people and animals, it is necessary to install selective protections with the of turning off of damaged element. Selective operation of protections against such damage can be en-sured on the basis of the analysis of zero-sequence currents, phase voltages and zero-sequence voltage of the bus section from which these feeders are powered. As operational experience has shown, selective operation of pro-tection against single-phase earth faults in such networks can be ensured only with the use of digital devices. The work considers the "Altra" system, designed for diagnosing the state of insulation, protecting feeders of 6-35 kV from single-phase earth fault, recording analog and binary signals of electrical installations. Altra digital protec-tion simultaneously covers up to 28 feeders, which provides comprehensive protection against single-phase earth faults of all substation feeders. The working algorithm of the developed protection against single-phase earth faults is based on the analysis of the transient process immediately after the occurrence of damage, which provides selective identification of the damaged feeder both in networks with an isolated neutral and in networks with a compensated. The system organizes the recording of oscillograms of emergency processes and infor-mation about damage by "Altra" devices, followed by their transfer to the dispatcher's automated workplace. This makes it possible to carry out a detailed analysis of accidents and diagnose the insulation of the electrical net-work.

Black-Spot Identification from Ramol Cross Road to Kathwada Cross Road

Road accidents are a vital issue that is occurring all over the world. Accident severity is increasing with the exponential increase in vehicle population. Accident leads to disability, pain, suffering, grievous injuries, hospitalization expenditure, damage to health and property, social suffering, general degradation of the environment, and, in extreme cases, death. This study aims to identify black spots in the selected stretch involving four major intersections from Ramol crossroad to Kathwada crossroad of Ahmedabad. Data collection consists of collecting past accident data from traffic police station headquarters. The collected data are categorized into fatal accidents, grievous significant accidents, and minor accidents. The data is analyzed using the accident data collected, the Weighted Severity Index (WSI) method, and the PTV Visum software. WSI is estimated for the accident data for the year 2019-2023. By accident analysis, seven black spots were identified in this study. Inspecting the road stretch noted several issues and probable causes of accidents were identified. Poor road conditions, including cracks and potholes, affect road safety. Improper road markings and signs are one of the causes of accidents. The audited road stretch includes recommendations to prevent the number and severity of accidents.

Rekonstrukcja miejsca zdarzenia drogowego w oparciu o dane geoprzestrzenne Geoportalu Krajowego

The purpose of the article is to analyze the potential use of free spatial data available in the National Geoportal to support traffic accident reconstruction. The research focuses on the capabilities and limitations of using LiDAR and orthophotomaps data in the context of reconstructing traffic accident scenes. A comparative methodology was employed, involving the analysis of geospatial data in relation to traditional surveying techniques, exemplified by a real traffic accident analysis using the PC-Crash soft-ware. The main findings of the research indicate high precision of orthophotos and LiDAR data in reproducing the actual topography and elements of road infrastructure. The analysis conducted on a 3D model created from LiDAR data showed that modern measurement techniques allow a more accurate reconstruction of the accident's trajectory and assessment of road visibility conditions. Integrating these data with traditional measurement methods can significantly enhance the standards of forensic experts' work, contributing to an increased accuracy in determining accident scenarios and, more broadly, to a better understanding of accident causes.

International legal mechanisms of liability for nuclear damage

Based on the analysis of accidents in the nuclear sphere, many states have come to the conclusion of the need to develop international legal principles for the settlement of disputes related to accidents and the formation of a regime of responsibility for damage caused to the life and health of people and the environment. The unification of the efforts of many states to develop joint approaches to ensure the safe development of atomic energy allowed the creation of a complex international legal regime – “international nuclear law”. The aim of the work is determination of the international legal bases of responsibility for causing nuclear damage. The methodological basis of the study. The following methods of cognition were used in the research process: analysis and synthesis, generalization, dialectical, system-structural methods, formal-legal, legal-technical method. Results. Various international organizations play an important role in the formation of nuclear law: the IAEA, the Atomic Energy Agency of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (NEA OECD), WNA and others. The documents issued by the IAEA serve as guidelines for the development and approval of laws and other regulatory acts related to the safe use of atomic energy in the countries of the world. Conventions on liability for nuclear damage were drafted in such a way that most of their provisions (especially the basic principles) were self-executing. Therefore, in principle, each participating state has the right to independently decide, on the basis of its constitutional or legal system, which approach it will use to bring its legislation in accordance with this or that convention: direct application of the provisions of the convention or preparation based on the text of the convention of the national law on nuclear liability. Conclusions. Currently, in the issue of liability for nuclear damage, countries can be divided into two groups: one group – those that have adopted a special regime in the field of nuclear liability either by joining international conventions or by adopting national legislation; another group – countries that do not have such a special regime.

Probabilistic safety analysis of the large primary circuit leakages accident scenarios in the VVER-reactor

Probabilistic safety analysis of the loss of coolant accidents in the VVER-type reactor plant has been performed taking into account the internal initiating events of the reactor primary circuit large leakages. Swedish program code RiskSpectrum PSA was used for probabilistic safety analysis. Logical probabilistic models of the accident scenarios of the large primary circuit leakages in the VVER-type reactor were developed taking into account different operation modes of the power plant unit. Critical paths and probabilities of the accident scenarios occurrence of the large leakages were identified. The critical path of development of the reactor primary circuit large leakages accident with large leakages of 140–346 mm diameters is the accident sequence with a leak in the pipeline to the reactor pressurizer vessel. It has been established that the greatest contribution to the failure of safety functions during this initiating event is made by the failures due to common causes of the supporting systems (cooling and ventilation systems), critical consumers cooling circuit, emergency injection system. The critical path of the accident with large leakages of 346–850 mm diameters is the accident sequence with the rupture of any of the four primary circuit loops. The greatest contribution to the failure of safety functions during this initiating event is made by the failures due to common causes of the emergency injection system elements. Based on the accident analysis, recommendations for increase of performance reliability of safety functions during the large leakages accidents under all operation states of the nuclear power plant unit were given. In order to increase reliability of safety systems, it is necessary to eliminate failures due to common causes of equipment, increase the reliability of operation of supporting systems, change the maintenance and checking equipment procedures.

Analysis of the radiation accidents prevalence in nuclear medicine in the Russian Federation

Radiation events (accidents) appearance is an integral part of the use of ionizing radiation sources in medicine in general and nuclear medicine in particular. To minimize the negative impact on patients, workers, and public due to such events, it is necessary to have reliable information about real prevalence of the radiation events (accidents). The current work presents the analysis of the radiation accidents with medical ionizing radiation sources registered in the “Data bank of radiation accidents and incidents” of the Rospotrebnadzor Information and Analytical Centre for Radiation Safety and the results of workers questionnaires conducted in 25 nuclear medicine departments (about 30% of all nuclear medicine departments in the Russian Federation). The results of the analysis showed that the most common registered radiation accidents in the “Data bank of radiation accidents and incidents” are identification of passengers with high external dose rate as well as identification of waste contaminated by medical radionuclides. The results of the questionnaire showed that the most common radiation accidents (events) in nuclear medicine are contamination of work clothes or work surfaces with radionuclides, or patient fluids containing radionuclides; conducting examination without proper referral; extravasation of radiopharmaceutical. Existing systems of identification and registration of radiation accidents do not allow to identify radiation events (accidents) specific to nuclear medicine. The further research aimed at developing a classification of radiation events (accidents) in medicine and methods for responding to such events are feasible.

Information Extraction of Aviation Accident Causation Knowledge Graph: An LLM-Based Approach

Summarizing the causation of aviation accidents is conducive to enhancing aviation safety. The knowledge graph of aviation accident causation, constructed based on aviation accident reports, can assist in analyzing the causes of aviation accidents. With the continuous development of artificial intelligence technology, leveraging large language models for information extraction and knowledge graph construction has demonstrated significant advantages. This paper proposes an information extraction method for aviation accident causation based on Claude-prompt, which relies on the large-scale pre-trained language model Claude 3.5. Through prompt engineering, combined with a few-shot learning strategy and a self-judgment mechanism, this method achieves automatic extraction of accident-cause entities and their relationships. Experimental results indicate that this approach effectively improves the accuracy of information extraction, overcoming the limitations of traditional methods in terms of accuracy and efficiency in processing complex texts. It provides strong support for subsequently constructing a structured knowledge graph of aviation accident causation and conducting causation analysis of aviation accidents.

Patterns and Analysis of Traffic Accidents in New York City between 2013 and 2023

Patterns and Analysis of Traffic Accidents in New York City between 2013 and 2023

Analysis of Occupational Accidents in the Metalmechanical Sector in Brazil Using Clustering

Analysis of Occupational Accidents in the Metalmechanical Sector in Brazil Using Clustering

Development of Johnson-Cook-Distinct Lattice Spring Model and its application in projectile penetration into metal targets

Projectile penetration into metal targets plays an important role in modern protective structure engineering, damage assessment in terrorist attacks, and car clash accident analysis, etc. The penetration process of metal target has been characterized by large deformation, high temperature, high pressure, and dynamic damage, which can be classified as a continuous-discontinuous dynamical process. To capture the dynamic responses of metal materials subjected to high-speed penetration, Johnson-Cook model has been implemented in a continuum-discrete model, namely, Distinct Lattice Spring Model (DLSM). This is achieved by redefining the constitutive model in DLSM, with plasticity hardening (plastic strain effects), strain rate, temperature, damage evolution, equation of state, etc., being taken into account, thus developing a new numerical model called JC-DLSM model. This model is validated through studying Taylor rod high-speed impact experiments, thin metal plate penetration experiments, and projectile impact experiments on titanium alloy targets. Good agreement between numerical modelling and experimental data has been achieved for all cases considered, thereby demonstrating the capability of JC-DLSM to reproduce the damage characteristics and ballistic limits of metals under high-speed impact/penetration. Then, the impacts of projectile shape, metal target surface configuration on the characteristics of penetration damage patterns have been investigated. This contributes to a better understanding of the damage mechanisms of metal targets upon penetration or impact, facilitating the computational means for analysing and optimizing the penetration resistance of protective engineering structures.

Descriptive analysis of road traffic accidents in children aged 0-2 years

Aims: This study aims to investigate road traffic accidents (RTAs) involving infants and toddlers, defined as children from birth to 2 years old, focusing specifically on their epidemiology and outcomes. Methods: A retrospective, single-center, observational, and cross-sectional study was conducted in the Emergency Department of a university-affiliated training and research hospital. Data were collected from July 1, 2019, to January 1, 2024. Results: During the study period, 659 cases involved pediatric RTAs patients (individuals under 17 years old), with 41 cases specifically concerning infants and toddlers. These patients had a mean age of 12.98 ± 5.64 months, and 27 (65.9%) were boys. The median Pediatric Trauma Score for was 9 (range: 5-12) while the median pGCS score was 15 (range: 14-15). Motor vehicle accidents were the leading cause of injuries, accounting for 92.6% of cases, followed by motorcycle accidents (4.8%) and pedestrian-vehicle collisions (2.6%). Hospitalized patients exhibited various injuries, including femur fractures, subdural hematoma, orbital roof fracture, scalp hematomas, and lung contusion. Surgical intervention was required in only one case for a femur shaft fracture. Fortunately, no in-hospital deaths occurred among the study participants. Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of adult supervision to prevent RTAs and emphasizes the critical need for strict enforcement of child passenger safety laws to reduce the incidence of motor vehicle accidents involving infants and toddlers.

ANALYSIS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS): A CASE STUDY OF THE CITY OF CONSTANTINE, ALGERIA

Algeria has experienced both information and technological important revolution, in addition to the growing population in cities, and especially Constantine, the need to make appropriate decisions for solving many problems is necessary, including traffic accidents, which are one of the most worrying subjects causing anxiety to the inhabitants of Constantine and the Algerian society, these accidents have increased dramatically, causing the exhaustion of human and material resources. It has therefore become necessary to contain it by using systems that help support modern decisions, including Geographic Information Systems GIS, which are considered a tool with great potential in spatial analysis. In this article we will try to focus on the importance of spatial and statistical analysis of traffic accidents in Constantine, it is mainly to estimate their percentage, as we found through analysis models such as the neighborhood link and direction of propagation.....etc. a strong concentration of traffic accidents is located in the commune of Constantine, which has strong economic activities, and from there we find that there is a strong link between the movement of the population and traffic accidents.